Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873

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Swiss-American zoologist and geologist. Professor of zoology and geology at Harvard University. Louis Agassiz was born in Môtier-en-Vuly, Switzerland. He studied at the universities of Zürich, Erlangen (Ph.D., 1829), Heidelberg, and Munich (M.D., 1830). Agassiz studied medicine briefly but turned to zoology, with a special interest in fishes and fossils, while studying under the French naturalist Cuvier. In 1832 he became professor of natural history at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. During this period Agassiz published Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (5 vol. and atlas, 183344), various studies of fossil echinoderms and mollusks, and Étude sur les glaciers (1840), one of the first descriptions of glacial movements and glacial deposits. Agassiz arrived in the United States in 1846 and accepted the professorship of zoology and geology at Harvard University in 1848. Among his areas of interest were Amazonian ichthyology and deep-sea studies of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the United States. Agassiz was instrumental in founding the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, in 1860.

From the guide to the Louis Agassiz Letters, 1854-1858, (Montana State University-Bozeman Library, Merrill G Burlingame Special Collections)

Louis Agassiz (1807-1873, APS 1843) was a zoologist and geologist. A student of Georges Cuvier, Agassiz was renown for his six-volume work Poissons fossils, a study of more than 1,700 ancient fish. Equally important was his Ètudes sur les glaciers (1840). In 1845 Agassiz moved to the United States on a two-year study grant from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia to compare the flora and fauna of the United States and Europe. While in the United States he was invited to deliver a course of lectures at the Lowell Institute in Boston. He took America and New England by storm and as a result in 1847 was appointed professor of zoology and geology at Harvard’s new Lawrence Scientific School.

Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was born in Motier, Switzerland on May 26, 1807, the son of a Protestant minister Rodolphe Agassiz and his wife Rose Mayor. Despite family pressure to enter business, Agassiz early decided to devote himself to the study of nature. At the age of twenty-one he predicted that he would become “the first naturalist of his time, a good citizen and a good son.” His determination gained Agassiz an excellent education in the natural sciences at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich. He also made important contacts in early life that formed his outlook and provided the basis for his early career. The naturalist Johann B. Spix allowed him to publish on a collection of fish from Brazil that Spix had gathered, while the anatomist Ignaz Döllinger trained him to use the microscope and introduced him to the field of embryology. Philosophically, Agassiz was influenced by the German idealism of Lorenz Okenfuss, who built a system of biological classification based upon increasing complexity of sense organs. Agassiz’s scientific thought and practice was characterized by two separate and often contradictory outlooks. One was exact and pragmatic; the other was transcendental. His approach was clearly influenced by French zoologist and paleontologist Georges Cuvier, who passed on to Agassiz his remarkable collection of fossil fish illustrations. He also impressed the geographer Alexander Humboldt, an adviser to the king of Prussia who arranged an appointment for him at the Collège de Neuchâtel in 1832, where he taught natural history for more than ten years. During these years (1832-42) he studied fossil fish in museums and private collections throughout Europe, resulting in his six-volume Poissons fossils that described more than 1,700 primeval fish, that he analyzed according to Cuvier’s comparative method. The work, which won high praise from major Bristish naturalists Sir Charles Lyell and Richard Owen, provided the basis for Agassiz’s scientific fame and fortune. His natural philosophy was infused with the belief in an all-powerful diety, who planned and created every single living being, plant and animal, undercutting any genetic connection between ancient and modern creatures.

In addition to his work on fish, between 1837 and 1843 Agassiz did ground breaking work on glacial geology, presented in a paper presented to the Sociètè Helvétique des Sciences naturelles (July 1837) and in his book Etudes sur les glaciers in which he theorized that a massive glacier had once covered all of Europe. Although the idea had first been suggested by Swiss naturalist Jean de Charpentier, Agassiz was the first to publicize the idea and to apply it to all of Europe. A prolific writer, who wished to be personally involved with the production of his works, Agassiz developed a publishing house in Neuchâtel, that employed the latest technology in photo duplication and produced bibliographies, dictionaries and monographs by Agassiz and his assistants. In the spring of 1845 Agassiz’s fortunes abruptly shifted. His wife Cécile Braun Agassiz left her husband and Neuchâtel, his printing business closed due to accumulated debts, and he was forced to leave the Collège de Neuchâtel. Just as his luck seemed to run out, he received word of a 2-year grant secured for him by Humboldt from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia for $3,000 to do a comparative study of the flora and fauna of the United States and Europe.

Shortly after the arrival of Agassiz in the United States, John Amory Lowell, manufacturer and head of the Lowell Institute in Boston, invited him to deliver a course of public lectures. New Englanders found the Swiss naturalist, who spoke enthusiastically about primitive fish and prehistoric glaciers, intriguing. New England scientific luminaries such as Harvard botanist Asa Gray and Yale chemist Benjamin Silliman lauded Agassiz as “full of knowledge on all subjects of science.” His lectures created such a demand for speaking engagements, that within less than two years Agassiz was able to repay $20,000 in European debt. In the fall of 1847 Harvard University offered him a chair of zoology and geology at its newly established Lawrence Scientic School. In July 1848, after his wife’s death, he arranged for his children to join him in the United States. These events, together with his 1850 marriage to a bright well-connected Bostonian Elizabeth Cabot Carey, sixteen years Agassiz’s junior, permanently anchored the Swiss scientist in America. Soon afterward Agassiz’s home in Cambridge became a center of intellectual life. As a Harvard professor he badgered the University continually for funds to build a major natural history museum to instruct the public and help to train advanced students. His efforts paid off in November 1859, when the Museum of Comparative Zoology opened its doors. The Museum provided a unique resource for American students to gain unrestricted, first hand access to natural specimens. Many practicing American naturalists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were trained by Agassiz and worked in his museum. The Museum testified to Agassiz’s passion for collecting and identifying the “entire natural kingdom all at once,” a desire that quickly filled the repository to overflowing with specimens. From a philosophical perspective Agassiz planned the Museum as a demonstration of the “master plan” that the diety had executed in the creation of the natural world, displaying the “type plan” of different classes and stressing the separate creation of each species. Agassiz’s core belief in the special creation of species by God undergirded his quest to locate new species. However, some colleagues criticized him as “species mad,” arguing that his museum and his methods added little to the conceptual understanding of natural history.

Agassiz’s reputation took a major hit in a series of Boston debates on evolution, after the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859. Agassiz made a poor defense of special creation against Darwin’s defenders Asa Gray and William Barton Rogers. Furthermore, Agassiz’s understanding of special creationism as applied to human beings led him to view various races as distinct species, a rationale quickly adopted by the proponents slavery, who asserted a scientific basis to white supremecy.

Concerned about the decline of his professional reputation in the 1850s, in 1855 Agassiz announced the forthcoming publication of a projected ten-volume entitled Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. A total of 2,500 subscribers made advanced purchases at $12.00 each. The initial volume entitled Essay on Classification elaborated Agassiz’s views on classification, the philosophy of nature and the species concept. Appearing two years after Darwin’s Origin of Species, the work drew mixed reviews. Many were put off by the author’s dogmatism, others thought his views dated and moribund. Three more volumes appeared, but the publication of the projected set was never completed.

Many years later in 1872 Agassiz did reconsider evolution, trying to understand Darwin’s views by making a trip around South America, retracing Darwin’s voyage. However, he only became more convinced that the concept of evolution was “a scientific mistake, untrue to the facts, unscientific in its method, and mischievous in its tendency.” To the dismay of the scientific community Agassiz authored strident attacks on Darwinism in the popular press, infuriating Asa Gray and James Dana. Consequently, Agassiz was increasingly excluded from the politics of American science.

Agassiz remained at Harvard University until the end of his life. When he died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he was deeply mourned by his adopted country.

From the guide to the Louis Jean Rodolph Agassiz papers, 1833-1873, 1833-1873 1833-1873, (American Philosophical Society)

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creatorOf Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Louis Agassiz correspondence, undated. Library of Congress
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referencedIn Scientists and science collection, 1870-1948. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
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referencedIn William Hemsley Emory papers, 1823-1886 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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creatorOf Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Letter : Neuchâtel, Switzerland, to L[uigi] Bellardi, Turin, 1845 September 8. Boston Public Library, Central Library in Copley Square
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creatorOf Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Letter [n.d., n.p.], to "My dear Sir" [i.e. G. Ticknor?, n.p.]. Dartmouth College Library
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creatorOf Clifford, John Henry, 1809-1876. Papers, 1634-1967, bulk: 1821-1876. Library of Congress
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creatorOf Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Letter : to "Dear Sir", 1868 Dec. 11. University of Rhode Island Library, Kingston, University Library
referencedIn Arnold Guyot Collection, 1857-1882 American Philosophical Society
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referencedIn Edward Claudius Herrick papers, 1797-1862 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
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creatorOf Abbott family. Autograph file, A, 1518-1962. Houghton Library
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creatorOf Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Original zoological drawings and plates, 1830-1880 (bulk) Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
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referencedIn Rodgers Family Papers, 1788-1944, (bulk 1820-1930) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Maher Family Papers, 1757-1938 Ward M. Canaday Center for Special Collections, The University of Toledo
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referencedIn Sebastian B. (Sebastian Benson) Schlesinger papers, 1787-1901 (inclusive), 1870-1897 (bulk). Houghton Library
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creatorOf Chandler, Charles Frederick, 1836-1925. Notebook of lectures on Natural History by Louis Agassiz, Lowell Institute, 1853. Chemical Heritage Foundation, Othmer Library of Chemical History
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referencedIn Photographs of notable 19th-century men and women, 1874-1912. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University
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referencedIn Museum of Comparative Zoology collection of portraits, 1850-1950 (bulk). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn Autograph File, T, 1580-1975. Houghton Library
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referencedIn Cabot family. Papers, 1786-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Kate Sessions Collection, 1876-1940 San Diego History Center Document Collection
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creatorOf Burkhardt, Jacques, d. 1867. Collection, 1828-1867 (inclusive). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
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referencedIn Lyman Family. Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society
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creatorOf Autograph letters of naturalists, 1744-1894, 1744-1894 American Philosophical Society
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referencedIn Administrative correspondence of the Gray Herbarium and Harvard University Herbaria, 1890-2019, bulk 1890-1955 Harvard University, Gray Herbarium
referencedIn Cartes-de-visite album and biographies, ca. 1875-1876. University of Virginia. Library
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referencedIn Henry Wadsworth Longfellow collection of papers, 1826-1901, 1833-1882 The New York Public Library. Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature.
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referencedIn Houghton Library printed book provenance file, A-D Houghton Library
referencedIn Papers, 1838-1907, 1918-1920 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn John Thomas Codman Brook Farm collection, 1840-1901. Houghton Library
referencedIn Eleanor M. Tilton Papers, 1770-1991 Columbia University. Rare Book an Manuscript Library
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referencedIn Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Library. Museum of Comparative Zoology manuscripts, ca. 1700-1936 (inclusive). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
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creatorOf Hayden, F. V. (Ferdinand Vandeveer), 1829-1887. [Geology of Nebraska Territory] University of Wyoming, William R. Coe Library
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