Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962

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Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who made tremendous contributions to his field, transforming accepted notions of atomic structure, helping to develop nuclear fission, and advocating for international cooperation in crafting responsible nuclear policy.

Bohr was born in Copenhagen in 1885 into a family that encouraged his academic pursuits. Christian Bohr, his father, was professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen. Bohr credited his father for awakening his interest in physics at a young age. His mother, Ellen Adler Bohr, came from a wealthy Jewish family that was prominent in the field of education. Bohr's brother Harald was a mathematician and Olympic soccer player for the Danish national team.

Bohr graduated from Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903. He then entered Copenhagen University where he earned a Master's degree in Physics in 1909 and a doctorate in 1911. His mentor there, Professor C. Christiansen, was an innovative and well-respected physicist. During graduate school, Bohr won a gold medal from the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen for his experimental and theoretical exploration of liquids' surface tensions using oscillating fluid jets. He performed the experiments in his father's laboratory, the results of which were published in 1908 in the Transactions of the Royal Society. Following the receipt of this award, however, his work became increasingly theoretical in character. His doctor's disputation, a theoretical explanation of the properties of metals that relied upon electron theory, remains a classic meditation on this subject.

Upon earning his doctorate, Bohr moved to Cambridge, where he pursued his own theoretical work while simultaneously observing the experimental work directed by Sir J.J. Thompson in the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1912 he moved to Manchester, where he worked in Professor Ernest Rutherford's laboratory. Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus became the basis of Bohr's investigation of atomic structure. In 1913, Bohr developed his model of atomic structure, which held that electrons travel in orbits around an atom's nucleus. The chemical properties of the element, his theory held, were determined by the number of electrons in orbit. When an electron dropped from a high-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit, it emitted a photon of discrete energy. This discovery was central to the development of quantum theory.

Bohr held the position of Lecturer in Physics at Copenhagen University from 1913-1914, and at Victoria University in Manchester from 1914-1916. In 1916, Bohr was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at Copenhagen University. From 1920 until his death in 1962, he led the Institute for Theoretical Physics, which was established for him and eventually named for him. In the 1920s and 1930s, Bohr's laboratory hosted most of the world's leading theoretical physicists.

In 1922, Bohr received the Nobel Prize in physics "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them." Following his receipt of the Nobel Prize, Bohr increasingly investigated the constitution of atomic nuclei, including their transformations and declensions. Bohr also invented the principle of complementarity, the notion that items could be understood as having contradictory properties. Albert Einstein was a vocal opponent of this principle, and he and Bohr had several famous arguments over its feasibility.

While the Nazis occupied Denmark during World War II, Werner Karl Heisenberg, a top German physicist and Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, visited Bohr. In 1943, just before he was to be arrested by Nazi police, Bohr escaped to Sweden. He spent the remaining years of the war in England and the United States. In America, Bohr worked at the secret Los Alamos Laboratory on the Manhattan Project, where his assumed name was Nicholas Baker. The younger scientists on the project valued Bohr's contribution as a mentor and consultant. His concern about a nuclear arms race, he explained, was "why I went to America. They didn't need my help in making the atom bomb."

Bohr believed that atomic secrets should be shared by all in the international scientific community. Bohr visited President Roosevelt to convince him to share the Manhattan Project with the Russians for the purpose of speeding its progress. Upon Roosevelt's suggestion, Bohr took this idea to England, where Prime Minister Churchill completely opposed the idea. After the war, Bohr returned to Copenhagen. He spent his last decades developing and promoting the peaceful applications of atomic physics. His Open Letter to the United Nations, published on June 9, 1950, sets forth his views. In his lifetime, Bohr authored or co-authored more than 115 published works.

Bohr married Margrethe Norlund in 1912. They had six sons, of whom two died in childhood. The other four led successful lives

From the guide to the Bohr, Niels. Collection, 1909-1963, (Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A.)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
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creatorOf Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906-1972. Papers, 1925-1973. University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Library; UCSD Library
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creatorOf Archive for the History of Quantum Physics, 1898-1950 (bulk), 1898-1950 American Philosophical Society
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creatorOf [Niels Henrik David Bohr, biographical materials] University of Wisconsin - Madison, General Library System
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referencedIn Hawkins, David, 1913-. In the shadow of the bomb: Robert Oppenheimer and Niels Bohr. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Otto Meyerhof Collection, 1904-1963 Leo Baeck Institute Archives
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creatorOf Eugenie Anderson papers. Minnesota Historical Society
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referencedIn Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records. 1927-1949. New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. TLS, 1959 December 10 : Copenhagen, Denmark, to Dr. Henry Strutz. Copley Press, J S Copley Library
referencedIn 20.15 Bohr, Niels, 1944-1951 National Archives at College Park
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referencedIn Thomas Lauritsen papers, 1922-1974 California Institute of Technology. Archives.
creatorOf Harold Clayton Urey Papers University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Library; UCSD Library
referencedIn Burger, Herman Carel, 1893-1965. Oral history interview with Herman Carel Burger, 1962 November 15. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Weisskopf, Victor Frederick, 1908-2002. Oral history interview with Victor Frederick Weisskopf, 1963 July 10. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, 1910-1994 (bulk 1922-1991) Oregon State University SpecialCollections & Archives Research Center, The ValleyLibrary
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referencedIn Born, Max, 1882-1970. Oral history interview with Max Born, 1960 June to 18 October 1962. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Gentner, Wolfgang, 1906-. Oral history interview with Wolfgang Gentner, 1971 November 15. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Strömgren, Bengt, 1908-. Oral history interview with Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren, 1976 May 6 and 13. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Rosenfeld, L. (Leon), 1904-1974. Oral history interview with Léon Rosenfeld, 1963 July 1 to 22. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957. Alfred E. Cohn papers, Rockefeller University Faculty, circa 1896-1980. Rockefeller Archive Center
referencedIn Levi, Hilde. Oral history interview with Hilde Levi, 1971 October 28. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn J. Robert Oppenheimer Papers, 1799-1980, (bulk 1947-1967) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
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referencedIn Hans Bethe papers, [ca. 1931]-1995 Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Ausarbeitung of Niels Bohr's lectures on atomic physics, 1922. UC Berkeley Libraries
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referencedIn John Clarke Slater, excerpts from letters, 1924, 1924 American Philosophical Society
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referencedIn Lee A. DuBridge papers, 1932-1986 California Institute of Technology. Archives.
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referencedIn Schultz, Betty. Oral history interview with Betty Schultz, 1963 May 17. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Correspondence, 1906-1937. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Bohr private corresondence, 1910-1962. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Placzek, G. (George), 1905-1955. Papers, 1934-1955, undated. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Bohr political correspondence, 1939-1962. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Irving Langmuir Papers, 1871-1957 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Wick, G. C. (Gian Carlo). Selected correspondence and related materials from the Wick archives, 1933-1945. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Stoner, Edmund Clifton, 1899-1968. Papers and correspondence of Edmund Clifton Stoner, 1909-1969. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Niels Bohr lectures and interviews [sound recording], 1949-1962. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Weisskopf, Victor Frederick, 1908-2002. My life as a physicist, ca. 1971. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Alpher, Ralph. Oral history interview with Ralph Alpher and a joint interview with Robert Herman, 1983 August 11 and 12. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Slater, John C. (John Clarke), 1900-1976. Oral history interview with John Clarke Slater, 1963 October 3 and 8. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Rubinowicz, Wojciech. Oral history interview with Wojciech Rubinowicz, 1963 May 18. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Eugenie Anderson papers. Minnesota Historical Society
referencedIn Richard Courant Papers, 1902-1972 New York University. Archives
creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Reprints from Henrik Anthony Kramers Collection, 1910-1950. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Max Delbrück papers, 1918-1997 California Institute of Technology. Archives.
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referencedIn Bialobrzeski, Czeslaw, 1878-1953. Papers, 1945-1953. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
creatorOf Bohr, Niels. Collection, 1909-1963 Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library,
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referencedIn Oswald Veblen Papers, 1881-1960, (bulk 1920-1960) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
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creatorOf American Physical Society and APS. Joint Committee on the History of Theoretical Physics in the Twentieth Century. Collection, Undated American Philosophical Society
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referencedIn Records of the Atomic Energy Commission. 1923 - 1978. Sound Recordings Relating to the History of Atomic Energy National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Richards, Hugh T. (Hugh Taylor), 1918-. Response to 1981 History of Nuclear Physics Survey, 1990. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Holograph eulogy of Ernest Rutherford, 1937. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Universal Newsreel Volume 30, Release 88 National Archives at College Park
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referencedIn Beck, Guido, 1903-1988. Oral history interview with Guido Beck, 1967 April 22. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Angell, Norman, 1874-1967. Gilbert F. White papers, 1942-1957. Haverford College Library
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referencedIn 20. Name File: 15. Bohr, Niels National Archives at College Park
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referencedIn Mott, N. F. (Nevill Francis), Sir, 1905-. Oral history interview with Sir Nevill Francis Mott, 1963 May 13. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Grosse, Aristid Victor, 1905-1985. Oral history interview with Aristid Victor Grosse, 1974 January 11 and April 5. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Richard Phillips Feynman papers, 1933-1988 California Institute of Technology. Archives.
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Manuscripts, other authors, 1910-1961. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Invitational letter to Georges Temmer to participate in nuclear physics research at the Niels Bohr Institutet, 1956. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Darrow, Karl K. (Karl Kelchner), 1891-. Karl Kelchner Darrow Papers, 1872-1978, (bulk 1917-1972) American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Obituary notice from the Tallahassee Democrat, with tributes by Hans Bethe, Glenn Seaborg, and John Cockcroft and Hideki Yukawa, 1962. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Segrè, Emilio. Oral history interview with Emilio Gino Segrè, 1967 February 13. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Modern atomic theory and its philosophical implications [sound recording] : Hitchcock lecture, 1937 March. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Prominent Personalities: Bohr, Niels National Archives at College Park
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referencedIn Alois Francis Kovarik papers, 1902-1951 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
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creatorOf Randall, Harrison M. (Harrison McAllister), 1870-1969. Harrison M. Randall papers, 1897-1956. Bentley Historical Library
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referencedIn General Electric Company. Selected records, including letters, reports, and notebooks by Arthur Holly Compton, Saul Dushman, Irving Langmuir, Frederic Saunders, and Willis R. Whitney. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Niels Bohr institutet. Journal of Jocular Physics, 1935-1955 American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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referencedIn Unedited Voices on Atomic Energy National Archives at College Park
creatorOf Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Two addresses in English [sound recording] American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
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creatorOf Bury, Charles R. Charles R. Bury collection of atomic energy offprints and letters, 1915-1935. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
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