Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913

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Wallace was a naturalist and collaborator with Darwin on the theory of evolution.

From the description of Letter, 1895, January 16, Parkstone, Dorset, to Wallis Mansford, Esq. (University of South Carolina). WorldCat record id: 123275202

Epithet: FRS

British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000000751.0x00011f

British naturalist.

From the description of Letters to E. D. Girdlestone : ALS, 1884-1889. (University of California, Berkeley). WorldCat record id: 122514944

English naturalist.

From the description of Autograph letters signed (4) : London, to Rev. William Knight, 1871 Apr. 9 and undated. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270586372

From the description of Autograph letter signed : Broadstone, Wimborne, to Sir Sydney Cockerell, 1904 Oct. 2. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270586368

Alfred Russel Wallace was an English naturalist most famous for having independently developed the theory of natural selection before Darwin published his On the origin of species (1859).

With Henry Walter Bates, Wallace made two major exploring expeditions: to the Amazon Basin, 1848-1852; and Indonesia and the Malay Archipelago, 1854-1862, both undertaken in order to study the questions of natural variation and evolution of species. Wallace's South American collection was lost in a shipwreck, leaving him with no evidence to support any publications; but his findings during his Indonesian trip led Wallace to publish an influential paper in 1855. His 1858 memoir sent from Maluku, Indonesia (Moluccas), had a powerful influence on Darwin and pushed him towards publication of his own work. During the 1880s, Wallace lectured on evolution, touring the United States in 1886-87. He published approximately 400 articles and over 20 books in his lifetime, including Geographical distribution of animals (1876), Island life (1880), and Darwinism (1889). Wallace's scientific views on evolution became increasingly influenced by his religious beliefs in his later years.

Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell was a zoologist specializing in entomology.

Cockerell was born in England, and in 1891 was appointed curator of the public museum in Jamaica. In 1893 he transferred to New Mexico as professor of zoology, eventually settling in Boulder, Colo. Cockerell began identifying specimens of insects sent to him from the American Museum of Natural History, and became a research associate in the Dept. of Insects and Spiders. Seventy-five of his over 3,000 scientific articles were published as Bulletins of the AMNH or American Museum novitates, the majority of them on insects, primarily bees. Cockerell was an expert on bees of the Rocky Mountains region, but pursued many other zoological interests, especially mollusks, and also including botany, ichthyology and paleontology. He led or participated in a number of collecting expeditions all over the world, accompanied by his wife, Wilmatte, who also collaborated in his research.

From the description of Correspondence, 1890-1914. (American Museum of Natural History). WorldCat record id: 57428044

Enshrined as the co-discoverer of the theory of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace was a pioneering naturalist whose influence extended beyond evolutionary theory to biogeography, ecology, and sociology. Although his middling social origins and "radical" political and social beliefs limited his acceptance in the fold of elite English science, Wallace's undeniable ingenuity and originality made him an indispensable voice in discussions about natural history during the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Born January 8, 1823, the eighth of nine children of Thomas Vere Wallace and Mary Anne Greenell, Alfred R. Wallace was raised under what might be called modest middle class circumstances, but circumstances that were not untainted by financial hardship. As a result of his father's misfortunes with a swindler, Wallace was forced to withdraw from school at the age of thirteen, leaving home for London to live with his older brother John. Despite the painful events occasioning his departure from home, Wallace profited from his experience in one important way. In London, he fell into the orbit of a group of committed Owenite Socialists, whose heterodox political and social ideas he absorbed and maintained throughout the remainder of his life.

In 1837, Wallace moved to Bedfordshire to live with another brother, William, where he learned surveying and, for a brief time, he was apprenticed to a watchmaker. The basic technical skills he acquired, including mathematics, drafting, geology, and geography, combined with a steady diet of outdoor work whetted Wallace's appetite for natural history, which he nourished by attending lectures at the Mechanics' Institutes in Kington (Hereford) and Neath (Wales). When his brother laid him off from work in 1843, Alfred picked up work as an instructor in drafting, surveying, and arithmetic at the Collegiate School in Leicester, which he put to full advantage. Through the near availability of a suitable library, intensive self-study, and a developing friendship with the entomologist Henry Walter Bates, Wallace gradually strengthened his background in natural history.

As a result of these changes in fortune, when his brother William died, enabling a return to surveying, Alfred was primed to strike out in a different direction. Disinclined to wallow in the mundanities of surveying, he lit instead upon the notion of joining his friend Bates in an expedition up the Amazon to collect specimens and observe. Thus in April 1848, the two men left Pará (now Belém), Brazil, for a journey deep into Amazonia. After two years, Wallace and Bates separated, with Wallace returning to England in 1852 and Bates remaining in South American for nearly a decade longer. By any measure, their expedition was productive: Bates discovered a form of mimicry that still bears his name, while Wallace, already a convinced evolutionist from his reading of Charles Lyell's Principles and Robert Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural Creation, began in earnest what would become a lifelong inquiry into the mechanics of the evolutionary process.

Wallace's plans for a windfall from his expedition came to naught upon his return when a shipboard fire destroyed nearly all of the specimens he had painstakingly acquired in the Amazon. Although covered by insurance, barely, Wallace's plans for establishing a scientific name for himself could not so easily be resurrected. He produced two creditable works from his period in the Amazon -- the ethnobotanical Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses (London, 1853) and A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (London, 1853) -- however these made no contribution to evolutionary theory, and had only modest returns for four hard-spent years.

However small, these returns turned out to be crucial. Drawing upon the strength of these publications, Wallace secured a grant from the Royal Geographic Society to undertake a naturalizing expedition to the Malay Archipelago, the site of what would become his most famous work. Arriving in Singapore in April 1854, Wallace spent eight years careering about Indonesia, collecting over 100,000 specimens and one thousand new species. His magnum opus, The Malay Archipelago (London, 1869), enjoyed great success in England as a travel narrative, as ethnographic study, and as a natural historical tour de force.

But more important in the long run, Wallace's Indonesian excursion quickened his thoughts on evolutionary change. Like the Galapagos had for Darwin, the spectacular biotic profusion of Indonesia propelled Wallace's evolutionary rumination, resulting in a seminal paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History 16 (1855), "On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species." In this first foray into what would become natural selection, Wallace sketched out an hypothesis for conceiving the spatial and temporal relationships of species, concluding that "every species has come into existence coincident both in time and space with a pre-existing closely allied species." Although Charles Lyell brought the paper to the attention of Darwin, Darwin appears nevertheless to have paid it little, if any attention.

Independently of Darwin, Wallace continued to assemble the theoretical framework of natural selection. As was true for Darwin, Malthusian economics provided a touchstone, propelling Wallace's second major paper on the subject, a draft of which was sent for Darwin's perusal in 1858. This time, Darwin did not fail to notice. The manuscript prodded Darwin into a furious fit of writing, resulting in a mutually agreed-upon simultaneous presentation of their works before the Linnean Society during the summer of 1858, and in 1859, the publication of Darwin's "abstract," On the Origin of Species .

Wallace remained in Indonesia for an additional four years, finally returning to England early in 1862. His publications and the massive collections he had accumulated in the Archipelago brought him a measure of financial comfort and high respect among British naturalists. There remained, however, always something of a distance between Wallace and his peers. While some of this may be attributed to the "inferiority" of Wallace's social origins, he differed even more fundamentally in other ways. Wallace could always be relied upon as a supporter of natural selection and evolutionary theory, but he represented a distinctly different strain.

Already distinguished by his Owenite political preferences, Wallace became further differentiated from the bulk of the Darwin crowd by becoming a convert to Spiritualism in 1866. Like most Spiritualists, he rejected the arch-materialism of Darwin and Huxley, and he never accepted that natural selection operated on the "higher" (spiritual and intellectual) aspects of humanity. Whether Spiritualism led him to these views, or these views led him to Spiritualism is difficult to discern, but the tenor of Wallace's work after 1870 took on a tenor unique among the prominent Darwinists. He was immensely prolific, writing popular and technical works in natural history that made him the best known naturalist in Britain by the end of the century, but he commented increasingly on issues of political and social concern to radicals, emerging as a full-fledged Socialist by the 1880s.

Active mentally and physically, as writer and lecturer, late into his 80s, Wallace died in his sleep at home on November 7, 1913.

From the guide to the Alfred Russel Wallace Collection, 1867-1913, (American Philosophical Society)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Letters to William James from various correspondents and photograph album, 1865-1929. Houghton Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letters to Ernest Marriott [manuscript] 1903-1904. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. Letters, 1837-1882. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Gulick, John Thomas, 1832-1923. Papers, 1853-1898. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. Archive of the Darwin Papers Editorial Project, 1821-1882. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Alison, Archibald, 1757-1839,. Papers pertaining to Charles Darwin and evolution, 1771-1821. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn English Scientific Autograph Collection, [ca. 19th century], Circa 19th century American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Sir James Paget correspondence, 1784-1932, 1784-1932 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Beard, George Miller, 1839-1883. George Miller Beard papers, 1853-1923 (inclusive). Yale University Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Autograph letter signed : Broadstone, Wimborne, to Sir Sydney Cockerell, 1904 Oct. 2. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn An Annotated Calendar of the Letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, 1799-1882 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Gulick, John Thomas, 1832-1923. Papers, 1853-1898 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter : Godalming, England, to Charles Marseilles, Exeter, N.H., 1885 Apr. 11. University of Chicago Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter 1907, January 10, Wineborue, England [to] Mr. Edwin Markham, [Staten Island] / Alfred Russel Wallace. Wagner College, Horrmann Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Autograph letter signed : Parkstone, Dorset, England, to T. J. Cobden Sanderson, 1891 Nov. 6. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Tyndall, John, 1820-1893. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Romanes, George John, 1848-1894. Correspondence between George John Romanes (1848-1894) and John Thomas Gulick (1832-1923) : together with exchanges of related letters between Gulick and Charles Darwin, Alfred Russell [sic] Wallace, W. Percy Sladen, Henri de Varigny, J. Fletcher Moulton and others, 1872-1893. Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn Milner, Richard, 1941-. Collection, c1989, c2000. American Museum of Natural History
referencedIn Eyton, T. C. (Thomas Campbell), 1809-1880. Correspondence, 1836-1874. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Vol. CCCCXXXVI (ff. 257). 10 Aug.-Dec. 1895.includes:f. 1 Samuel Herbert Habershon, physician: Letters to W. E. Gladstone: 1892-1898.f. 3 Khalil Khalid, of Angora: Letter to W. E. Gladstone: 1895.f. 5 William Richard Wood Stephens, Dean of Winc... British Library
referencedIn An Annotated Calendar of the Letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, 1799-1882 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Thomas Henry Huxley Papers, 1851-1895, 1851-1895 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Ingleby, C. M. (Clement Mansfield), 1823-1886,. Autograph letters to Clement Mansfield Ingleby signed from various correspondents [manuscript], 1853-1881. Folger Shakespeare Library
referencedIn Miscellaneous correspondence collection, 1796-1926, 1871-1926 (bulk) New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Additional letters from various correspondents, 1849-1931. Houghton Library
referencedIn Handwriting samples of naturalists and others, ca. 1800-1970 (inclusive) Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn Autograph collection, 1816-1917, 1816-1917 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf University of Pennsylvania. Seybert Commission for Investigating Modern Spiritualism. Records, 1884-1922. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 1860-1935. Papers, 1846-1961 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Sir Charles Lyell papers, 1806-1874, 1806-1874 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Russell, Francis Albert Rollo, b. 1849. Papers, 1858-1928. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Museum of Comparative Zoology collection of historical manuscripts, 1736-1908 (inclusive), 1810-1870 (bulk). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn James, William, 1842-1910. Papers, 1803-1941 (bulk: 1862-1910) Houghton Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter : Godalming, England, to Charles Marseilles, Exeter, N.H., 1885 Apr. 11. Texas Christian University
referencedIn LeConte, John L. (John Lawrence), 1825-1883. Papers, 1812-1897 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. Papers, [1868?]-1881 and undated, Kent. Duke University, Medical Center Library & Archives
referencedIn Tylor, Edward B. (Edward Burnett), 1832-1917. Letter to A.R. Wallace : Stoke Newington, North Eng. : ALS, 1867 Mar. 5. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn English Scientific Autograph Collection, [ca. 19th century]. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letters to E. D. Girdlestone : ALS, 1884-1889. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Scientists Collection, 1563-1973 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Huxley, Thomas Henry, 1825-1895. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Thomas Campbell Eyton correspondence, 1836-1874, 1836-1874 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter 1913, April 24, Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset[to] Mr. [Edwin] Markham, [Staten Island] / Alfred Russel Wallace. Wagner College, Horrmann Library
referencedIn Papers, 1846-1961 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Flürscheim, Michael, 1844-1912. Michael Flürscheim papers, [ca. 1888-1903]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Alfred Russel Wallace Collection, 1867-1913 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Schlegel, H. (Hermann), 1804-1884. [Zoological tracts / Schlegel] The Field Museum Library, The Field Museum of Natural History
referencedIn Allen, Grant, 1848-1899. Grant Allen letters and manuscript, 1892-1899. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
creatorOf Ward, Lester Frank, 1841-1913. Correspondence, 1865-1913, "Tabor" to "Vanni". Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn Gulick, John Thomas, 1832-1923. John Thomas Gulick papers, 1841-1916. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Correspondence, 1890-1914. American Museum of Natural History
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter, 1872 Dec. 10; Essex, Eng., to Mr. Kirby. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Letters of scientists, 1655-1973. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Lyell, Charles, Sir, 1797-1875. Papers, 1806-1874. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letters. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Sir William Rothenstein correspondence and other papers, 1887-1957. Houghton Library
referencedIn Huxley, Thomas Henry, 1825-1895. Correspondence, 1851-1895. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter to J.S. Allen : Parkstone, Dorset, Eng. : ALS, 1893 Nov. 6. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Ingleby, C. M. (Clement Mansfield), 1823-1886,. Autograph letters to Clement Mansfield Ingleby signed from various correspondents [manuscript], 1853-1878. Folger Shakespeare Library
referencedIn Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir, 1817-1911. Letter to A.R. Wallace : London : ALS, 1867 July 1. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn George Miller Beard papers, 1853-1923 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Vol. CCCCXLI (ff. 268). July 1897-1898.includes:ff. 1, 177 Henry Norman, 1st Baronet 1915; journalist; Knight 1906: Letters to W. E. Gladstone: 1887-1897.ff. 6, 13, 57, 61, 103, 165 Arthur Howard Galton, author: Letters to W. E. Gladstone: 1887-1... British Library
referencedIn Francis Albert Rollo Russell papers, 1858-1928, 1858-1928 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Theobald, Morell,. Copy of letter from Morell Theobald, Lewisham, to A.R. Wallace, January 14, 1880 [manuscript], 1880? Folger Shakespeare Library
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter, 1895, January 16, Parkstone, Dorset, to Wallis Mansford, Esq. University of South Carolina, System Library Service, University Libraries
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Letter to J. Bu. Nevins : Barking, Eng. : ALS, 1870 Sept. 25. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Ingleby, C. M. (Clement Mansfield), 1823-1886,. Autograph letters to Clement Mansfield Ingleby signed from various correspondents [manuscript], 1864-1880. Folger Shakespeare Library
creatorOf Molineaux, Mamie, A. Mamie A. Molineaux scrapbook of letters, 1851-1889. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
creatorOf [Alfred Russel Wallace, biographical materials]. University of Wisconsin - Madison, General Library System
creatorOf Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913. Autograph letters signed (4) : London, to Rev. William Knight, 1871 Apr. 9 and undated. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Alison, Archibald, 1757-1839. Papers pertaining to Charles Darwin and evolution [manuscript], 1771-1921. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Library. Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. 1668-1983. American Philosophical Society
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
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associatedWith Allen, J. S. person
associatedWith American Museum of Natural History. corporateBody
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associatedWith Banks, Joseph, Sir, 1743-1820 person
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associatedWith Birks, Edward person
associatedWith Butler, Samuel, 1835-1902 person
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associatedWith Clarke, J. F. Gates (John Frederick Gates), 1905- person
associatedWith Cobden-Sanderson, T. J. (Thomas James), 1840-1922, person
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correspondedWith Romanes, George John, 1848-1894. person
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correspondedWith Theobald, Morell, person
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associatedWith Wayne, Anthony person
Place Name Admin Code Country
United States
Great Britain
Brazil
England
England
Great Britain
Subject
Publishers and publishing
Butterflies
Cats
Evolution
Evolution
Evolution
Evolution (Biology)
Evolution (Biology)
Land, Nationalization of
Natural history
Naturalists
Natural selection
Natural selection
Socialists
Spiritualism
Spiritualists
Vivisection
Zoologists
Occupation
Activity

Person

Birth 1823-01-08

Death 1913-11-07

Britons

English

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