Gray, Asa, 1810-1888

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Botanist, ardent supporter of Charles Darwin, first professor appointed to the faculty of the University of Michigan, and Professor of Botany at Harvard University.

From the description of Asa Gray collection, 1871-1885. (University of Michigan). WorldCat record id: 68802268

Asa Gray is an American botanist. He was made Professor of Natural History at Harvard University in 1842 and held that position until 1873. He was the author of several works including Manual of the botany of the northern United States, which was published in 1848.

From the description of Letter to Leander Wetherell, 1848, March 6. (Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens). WorldCat record id: 432728505

Asa Gray was an American botanist who extensively studied North American flora. His book, Manual of the botany of the northern United States, from New England to Wisconsin and south to Ohio and Pennsylvania inclusive (1848), is a standard work in the subject.

From the description of Asa Gray letter, September 19, 18--. (University of Georgia). WorldCat record id: 269782744

Asa Gray was a botanist.

From the description of Papers, 1838-1887. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 154298172

Gray received an honorary degree from Harvard in 1844 and established the discipline of botany at Harvard.

From the description of Papers of Asa Gray, 1840-1880 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 17267266

From the description of Papers of Asa Gray, 1840-1880 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 77069365

Botanist and professor of natural history at Harvard University.

From the description of Asa Gray papers, 1840-1859. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 70984411

Gray was born in Sauquoit, N.Y. in 1810 and educated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Fairfield (Ph.D., 1831). He taught at Utica Gymnasium, 1832-1834; Hamilton College, 1834; University of Michigan, 1838-1842; and Harvard University, 1842-1873. Gray established systematic botany at Harvard; his herbarium became the nucleus of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard; and he also wrote several botanical textbooks such as Manual of the Botany of the northern United States. In 1848 Gray married Jane Loring who accompanied him on most of his travels and chronicled them in her letters to her family. After Gray's death in 1888 she prepared an edition of his letters which was published in 1893. For further information see: A. Hunter Dupree's Asa Gray, 1810-1888 (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1959).

From the description of Papers of Asa Gray, 1830-1953 (inclusive), 1830-1888 (bulk). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 40962720

Asa Gray (1810-1888) was a botanist who collected plant specimens on the J. W. Powell Survey (1871-1894).

Smithsonian Institution Archives Field Book Project: Person : Description : rid_752_pid_EACP749

American botanist.

From the description of Letter, n.d. "Botanic Garden" [Boston?] to Isabel Batchelder James [manuscript]. (University of Virginia). WorldCat record id: 647826871

From the description of Autograph letter signed : Cambridge, [Massachusetts], to George Clinton Swallow, 1848 May 24. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270498896

Gray discusses the naming and labeling of some plants.

From the description of [Letter] 1882 Mar. 23 [to George Lincoln] Goodale / A. Gray. (Smith College). WorldCat record id: 231357786

Charles Babbage was a mathematician and inventor.

From the guide to the Charles Babbage selected correspondence, 1827-1871, 1827-1871, (American Philosophical Society)

Botanist, professor at Harvard University (1842-1873), president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1871).

From the description of Letter, 1866. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 84697914

Biographical Note

  • 1810, Nov. 18: Born, Sauquoit, N.Y.
  • 1825 - 1826 : Attended Fairfield Academy, Clinton, N.Y.
  • 1826 - 1831 : Attended Fairfield Academy College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, Clinton, N.Y., receiving a medical degree
  • 1830: Began to collect and exchange plants with John Torrey
  • 1836: Published Elements of Botany in New York. New York: G. & C. Carvill and Co.
  • 1836 - 1838 : Member, U.S. Exploring expedition under command of Charles Wilkes
  • 1838 - 1843 : Professor of botany, University of Michigan, Detroit, Mich. Published with John Torrey Flora of North America. New York and London: Wiley and Putnam. 2 vols.
  • 1842: Appointed professor of natural history, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
  • 1847: Published Manual of Botany of the Northern United States. Boston: L. Munroe and Co.
  • 1848: Married Jane Lathrop Loring
  • 1858: Published Botany for Young People and Common Schools. New York: Ivison Blakeman, Taylor, and Co.
  • 1873: Retired, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., to work on revisions of his book on North American flora
  • 1876: Published Darwiana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
  • 1888, Jan. 30: Died, Cambridge, Mass.
  • 1893: Posthumous publication of Letters of Asa Gray, edited by Jane Loring Gray. Boston: Houghton Mifflin

From the guide to the Asa Gray Papers, 1840-1859, (Manuscript Division Library of Congress)

Louis Agassiz (1807-1873, APS 1843) was a zoologist and geologist. A student of Georges Cuvier, Agassiz was renown for his six-volume work Poissons fossils, a study of more than 1,700 ancient fish. Equally important was his Ètudes sur les glaciers (1840). In 1845 Agassiz moved to the United States on a two-year study grant from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia to compare the flora and fauna of the United States and Europe. While in the United States he was invited to deliver a course of lectures at the Lowell Institute in Boston. He took America and New England by storm and as a result in 1847 was appointed professor of zoology and geology at Harvard’s new Lawrence Scientific School.

Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was born in Motier, Switzerland on May 26, 1807, the son of a Protestant minister Rodolphe Agassiz and his wife Rose Mayor. Despite family pressure to enter business, Agassiz early decided to devote himself to the study of nature. At the age of twenty-one he predicted that he would become “the first naturalist of his time, a good citizen and a good son.” His determination gained Agassiz an excellent education in the natural sciences at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich. He also made important contacts in early life that formed his outlook and provided the basis for his early career. The naturalist Johann B. Spix allowed him to publish on a collection of fish from Brazil that Spix had gathered, while the anatomist Ignaz Döllinger trained him to use the microscope and introduced him to the field of embryology. Philosophically, Agassiz was influenced by the German idealism of Lorenz Okenfuss, who built a system of biological classification based upon increasing complexity of sense organs. Agassiz’s scientific thought and practice was characterized by two separate and often contradictory outlooks. One was exact and pragmatic; the other was transcendental. His approach was clearly influenced by French zoologist and paleontologist Georges Cuvier, who passed on to Agassiz his remarkable collection of fossil fish illustrations. He also impressed the geographer Alexander Humboldt, an adviser to the king of Prussia who arranged an appointment for him at the Collège de Neuchâtel in 1832, where he taught natural history for more than ten years. During these years (1832-42) he studied fossil fish in museums and private collections throughout Europe, resulting in his six-volume Poissons fossils that described more than 1,700 primeval fish, that he analyzed according to Cuvier’s comparative method. The work, which won high praise from major Bristish naturalists Sir Charles Lyell and Richard Owen, provided the basis for Agassiz’s scientific fame and fortune. His natural philosophy was infused with the belief in an all-powerful diety, who planned and created every single living being, plant and animal, undercutting any genetic connection between ancient and modern creatures.

In addition to his work on fish, between 1837 and 1843 Agassiz did ground breaking work on glacial geology, presented in a paper presented to the Sociètè Helvétique des Sciences naturelles (July 1837) and in his book Etudes sur les glaciers in which he theorized that a massive glacier had once covered all of Europe. Although the idea had first been suggested by Swiss naturalist Jean de Charpentier, Agassiz was the first to publicize the idea and to apply it to all of Europe. A prolific writer, who wished to be personally involved with the production of his works, Agassiz developed a publishing house in Neuchâtel, that employed the latest technology in photo duplication and produced bibliographies, dictionaries and monographs by Agassiz and his assistants. In the spring of 1845 Agassiz’s fortunes abruptly shifted. His wife Cécile Braun Agassiz left her husband and Neuchâtel, his printing business closed due to accumulated debts, and he was forced to leave the Collège de Neuchâtel. Just as his luck seemed to run out, he received word of a 2-year grant secured for him by Humboldt from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia for $3,000 to do a comparative study of the flora and fauna of the United States and Europe.

Shortly after the arrival of Agassiz in the United States, John Amory Lowell, manufacturer and head of the Lowell Institute in Boston, invited him to deliver a course of public lectures. New Englanders found the Swiss naturalist, who spoke enthusiastically about primitive fish and prehistoric glaciers, intriguing. New England scientific luminaries such as Harvard botanist Asa Gray and Yale chemist Benjamin Silliman lauded Agassiz as “full of knowledge on all subjects of science.” His lectures created such a demand for speaking engagements, that within less than two years Agassiz was able to repay $20,000 in European debt. In the fall of 1847 Harvard University offered him a chair of zoology and geology at its newly established Lawrence Scientic School. In July 1848, after his wife’s death, he arranged for his children to join him in the United States. These events, together with his 1850 marriage to a bright well-connected Bostonian Elizabeth Cabot Carey, sixteen years Agassiz’s junior, permanently anchored the Swiss scientist in America. Soon afterward Agassiz’s home in Cambridge became a center of intellectual life. As a Harvard professor he badgered the University continually for funds to build a major natural history museum to instruct the public and help to train advanced students. His efforts paid off in November 1859, when the Museum of Comparative Zoology opened its doors. The Museum provided a unique resource for American students to gain unrestricted, first hand access to natural specimens. Many practicing American naturalists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were trained by Agassiz and worked in his museum. The Museum testified to Agassiz’s passion for collecting and identifying the “entire natural kingdom all at once,” a desire that quickly filled the repository to overflowing with specimens. From a philosophical perspective Agassiz planned the Museum as a demonstration of the “master plan” that the diety had executed in the creation of the natural world, displaying the “type plan” of different classes and stressing the separate creation of each species. Agassiz’s core belief in the special creation of species by God undergirded his quest to locate new species. However, some colleagues criticized him as “species mad,” arguing that his museum and his methods added little to the conceptual understanding of natural history.

Agassiz’s reputation took a major hit in a series of Boston debates on evolution, after the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859. Agassiz made a poor defense of special creation against Darwin’s defenders Asa Gray and William Barton Rogers. Furthermore, Agassiz’s understanding of special creationism as applied to human beings led him to view various races as distinct species, a rationale quickly adopted by the proponents slavery, who asserted a scientific basis to white supremecy.

Concerned about the decline of his professional reputation in the 1850s, in 1855 Agassiz announced the forthcoming publication of a projected ten-volume entitled Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. A total of 2,500 subscribers made advanced purchases at $12.00 each. The initial volume entitled Essay on Classification elaborated Agassiz’s views on classification, the philosophy of nature and the species concept. Appearing two years after Darwin’s Origin of Species, the work drew mixed reviews. Many were put off by the author’s dogmatism, others thought his views dated and moribund. Three more volumes appeared, but the publication of the projected set was never completed.

Many years later in 1872 Agassiz did reconsider evolution, trying to understand Darwin’s views by making a trip around South America, retracing Darwin’s voyage. However, he only became more convinced that the concept of evolution was “a scientific mistake, untrue to the facts, unscientific in its method, and mischievous in its tendency.” To the dismay of the scientific community Agassiz authored strident attacks on Darwinism in the popular press, infuriating Asa Gray and James Dana. Consequently, Agassiz was increasingly excluded from the politics of American science.

Agassiz remained at Harvard University until the end of his life. When he died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he was deeply mourned by his adopted country.

From the guide to the Louis Jean Rodolph Agassiz papers, 1833-1873, 1833-1873 1833-1873, (American Philosophical Society)

Stephen Bowers (1832?-1907) was a geologist, archaeologist, journalist and Methodist minister, who maintained an interest in southern California, including area fossils and artifacts. His geological and archaeological work was financed by the Smithsonian Institution and the U.S. Department of the Interior. In 1997 a California archaeologist and Simi Valley, California resident Arlene Benson published Bowers’ field notes, collected by Smithsonian field ethnologist John Peabody Harrington, under the title The Noontide Sun: The Field Journals of the Reverend Stephen Bowers, Pioneer California Archaeologist.

Bowers was born near Wilmington, Indiana on March 3, 1832 to David and Esther Bowers. One of thirteen children, the family moved to a farm eight miles north of Indianapolis when he was one year old. A studious lad, he walked or rode on horseback several miles to a small rural schoolhouse. Poor health kept him indoors as a child during the winter months. Realizing that he was not cut out to be a farmer, Bowers decided at an early age to pursue the ministry, and at twenty-three was ordained a Methodist minister, affiliated with the Indiana Conference. He was dispatched as a Methodist circuit rider ninety miles west of his birthplace in Lawrence County, Indiana. In November 1856, just ten months after beginning his ministry, Bowers married the seventeen-year-old Martha Cracraft from the farming community of Greencastle. Their first son, Hayden, was named for Bowers’ hero Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden (1829-1887, APS 1860), the leader of U.S. government surveying expeditions to 109 western territories in 1859-60.

From his youth Bowers became a lifelong collector of artifacts and geological specimens. Although he dedicated himself to the pastorate and later also pursued a second career as a newspaper publisher, his primary interest was always archaeology. With the exception of military service with the 67th Indiana Volunteers during the Civil War, Bowers spent several decades in pastoral ministry that took him to churches in Kentucky, Oregon and finally (because of his wife’s failing health) to California. In 1874 he moved from his first pulpit in Napa City to the city of Santa Barbara. There Bowers found the lure of the Indian burial grounds on the Santa Barbara channel irresistible.

In the summer of 1875 Bowers accepted an assignment as guide for several survey parties of the Army Corp of Engineers, working on both sides of the Santa Barbara channel. Wheeler’s party included archaeologist Paul Schumacher, botanist Joseph Trimble Rothrock (1839-1922, APS 1877) of the University of Pennsylvania and Henry Wetherbee Henshaw, an ethnologist and ornithologist with the Smithsonian Institution. The Wheeler survey occupied all of Bowers’ time, except Sundays, for three months and Wheeler’s notes make sixteen references to him. It was through Henshaw that Bowers came to the attention of Smithsonian professor Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-1887, APS 1855), who carried on an extensive twelve-year correspondence with him. Through Bowers’ excavations the Smithsonian would acquire thousands of California and Midwestern fossils and native American artifacts for its collections-seventeen accessions over twenty-nine years.

Since no trained archaeologist had ever visited the native American burial grounds on the San Nicholas and Santa Rosa Islands before Bowers’ 1875 excavation, he was the first to examine the remains of these settlements, and remove the skulls, implements and artifacts for shipment to the Smithsonian and other museums, as well as to private collectors. Most of the skeletons and artifacts were from the Chumash tribe. During his three-year tenure as pastor of the Santa Barbara Methodist congregation at the corner of De la Vina and De la Guerra streets, made one trip after another to the islands, usually accompanied by correspondent Simon Peter Guiberson of the Ventura Free Press and sometimes by his wife Martha and Dr. Lorenzo Yates of Centerville.

Although methods of archaeological excavation were crude at the time, and Bowers was not the only untrained archaeologist doing field work, modern historians and archaeologists, who are familiar with his activities generally regard him as “a meddler who destroyed fully as many artifacts as he preserved-and rendered the site scientifically useless as well.” They find his “flagrant disregard for orderly methods and his failure to preserve sites” inexcusable. It is unclear how many barrels of native American skulls, utensils and implements Bowers sent to collectors in New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Los Angeles and the District of Columbia, but the Smithsonian alone credits 2,200 to 2,500 of its native American relics to his excavations between 1876-1905. Harvard’s Peabody Museum recorded 826 and hundreds made their way in public and private collections from Philadelphia to Los Angeles.

No doubt, Bowers used questionable methods and was generally too impatient to exercise care in his excavations. Dr. Baird of the Smithsonian and Professor Josiah Dwight Whitney (1819-1894, APS 1863) of Harvard, two of his primary customers, were probably unaware of Bower’s methods, although the former was definitely impressed by him. Bowers completed his excavations for the Smithsonian in September 1877, and moved to Indianapolis to accept a temporary call. Sometime in 1878 he returned to California and resumed his excavations. But after his wife and son Hayden died within months of each other in October 1879 and April 1880, he could not bear to continue excavations. Instead, he departed from Santa Barbara to launch a new career as a newspaper publisher in Beloit, California; Platteville, Wisconsin; and Falls City, Nebraska. By October 1883 he had returned to California with a new wife Margaret Dickson to become publisher of the Ventura Free Press. Also serving a the Methodist pastor in the nearby town of Santa Paula, he launched another daily newspaper he called the Golden State. As a Prohibitionist and a Republican Bowers became involved in political controversy in his newspapers and in the pulpit, often teetering on the edge of libel. All the while he found time to continue digging artifacts in the Santa Barbara Channel!

In 1899 the aging Bowers was appointed State Mine Examiner by California Governor Henry T. Gage. He had attracted the attention of one of the governor’s aids by some earlier pamphlets he had written for the state mineralogist, as well as reports that made use of some of his geological contributions on rocks, fossils and oil-bearing strata. During his tenure Bowers endured the heat of the San Diego County desert to dig fossils in thirteen different counties and also undertook an assignment from the U.S. Geological Survey to survey fossil around Riverside.

Bowers enjoyed excellent health into his mid-seventies, and was accustomed to delivering two sermons weekly. However, in the final hours of 1906 while on a New Years vigil, he fell ill and three days later suffered a stroke from which he died. He was survived by his wife Margaret, his son DeMoss, and daughters Anna Bailey and Florence Cooper.

The American Philosophical Society’s holdings of his letters show that he corresponded with major nineteenth century American naturalists, including Asa Gray (1810-1888, APS 1848) and Joseph Le Conte (1823-1901, APS 1873), as well as the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Museum of Natural History, the National Geographic Society and the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Geographical Survey. Bowers also received an honorary doctorate from Willamette University in Oregon.

From the guide to the Stephen Bowers correspondence, 1860-1915, 1860-1915, (American Philosophical Society)

Asa Gray (1810-1888, APS, 1848), Physician, botanist, Harvard professor and an early proponent of the Darwinian theory of Evolution in the United States, was the first American to earn a living as a professional botanist. He made important, lasting contributions to the field of botany, to botanical education, and to the institutionalization of American science.

The son of an Oneida county farmer and tanner in central New York, Asa Gray attended the Fairfield Academy and the Fairfield Medical College, graduating in 1831. After briefly practicing medicine in western New York, he abandoned the profession to pursue research in botany. In 1834 he moved to New York City to study, work and (sometimes) live with John Torrey, then the country’s leading botanist. During an 8-year apprenticeship in which Torrey shared his knowledge and contacts with the young student, their relationship gradually changed from one of student and teacher to that of colleagues who collaborated on many projects. Their most important collaboration was the ground-breaking Flora of North America (1838-1843). From 1836 to 1838 Gray was selected to be the botanist for the U.S. Exploring Expedition, also known as the Wilkes Expedition. Numerous and extended delays caused Gray to resign before the expedition departed in August, 1838. In 1842 he accepted a position as the Fisher Professor of Natural History at Harvard University, and kept it until his death in 1888.

Along with his mentor and co-author John Torrey, Gray introduced a new system of classification already in use in Europe based upon biological similarities, often abandoning the artificial sorting markers of the Linnaean system in favor of natural “type specifications” for the classification of North American flora. This change in biological classification, championed by Torrey and Gray, was critical for bringing the United States into the world scientific community. Gray’s Manual for the Botany of the Northern United States (1848), constituted a natural flora in one volume that was notable for its ease of use, as well as for high standards of accuracy, inclusiveness, and scientific rigor.

Although a Harvard professor for more than 45 years, Gray had less influence as a botanical pedagogue than he did as the author of botany texts. Few of his students became professional botanists; however, his textbooks, especially How Plants Grow and the Manual, greatly increased the popularity of the subject among the lay public. Gray’s many textbooks, from elementary school through the college level introduced thousands of Americans to botany, making it the science of choice in many schools for much of the 19th century. Gray also trained scores of amateur botanists and collectors, raising the standards for how specimens were gathered, labeled, preserved and documented. His corresponded widely with amateurs and paid collectors, who gladly sent him specimens and observations in return for his help with identifications. Gray’s work benefited from his extensive correspondence with collectors throughout North America by greatly expanding the data from which he drew conclusions. The new information and new observations informed his synthetic works such as the Manual, which went through numerous editions. Also, by carefully instructing collectors about what specimens to gather, how to preserve them, and how to label them, Gray insured the quality of his data while modeling a more professional style of botanical work

Doubtless, Gray’s greatest contribution to American Science was his early promotion of Darwinian theory. He had a long standing relationship with Charles Darwin based upon an extended correspondence. Gray was fascinated by Darwin’s thinking and supported him personally and professionally at critical points in his career. Darwin valued Gray’s insights and support, since the American botanist realized even before the publication of the Origin of Species that the issues were both scientific and theological. When a question arose about whether Darwin or Alfred Russell Wallace had originated the notion of natural selection, Darwin’s letters to Gray proved Darwin’s primacy. Gray actively defended Darwin’s ideas in print, endeavoring to insure a fair reception of his work based upon its scientific merit. Gray’s 1860 review of the Origin of Species in the American Journal of Science (2nd series, 29: 153-84), his debates with Louis Agassiz, and his popular essays in the Atlantic Monthly paved the way for broad acceptance of Darwinian evolution in the United States. Gray’s role as an American defender of Darwin’s ideas has been compared to that of Thomas Huxley in Great Britain. But, while Huxley viewed Darwinism as a victory of science over religion, Gray argued for the compatibility of natural selection and Protestant theology. He used natural theology, especially the “argument from design” to affirm that natural selection offers more proof of God’s work in nature. Although Darwin himself eventually arrived at agnostic conclusions, he profoundly appreciated Gray’s work on behalf of his theory, saying that “No one person understands my views and has defended them so well as A. Gray, though he does not by any means go all the way with me. (Letter to James D. Dana, 30 July 1860).

A shy individual, Asa Gray usually worked quietly and steered clear of politics. He received honorary Doctor of Law degrees from Oxford, Cambridge, and Edinburgh and became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1848. Despite his significance as a botanist and an educator, Gray was little known among historians prior to the publication of A. Hunter Dupree’s major biography Asa Gray: American Botanist, Friend of Darwin . Gray was married to Jane Lathrop Loring, whose social connections brought him into Boston society. The couple were childless. Gray was respected by his peers and fondly remembered as “our greatest botanist” and a “trump of all senses”.

ANB

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From the guide to the Asa Gray papers, 1838-1887, 1838-1887, (American Philosophical Society)

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creatorOf Everett-Peabody family papers, 1778-1908 Library of Congress
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creatorOf [Asa Gray, biographical materials] University of Wisconsin - Madison, General Library System
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associatedWith Buchenau, Franz, 1831-1906. person
associatedWith Buckland, Francis T., (Francis Trevelyan), 1826-1880 person
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associatedWith Buckland, William, 1784-1856 person
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associatedWith Buisson person
associatedWith Bulkeley, John, and son corporateBody
associatedWith Bunker Hill Monument Association corporateBody
associatedWith Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von, 1811-1899 person
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associatedWith Burd, James, ca. 1710-1783 person
associatedWith Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836 person
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associatedWith Butler, Elizur, 1794-1857 person
associatedWith Butler, Samuel, 1774-1839 person
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associatedWith Cadwallader, John person
associatedWith Caldwell, Charles, 1772-1853 person
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associatedWith Calhoun, John C. (John Caldwell), 1782-1850 person
associatedWith California Geological Survey (1860 - 1874) corporateBody
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associatedWith Centennial Exhibition (1876 : Philadelphia, Pa.) person
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associatedWith Chambrun, René de, 1906- person
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associatedWith Charles II, King of England, 1630-1685 person
associatedWith Charleston Museum (Charleston, S. C.) person
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correspondedWith Clarke, James Freeman, 1810-1888 person
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associatedWith Columbian Society of Artists person
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associatedWith Jones, Thomas Rymer, 1810-1880 person
associatedWith Jones, Walter, 1745-1815 person
associatedWith Jordan, David Starr, 1851-1931 person
associatedWith Jordon, David Starr, 1851-1931 person
associatedWith Josiah, James person
associatedWith Jowett, Benjamin, 1817-1893 person
associatedWith Jukes-Browne, A. J., (Alfred John), 1851-1914 person
associatedWith Jukes, J. Beete (Joseph Beete), 1811-1869 person
associatedWith Kalm, Pehr, 1716-1799 person
associatedWith Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike, 1853-1926 person
associatedWith Kane, Elisha Kent, 1820-1857 person
associatedWith Kane, John K. (John Kintzing), 1795-1858 person
associatedWith Kaufmann, B. P., (Berwind Peterson), 1897-1975 person
associatedWith Kaup person
associatedWith Keating, William Hypolitus, 1799-1840 person
associatedWith Keely, George W. person
associatedWith Kelland, P. person
associatedWith Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 1824-1907 person
associatedWith Kenny, James person
associatedWith Kenrick, Francis Patrick, 1796-1863 person
associatedWith Keyser, C. J. (Cassius Jackson), 1862-1947 person
associatedWith Kidder, Frederic, 1804-1885 person
associatedWith Kidder, Homer H. (Homer Huntington), 1874-1950 person
associatedWith Kingsley, Charles, 1819-1875 person
associatedWith Kinloch, Francis, 1755-1826 person
associatedWith Kirby, William, 1759-1850 person
associatedWith Kirkbride, Thomas Story, 1809-1883 person
associatedWith Kirwan, Richard, 1733-1812 person
associatedWith Klein, Jacob Theodor, 1685-1759 person
associatedWith Knowles, Charles Henry, Sir, 1754-1831 person
associatedWith Knox, William person
associatedWith Kosciuszko Foundation person
associatedWith Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 1746-1817 person
associatedWith Koyle, Michael person
associatedWith Kramsch, Samuel, 1756-1824 person
associatedWith Krebs, Hans Adolf, Sir person
associatedWith Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich, 1770-1846 person
associatedWith Kurath, Gertrude Prokosch person
associatedWith Lacépède, Bernard Germain Étienne de La Ville sur Illon, comte de, 1756-1825 person
associatedWith Lafayette, Georges Washington Louis Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1779-1849 person
associatedWith Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834 person
associatedWith Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le Français de, 1732-1807 person
associatedWith La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de, 1741-1791 person
associatedWith Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, de, 1744-1829 person
associatedWith Lam, George person
associatedWith Landau, L. D. (Lev Davidovich), 1908-1968 person
associatedWith Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont), 1834-1906 person
associatedWith Langmuir, Irving, 1881-1957 person
associatedWith Lanhurst, Edwin A. person
associatedWith Lankester, Edwin, 1814-1874 person
associatedWith Lankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir, 1847-1929 person
associatedWith Lankester, Phebe, 1825-1900 person
associatedWith Lapham, Increase Allen, 1811-1875. person
associatedWith Lardner, Dionysius, 1793-1859 person
associatedWith Larmarck, Madame person
associatedWith Larned, Lucy Watson person
associatedWith La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 1747-1827 person
associatedWith Lathrop, John person
associatedWith Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 1764-1820 person
associatedWith Laughlin, Henry A. (Henry Alexander), b. 1892 person
associatedWith Laurens, Henry, 1724-1792 person
associatedWith Law, John, 1671-1729 person
associatedWith Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-1958 person
associatedWith Lawrence, George N. (George Newbold), 1806-1895 person
associatedWith Lawrence Scientific School. corporateBody
associatedWith Layard, Austen Henry, Sir, 1817-1894 person
associatedWith Leach, William Elford, 1790-1836 person
associatedWith Leacock, John person
associatedWith Leacock, Martha Ogilby person
associatedWith Leacock, Mary person
associatedWith Leacock, Samuel Richards person
associatedWith Lea, Isaac, 1792-1886 person
associatedWith le Bovet, Marie Anne person
associatedWith Le Conte, John Eatton, 1784-1860 person
associatedWith LeConte, John L., (John Lawrence), 1825-1883 person
associatedWith LeConte, Joseph, 1823-1901 person
associatedWith Lederberg, Joshua person
associatedWith Ledyard, John, 1751-1789 person
associatedWith Lee, Arthur, 1740-1792 person
associatedWith Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870 person
associatedWith Lefèvre, Jean-Jacques, 1779-1858 person
associatedWith Legge, Marian. person
associatedWith Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891 person
associatedWith Leland, Marine person
associatedWith Le Roy, Jean Baptiste person
associatedWith Lesquereux, Leo, 1806-1889 person
associatedWith Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 1805-1894 person
associatedWith Lettsom, John Coakley, 1744-1815 person
associatedWith Levdig, Franz von, 1821-1908 person
associatedWith Levy, Hyman person
associatedWith Lewes, George Henry, 1817-1878 person
associatedWith Lewis, John person
associatedWith Lewis, Mordecai, 1748-1799 person
associatedWith Lewis, R. M. person
associatedWith Liberty Hyde Bailey person
associatedWith Library Company of Philadelphia person
associatedWith Lightfoot, John, 1735-1788 person
associatedWith Lindbergh, Charles A. (Charles Augustus), 1902-1974 person
associatedWith Lindley, John, 1799-1865 person
associatedWith Lindsley, Philip, 1786-1855 person
associatedWith Lingne person
associatedWith Lining, John, 1708-1760 person
associatedWith Linnean Society of London. corporateBody
associatedWith Lippincott, J. B. (Joshua Ballinger), 1813-1886 person
associatedWith Litchfield, Dorothy Hale person
associatedWith Littlepage, Lewis, 1762-1802 person
associatedWith Livingston, Luther Samuel, 1864-1914 person
associatedWith Livingston, Robert R., 1746-1813 person
associatedWith Lockyer, J. Norman person
associatedWith Lodge, Oliver, Sir, 1851-1940 person
associatedWith Logan, Deborah Norris, 1761-1839 person
associatedWith Logan, George, 1753-1821 person
associatedWith Logan, James, 1674-1751 person
associatedWith Logan, William, 1718-1776 person
associatedWith Lomax, Derek person
correspondedWith Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 1807-1882 person
correspondedWith Longfellow Memorial Association corporateBody
associatedWith Long, John Harper, 1856-1918 person
associatedWith Longman & Co. person
associatedWith Lonsdale, W. (William), 1794-1871 person
associatedWith Loomis, Elias, 1811-1889 person
associatedWith Loomis family. family
associatedWith Loomis family. family
associatedWith Loomis Family. family
associatedWith Loring family. corporateBody
associatedWith Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891 person
associatedWith Loundes, W. person
associatedWith Louverture, Toussaint person
associatedWith Love family family
associatedWith Love family. family
associatedWith Lowe, E. J. (Edward Joseph), 1825-1900 person
associatedWith Lowell Institute. corporateBody
associatedWith Lowell, James Russell, 1819-1891 person
associatedWith Lubbock, John, Sir, 1834-1913 person
associatedWith Lubbock, J. W., (John William), 1803-1865 person
associatedWith Luc, J. A. de (Jean André), 1727-1817 person
associatedWith Lux, George, 1754-1797 person
associatedWith Lyman, Benjamin Smith, 1835-1920 person
associatedWith Lynch, Dominick, 1754-1825 person
associatedWith Lynch & Stoughton person
associatedWith Macaulay, Aulay, 1758-1819 person
associatedWith MacCurdy, George Grant, 1863-1947 person
associatedWith MacDonald, John person
associatedWith MacGillivray, W. person
associatedWith Mackintosh, James, Sir, 1765-1832 person
associatedWith Maclure, William, 1763-1840 person
associatedWith MacNider, William de Berniere, 1881-1951 person
associatedWith Madison, James, 1749-1812 person
associatedWith Madison, James, 1751-1836 person
associatedWith Magalhães, João Jacinto de, 1723-1790 person
associatedWith Magee, James F. person
associatedWith Magnus, Gustav, 1802-1870 person
associatedWith Manion, Blanche H. person
associatedWith Manning, James person
associatedWith Manning, William person
associatedWith Mantell, Gideon Algernon, 1790-1852 person
associatedWith Markoe, Francis person
associatedWith Marquis, Louise Caterhine Josephine person
associatedWith Marshall, Humphrey, 1760-1841 person
associatedWith Marshall, John, 1755-1835 person
associatedWith Marsh, Othniel Charles, 1831-1899. person
associatedWith Martin-Boutin, Mme person
associatedWith Martin, Isabella Mary person
associatedWith Martin, Sydney Errington, 1883- person
associatedWith Marum, M. van (Martinus), 1750-1837 person
associatedWith Maskelyne, Nevil, 1732-1811 person
associatedWith Mason, A. Hughlett person
associatedWith Mason, Charles, 1728-1786 person
associatedWith Masonic Lodge. corporateBody
associatedWith Mason, J. M. (James Murray), 1798-1871. person
associatedWith Mason, Otis Tufton, 1838-1908 person
associatedWith Mason, William Smith, b. 1866 person
associatedWith Massachusetts Historical Society person
associatedWith Massachusetts medical men person
associatedWith Matlack, Timothy, 1736-1829 person
associatedWith Matthews, Caleb B. person
associatedWith Matthew, William Diller, 1871-1930 person
associatedWith Maugridge, William person
associatedWith Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 1806-1873 person
associatedWith Maynard, C. J., (Charles Johnson), 1845-1929 person
associatedWith McAdam, Annis person
associatedWith McAleer, John Joseph person
associatedWith McAllister, John A. (John Allister), 1822-1896 person
associatedWith McCabe, Joseph, 1867-1955 person
associatedWith McCahan, John, 1780-1857 person
associatedWith McConomy, John A. person
associatedWith McCulley, George person
associatedWith McDowell, Silas, 1795-1879. person
associatedWith McElree, Helen person
associatedWith McGregor, James Howard, 1872-1954 person
associatedWith McHenry, James, 1753-1816 person
associatedWith McIntosh, Robert P. (Robert Patrick), person
associatedWith McKean, James person
associatedWith McKell, Patrick person
associatedWith McLane, Allan person
associatedWith Meade, Robert Douthat, 1903-1974 person
associatedWith Mead, Giles Willis, 1928- person
associatedWith Mease, James, 1771-1846 person
associatedWith Méchain, Pierre, 1744-1804 person
associatedWith Mecom, Jane, 1712-1794 person
associatedWith Medical Society of the County of New York person
associatedWith Medicus, Heinrich, 1918- person
associatedWith Meek, F. B. (Fielding Bradford), 1817-1876 person
associatedWith Melloni, Macedoine, 1801-1853 person
associatedWith Merivale, Charles, 1808-1893 person
associatedWith Meriwether, Charles person
associatedWith Merriam, John C., (John Campbell), 1869-1945 person
associatedWith Merrick, S. V. (Samuel Vaughan), 1801-1870 person
correspondedWith Merrill, George P. (George Perkins), 1854-1929. person
associatedWith Meteorological observations, Cambridge, Mass., March person
associatedWith Meuris, Mathias. Estate. person
associatedWith M'Henry, James, 1785-1845 person
associatedWith Michaux, Francois André, 1770-1855 person
associatedWith Michell, John, 1724? -1793 person
associatedWith Middleton, James. Estate person
associatedWith Miers, John, 1789-1879 person
associatedWith Mifflin, Thomas, 1744-1800 person
associatedWith Mikulinskiĭ, S. R. person
associatedWith Miller, C. William (Clarence William), 1914- person
associatedWith Miller, Edward, 1826-1900 person
associatedWith Miller, Gerrit S. (Gerrit Smith), 1869-1956 person
associatedWith Miller, Hosea C. person
associatedWith Miller, Samuel person
associatedWith Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953 person
associatedWith Milne, Colin, 1743 or 4-1815 person
associatedWith Milne-Edwards, H., (Henri), 1800-1885 person
associatedWith Mint of the United States person
associatedWith Minto, Walter, 1753-1796 person
associatedWith Missouri. Governor (1869-1871 : McClurg) person
associatedWith Missouri. Office of the Secretary of State (Rodman, Francis) person
associatedWith Mitchell, John, 1690? -1768 person
associatedWith Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831 person
associatedWith Mivart, St. George Jackson, 1827-1900 person
associatedWith Mohr, Otto Lous, 1886- person
associatedWith Moleschott, Jacob, 1822-1893 person
associatedWith Moncrief, Alan person
associatedWith Monroe, James, 1758-1831 person
associatedWith Montgomery, Dorcas person
associatedWith Montgomery, William person
associatedWith Montour, Andrew person
associatedWith Montrésor, John, 1736-1799 person
associatedWith Moore, Thomas, 1779-1852 person
associatedWith Moreau, Jean Victor Marie, 1763-1813 person
associatedWith Morgan, Charles, 1795-1878 person
associatedWith Morgan, John, 1735-1789 person
associatedWith Morgan, Joseph, 1671-ca. 1749 person
associatedWith Morgan, Lilian V. person
associatedWith Morison, Samuel Eliot person
associatedWith Morris, Benjamin, 1757-1808 person
correspondedWith Morris, Elizabeth Carrington, 1775-1865 person
associatedWith Morris, Gouverneur, 1752-1816 person
correspondedWith Morris, Margaretta Hare, 1797-1867 person
associatedWith Morrison, Samuel G. person
associatedWith Morris, Ralph, collector. person
associatedWith Morris, Robert, 1734-1806 person
associatedWith Morse person
associatedWith Morton, Samuel George, 1799-1851. person
associatedWith Moylan, Jasper person
associatedWith Mueller, Ferdinand von, 1825-1896 person
associatedWith Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad, 1750-1801 person
associatedWith Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Henrich Ernst, 1753-1815 person
associatedWith Muirhead, James Patrick, 1813-1898 person
associatedWith Mulgrave, Constantine John Phipps, Baron, 1744-1792 person
associatedWith Muller, H. J., (Hermann Joseph), 1890-1967 person
associatedWith Mullin, Katharine person
associatedWith Mumford, Gurdon Saltonstall, 1764-1831 person
associatedWith Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, 1792-1871 person
associatedWith Murray, John, 1742-1793 person
associatedWith Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France). corporateBody
associatedWith Muséum national d'historie naturelle (France) person
associatedWith Nagy, Károly, 1797-1868 person
associatedWith Najlis, Elena L. person
associatedWith Nancarrow, John person
associatedWith Nares, Robert, 1753-1829 person
associatedWith National Academy of Sciences person
associatedWith National Institute for the Promotion of Science person
associatedWith Natural history society of Edinburgh person
associatedWith Navy Com. Office. MSL-4 person
associatedWith Nebraska - Governor (Butler, David, 1867-1871 person
associatedWith Nelson, William, 1847-1914 person
associatedWith Newcomb, Simon person
associatedWith Newhouse, Seth person
associatedWith Newton, Alfred, 1829-1907 person
associatedWith Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642-1727 person
associatedWith New York Academy of Medicine person
associatedWith New York Botanical Garden. Library. corporateBody
associatedWith New York (N. Y.). Common Council person
associatedWith Nicholson, John, 1757-1800 person
associatedWith Nicola, Lewis, 1717-1807 person
associatedWith Nisbet, Charles person
associatedWith Noehden, H. A. person
associatedWith North American Land Company person
associatedWith North American Review. corporateBody
associatedWith Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton, Marquis of, 1790-1851 person
associatedWith North, Marianne, 1830-1890 person
associatedWith North, Simpson, Graham & Co. person
correspondedWith Norton, Charles Eliot, 1827-1908 person
associatedWith Norton, Elizabeth Gaskell, 1866- person
associatedWith Nuttall, Zelia, 1858-1933 person
associatedWith Oakes, William, 1799-1848. person
associatedWith Ochoa, Severo, 1905-1993 person
associatedWith O'Connell, Sir Maurice Charles Philip, d. 1848 person
associatedWith Odell, Jonathan, 1737-1818 person
associatedWith Ogilby, Joseph person
associatedWith Olcott, James S. person
associatedWith Oliver, A. (Andrew), 1731-1799 person
associatedWith Olmsted, Denison, 1791-1859 person
associatedWith Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904-1967 person
associatedWith Oppermann, Mandrot & Co. person
associatedWith Orcutt, Charles Russell, 1864-1929. person
associatedWith Ord, George, 1781-1866 person
associatedWith Oregon. Governor (1866-1870 : Woods) person
associatedWith Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State (Samuel E. Mays) person
associatedWith Orphan Institution (Charleston, S. C.) person
associatedWith Orr, Hector, 1770-1855 person
associatedWith Orton, James, 1830-1877 person
associatedWith Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 1857-1935 person
associatedWith Oswald, John Clyde, 1872-1938 person
associatedWith Otey, James Hervey, 1800-1863 person
associatedWith Otto, Louis-Guillaume, comte de Mosloy, 1754-1817 person
associatedWith Owen, Fanny person
associatedWith Page, John, 1744-1808 person
associatedWith Paget, James, Sir, 1814-1899. person
associatedWith Paine, Thomas, 1737-1809 person
associatedWith Palabras person
correspondedWith Palfrey family. family
associatedWith Palmer, Edward, 1829-1911. person
associatedWith Panella, Silvia person
associatedWith Paradise, Lucy person
associatedWith Paramount Pictures Corporation person
associatedWith Pardee, D. W. person
associatedWith Paris, Ferdinand John person
associatedWith Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1881-1955 person
associatedWith Parker, James, 1714-1770 person
associatedWith Parker, Joel, 1795-1875. person
associatedWith Parker, Mary Morse. person
associatedWith Park family. family
associatedWith Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893 person
associatedWith Parnell, Richard, 1810-1882 person
associatedWith Parry, C. C. (Charles Christopher), 1823-1890. person
associatedWith Parsons, Samuel Holden, 1737-1789 person
associatedWith Parsons, Thomas William, 1819-1892 person
associatedWith Parsons, William, Earl of Rosse, 1800-1867 person
associatedWith Passavant, Johann David, 1787-1861 person
associatedWith Passavant, Peter Friedrich person
associatedWith Patterson, Robert, d. 1909 person
associatedWith Patterson, Robert M. (Robert Maskell), 1787-1854 person
associatedWith Paulding, James Kirke, 1778-1860 person
associatedWith Peabody, Andrew P. (Andrew Preston), 1811-1893. person
associatedWith Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. corporateBody
associatedWith Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827 person
associatedWith Peale, Rembrandt, 1778-1860 person
associatedWith Peale's Museum (Philadelphia, Pa.) person
associatedWith Peale, Titian Ramsay, 1799-1885 person
associatedWith Pearson, James person
associatedWith Pengelly, William, 1812-1894 person
associatedWith Penn, John, 1729-1795 person
associatedWith Penn, Letitia person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Charters person
associatedWith Pennsylvania (Colony). Council corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Commissioners of Indian purchase person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Commissioners of Property person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Commonwealth person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Council of Safety person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. General Assembly corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Governor (1790-1799 : Mifflin) person
associatedWith Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission person
associatedWith Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. Finance committee person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Laws, statutes, etc. person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Lieutenant Governor (1704-1709 : Evans) person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Lieutenant Governor (1756-1759 : Denny) person
associatedWith Pennsylvania-Maryland commissioners corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Provincial Council corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Springfield Township, Bucks County person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Supreme Court person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Surveyor general's office person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Tax collector person
associatedWith Penn, Thomas, 1702-1775 person
associatedWith Penn, Thomas, 1726-1798 person
associatedWith Penn, William, 1644-1718 person
associatedWith Pepper, William, 1843-1898 person
associatedWith Perceval, A. M. person
associatedWith Percival, Thomas Bassnet, 1767-1798 person
associatedWith Perdue, Jacob person
associatedWith Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, 1764-1854 person
associatedWith Perry, William person
associatedWith Peters, Richard, 1704-1776 person
associatedWith Peters, Richard, 1743-1828 person
associatedWith Pettyplace & Watson person
associatedWith Phelp, William person
associatedWith Philadelphia corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia, Assembly corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. Association of the proprietors of the new theatre person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Auditor-general person
associatedWith Philadelphia Bar Association. corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Charters person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Citizens corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. City Tavern person
associatedWith Philadelphia. City tavern. Proprietors person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Committee of Superintendence for the Relief of the Poor person
associatedWith Philadelphia contributionship for the insurance of houses from loss by fire corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. Court person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Court of common pleas corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. Inspectors of the prison person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Laws person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Orphans court corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia (Pa.). City Council person
associatedWith Philadelphia (Pa.). Councils. Common Council person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Select and Common Councils person
associatedWith Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture person
associatedWith Phillips, Henry, 1838-1895 person
associatedWith Phillips, John person
associatedWith Phillips, John, 1800-1874 person
associatedWith Pickering, Charles, 1805-1878 person
associatedWith Pickering, Edward C., (Edward Charles), 1846-1919 person
associatedWith Pickering, John, 1777-1846 person
associatedWith Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829 person
associatedWith Pickersgill, Henry William, 1782-1875 person
associatedWith Pierce, Edward Lillie, 1829-1897 person
associatedWith Pierce, John person
associatedWith Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 1779-1813 person
associatedWith Pinkney, William, 1764-1822 person
associatedWith Pitcher, Zina, 1797-1872. person
associatedWith Pitman, Benn, 1822-1910 person
associatedWith Planck, Max, 1858-1947 person
associatedWith Playfair, John, 1748-1819 person
associatedWith Playfair, Lyon Playfair, Baron, 1818-1898 person
associatedWith Pleadwell, F. L. (Frank Lester), 1872-1957 person
associatedWith Plenge, Johann, 1874-1963 person
associatedWith Plumptre, Charles, 1818-1887 person
associatedWith P., N. person
associatedWith Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 1779-1851 person
associatedWith Poole, William person
associatedWith Popp, Olaf person
associatedWith Pose, H. person
associatedWith Posey, John F. person
associatedWith Potts, Stephen, 1704/5- person
associatedWith Pott, William person
associatedWith Poulson, Zachariah, 1761-1844 person
associatedWith Poundstone, Richard person
associatedWith Powell, J. V. person
associatedWith Pownall, Thomas, 1722-1805 person
associatedWith Prestwich Joseph, 1812-1896 person
associatedWith Prezzi correnti di mercanzie.. . person
associatedWith Price, Eli K. (Eli Kirk), 1797-1884 person
associatedWith Price, Richard, 1723-1791 person
associatedWith Prichard, James Cowles, 1786-1848 person
associatedWith Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804 person
associatedWith Prim, John G. person
associatedWith Princeton university. Dept. of Biology person
associatedWith Provident Trust Company of Philadelphia person
associatedWith Pryor, Norton person
associatedWith Pultney, Richard, 1730-1801 person
associatedWith Putnam, Rufus, 1738-1824 person
associatedWith Rafinesque, C. S., (Constantine Samuel ), 1783-1840 person
associatedWith Rafn, Carl Christian, 1795-1864 person
associatedWith Rainwater, Leo James person
associatedWith Ralston, A. and G., and Co. person
associatedWith Ramsay, David, 1749-1815 person
associatedWith Ramsden, Josslyn person
associatedWith Randle, Martha Champion person
associatedWith Rankine, William John Macquorn, 1820-1872 person
associatedWith Rayleigh, John William Strutt, Baron, 1842-1919 person
associatedWith Read, Charles, 1715-1774 person
associatedWith Read, John person
associatedWith Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de, 1683-1757 person
associatedWith Redfield, John Howard, 1815-1895. person
associatedWith Rediger, William person
associatedWith Redman, Thomas. Estate of. person
associatedWith Reed, Joseph, 1772-1846 person
associatedWith Reeve, Henry, 1813-1895 person
associatedWith Reichel, Charles Gotthold, 1751-1825 person
associatedWith Reimarus, Johann Albert Heinrich, 1729-1814 person
associatedWith Reimarus, S (?) person
associatedWith Renaudet, Dr. person
associatedWith Rennell, James, 1742-1830 person
associatedWith Renny, David person
associatedWith Repplier, Agnes, 1855-1950 person
associatedWith Rheiner, John person
associatedWith Rhodes, James Ford, 1848-1927 person
associatedWith Richards, Horace Clark person
associatedWith Richards, Horace Clark, 1868-1945 person
associatedWith Richards, John person
associatedWith Richardson, John, Sir, 1787-1865 person
associatedWith Richer, Jean person
associatedWith Rickman, Thomas, 1776-1841 person
associatedWith Riddle, Oscar, b. 1877 person
associatedWith Ridgeley, Charles G., 1784-1848. person
associatedWith Ridgely, Charles Goodwin, 1784-1848 person
associatedWith Rittenhouse, David, 1732-1796 person
associatedWith Robbins, Frank Egleston, 1884- person
associatedWith Robbins, James Watson, 1801-1879. person
associatedWith Roberts, Charles person
associatedWith Robertson, J. C. person
associatedWith Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln, 1864-1935. person
associatedWith Robinson, B. L. person
associatedWith Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of, 1730-1782 person
associatedWith Roddy, John D. person
associatedWith Rogers, Henry D. (Henry Darwin), 1808-1866 person
associatedWith Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882, person
associatedWith Romans, Bernard, ca. 1720-ca. 1784 person
associatedWith Roney, Grady person
associatedWith Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 1845-1923 person
associatedWith Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919 person
associatedWith Rosenbach Company person
associatedWith Rose, Robert H. (Robert Hutchinson), 1776-1842 person
associatedWith Ross, John person
associatedWith Rothrock, Joseph T., 1839-1922. person
associatedWith Royal Astronomical Society person
associatedWith Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. corporateBody
associatedWith Royal College of Chemistry (Great Britain) . corporateBody
associatedWith Royal Dublin Society person
associatedWith Royal Irish Academy . corporateBody
associatedWith Royal Society (Great Britain) person
associatedWith Ruault, Nicolas, 1742? -1828 person
associatedWith Rubincam, Milton, 1909- person
associatedWith Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 1753-1814 person
associatedWith Rümker, Carl, 1788-1862 person
associatedWith Rumseian Society person
associatedWith Rumsey, James, 1743? -1792 person
associatedWith Rusby, Henry Hurd, 1855-1940 person
associatedWith Rush, A. R. person
associatedWith Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813 person
associatedWith Rush, Richard, 1780-1859 person
associatedWith Rush, William, 1801-1864 person
associatedWith Russell, Patrick, 1727-1805 person
associatedWith Russia (U. S. S. R.) Laws, statutes, etc. person
associatedWith Rutherford, Ernest, 1871-1937 person
associatedWith Sabine, Edward, Sir, 1788-1883 person
associatedWith Sadiga, Sally person
associatedWith Safford, A. R K. person
associatedWith Salter, Leon J. person
associatedWith Salvin, Francis Henry person
associatedWith Sanderson, William H. person
associatedWith Sands, Edward person
associatedWith Sansom, Joseph, 1765 or 6-1826 person
associatedWith Sapir, Edward, 1884-1939 person
associatedWith Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927. person
associatedWith Sarton, George, 1884-1956 person
associatedWith Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 1740-1799 person
associatedWith Savery, William, 1721 or 2-1787 person
associatedWith Say, Benjamin, 1755-1813 person
associatedWith Say, Lucy Way Sistare, 1801-1886 person
associatedWith Say, Thomas, 1787-1834. person
associatedWith Schaeffer, F. C. (Frederick Christian), 1792-1831 person
associatedWith Schaefler, Sam, 1920-, person
associatedWith Schell, Jack Stewart person
associatedWith Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 1793-1864 person
associatedWith Schouw, William Frederick, 1807-1873 person
associatedWith Schrödinger, Erwin, 1887-1961 person
associatedWith Schultz, Carl Heinrich, 1798-1871 person
associatedWith Schweinitz, Lewis David von, 1780-1834 person
associatedWith Scott, William person
associatedWith Scudder, Horace Elisha, 1838-1902. person
associatedWith Scull, John person
associatedWith Scull, Nicholas, 1686? -1761? person
associatedWith Scull, William, fl. 1765 person
associatedWith Seaton, William person
associatedWith Sedgwick, Adam, 1785-1873 person
associatedWith Sedgwick, Theodore, 1811-1859 person
associatedWith Seeger, Raymond John, 1906- person
associatedWith Seeley, Harry Govier, 1839-1909 person
associatedWith See, T. J. J. (Thomas Jefferson Jackson), b. 1866 person
associatedWith Senebier, Jean, 1742-1809 person
associatedWith Sergeant, John, 1747-1824 person
associatedWith Seybert, Adam, 1773-1825 person
associatedWith Seybert, Henry, 1801-1883 person
associatedWith Shane, Charles Donald, 1895- person
associatedWith Sharpe, Horatio, 1718-1790 person
associatedWith Sharpey, William, 1802-1880 person
associatedWith Shepard, C. U. (Charles Upham), 1804-1886 person
associatedWith Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh), 1820-1891 person
associatedWith Shippen, Edward, 1729-1806 person
associatedWith Shippen, Edward, ca. 1703-1781 person
associatedWith Shippen, Joseph, 1732-1810 person
associatedWith Shippen, William, 1712-1801 person
associatedWith Shippen, William, 1736? -1808 person
associatedWith Ship St. Anne person
associatedWith Shoemaker, John V. person
associatedWith Short, Charles Wilkins, 1794-1863. person
correspondedWith Short family family
associatedWith Short, William, 1759-1849 person
associatedWith Shryock, Richard Harrison, 1893-1972 person
associatedWith Shull, George Harrison, 1874-1954 person
correspondedWith Silliman, Benjamin, 1816-1885 person
associatedWith Silliman, Benjamin, Sr., 1779-1864 person
correspondedWith Simms family family
associatedWith Simon, Francis Eugene, Sir, 1893-1956 person
associatedWith Sinnott, Edmund W. (Edmund Ware), 1888-1958 person
associatedWith Smith, Charles Roach, 1807-1890 person
associatedWith Smith, Edgar Fahs, 1854-1928 person
associatedWith Smith, James Edward, Sir, 1759-1828 person
associatedWith Smith, Lambert person
associatedWith Smith, Lloyd P. (Lloyd Pearsall), 1822-1886 person
associatedWith Smith, Robert, (carpenter) person
associatedWith Smith, Robert Hobart, 1792-1858 person
associatedWith Smithsonian Institution. corporateBody
associatedWith Smith, Thomas person
associatedWith Smith, Thomas P. (Thomas Peters), 1777 or 8-1802 person
associatedWith Smith, William, 1727-1803 person
associatedWith Smyth, Albert Henry, 1863-1907 person
associatedWith Snellen, H. (Herman), 1834-1908 person
associatedWith Snyderman, George Simon, 1908- person
associatedWith Société Montyon et Franklin person
associatedWith Society for the Study of Speciation. corporateBody
associatedWith Society of Friends. Philadelphia meeting corporateBody
associatedWith Soderstrom, Richard person
associatedWith Soemmerring, Detmar Wilhelm, 1793-1871 person
associatedWith Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872 person
associatedWith Sommerfeld, Arnold, 1868-1951 person
associatedWith Sommerville, Mary person
associatedWith South African Literary and Scientific Institution. Meteorological Committee. corporateBody
associatedWith South Carolina. Democratic Society of Pinckney District. person
associatedWith Southern Insurance & Trust Company of Philadelphia person
associatedWith South, James, Sir person
associatedWith Sowerby, G. B. (George Brettingham), 1812-1884 person
associatedWith Sowerby, James de Carle, 1787-1871 person
associatedWith Spalding, James Alfred, 1846-1938 person
associatedWith Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866 person
associatedWith Spawn, Willman person
associatedWith Speck, Frank Gouldsmith, 1881-1950 person
associatedWith Spence, E. person
associatedWith Spencer, Herbert, 1820-1903 person
associatedWith Spence, William person
associatedWith Spence, William, 1783-1860 person
associatedWith Sperry, James L. person
associatedWith Spragg, Isaac person
associatedWith Sprague, Isaac, 1811-1895. person
associatedWith Stanford University. Libraries person
associatedWith Stark, Johannes, 1874-1957 person
associatedWith State Historical Society of Wisconsin person
associatedWith Steel, W. N. person
associatedWith Stephens, Archibald John, 1808-1880 person
associatedWith Stephenson, Robert, 1803-1859 person
associatedWith Stern, Curt, 1902-1981 person
associatedWith Stevens, Henry person
associatedWith Stevens, Henry, 1819-1886 person
associatedWith Stevenson, A. person
associatedWith Stevenson, Sara Yorke person
associatedWith Stevens, William Bacon, 1815-1887 person
associatedWith Stewart, Alexander, Jr. person
associatedWith Stewart, Charles, 1778-1869 person
associatedWith Stewart, Helen Darcy person
associatedWith Stewart, John person
associatedWith Stiles, Ezra person
associatedWith St. John de Crèvecoeur, J. Hector, 1735-1813 person
associatedWith Stone, George person
associatedWith Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1811-1896 person
associatedWith Strahan, William, 1715-1785 person
associatedWith Strickland, Arthur person
associatedWith Stuckey, Ronald L. person
associatedWith Stukeley, William, 1687-1765 person
associatedWith Stumpf, Vernon O. person
associatedWith Suksdorf, Wilhelm, 1850-1932. person
associatedWith Sullivan, John L. (John Langdon), 1777-1865 person
associatedWith Sullivan, Thomas J. person
associatedWith Sullivant, Lucas, 1765-1823. person
associatedWith Sullivant, William Starling, 1803-1873. person
associatedWith Sullivan, William, 1774-1839 person
associatedWith Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872 person
associatedWith Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874 person
associatedWith Susan (ship.) person
associatedWith Sutcliffe, Alice Crary person
associatedWith Swainson, William, 1789-1855 person
associatedWith Swallow, George Clinton, 1817-1899, person
associatedWith Swedenborg, Emanuel, 1688-1772 person
associatedWith Sylvester, James Joseph, 1814-1897 person
associatedWith Symmes, John Cleves, 1780-1829 person
associatedWith Tait, Archibald Campbell, 1811-1882 person
associatedWith Taliaferro, William H. (William Hay), 1895-1973 person
associatedWith Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, prince de Bénévent, 1754-1838 person
associatedWith Tatlock, John person
associatedWith Taylor, Archer, 1890-1973 person
associatedWith Taylor, Richard C. (Richard Cowling), 1789-1851 person
associatedWith Taylor, Thomas person
associatedWith Teitelman, Edward person
associatedWith Tennessee Historical Society person
associatedWith Terry, Dom., & Co. person
associatedWith Tesla, Nikola, 1856-1943 person
associatedWith The J.W. Powell Survey (1871-1894) corporateBody
associatedWith Thomas, Daniel person
associatedWith Thomas, William Stephen person
associatedWith Thompkins, Hamilton person
associatedWith Thompson, Benjamin, family
associatedWith Thompson, Zadock, 1796-1856 person
associatedWith Thomson, Charles person
associatedWith Thomson, Charles, 1729-1824 person
associatedWith Thornton, Robert John, 1768? -1837 person
associatedWith Thornton, William, 1759-1828 person
associatedWith Thurber, George, and Woolson, George Clark, compilers person
associatedWith Tilesius von T., W. G. (Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau), 1769-1857 person
associatedWith Tilghman, James, 1716-1793 person
associatedWith Tilghman, William, 1756-1827 person
associatedWith Titus, William A., 1868-1951. person
associatedWith Tompkins, C. person
associatedWith Tonnellier person
associatedWith Torrey, John, person
associatedWith Torrey, John, 1786-1873. person
associatedWith Torrey, John, 1796-1873. person
associatedWith Tredgold, Thomas, 1788-1829 person
associatedWith Trego, Charles B., 1794-1874 person
associatedWith Trelease, William, 1857-1945. person
associatedWith Trent, William, 1715-1787? person
associatedWith Tressan, comte de (Louis Elisabeth), 1705-1782 person
associatedWith Troost, Gerard, 1776-1850 person
associatedWith Troughton, Edward person
associatedWith Troup, Robert, 1757-1832 person
associatedWith Trudeau, Jean-Baptiste, 1748-1827 person
associatedWith Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972 person
associatedWith Tuckerman, Edward, 1817-1886 person
associatedWith Tucker, Thomas Tudor, 1745-1828 person
associatedWith Tupper, Martin Farquhar, 1810-1889 person
associatedWith Tuttle, Albert H. person
associatedWith Tyler, Lyon G., 1925-, person
associatedWith Tylor, Edward B. (Edward Burnett), 1832-1917 person
associatedWith Tyndall, John, 1820-1893 person
associatedWith Tyson, Job R. (Job Roberts), 1803-1858 person
associatedWith Unidentified person
associatedWith United States. Congress person
associatedWith United States. Continental Congress person
associatedWith United States. Continental Congress. Marine Committee person
associatedWith United States. Continental Loan Office person
associatedWith United States. Declaration of independence person
associatedWith United States. Dept. of State person
associatedWith United States. Dept. of the Treasury person
associatedWith United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842) corporateBody
associatedWith United States Gazette person
associatedWith United States Japan Expedition (1852-1854). corporateBody
associatedWith United States. Oath of allegiance person
associatedWith United States. Patent and Trademark Office person
associatedWith United States. President (1921-1923 : Harding) person
associatedWith United States. Treasurer of Loans person
associatedWith University of North Carolina (1793-1962). Dept. of Botany. corporateBody
associatedWith University of Pennsylvania person
associatedWith University of Pennsylvania. Philomathean Society person
associatedWith Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981 person
associatedWith U. S. Collector of revenue person
associatedWith U. S. Treasury Dept. person
associatedWith Vail, Isaac N., (Isaac Newton), 1840-1912 person
associatedWith Vallancey, Charles, 1721-1812 person
associatedWith Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862 person
associatedWith Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950 person
associatedWith Vanuxem, Lardner, 1792-1848 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Benjamin, 1751-1835 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Charles Richard, 1774-1849 person
associatedWith Vaughan club person
associatedWith Vaughan, Daniel, ca. 1821-1879 person
associatedWith Vaughan, John person
associatedWith Vaughan, John, 1756-1841 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Samuel, 1720-1802 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Samuel, Jr., 1762-1827 person
associatedWith Vaughan, William, 1752-1850 person
associatedWith Vaurin person
associatedWith Vaux, Roberts, 1786-1836 person
associatedWith Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-190 person
associatedWith Vigny, Alfred de, 1797-1863 person
associatedWith Vigors, Nicholas Alyward, 1785-1840 person
associatedWith Virginia corporateBody
associatedWith Vogler, Jesse person
associatedWith Volney, C. -F. (Constantin-François), 1757-1820 person
associatedWith Vries, Hugo de, 1848-1935 person
associatedWith Vrolik, W. (Willem), 1801-1863. person
associatedWith Waldin, Horace G. person
associatedWith Walker, Samuel D. person
associatedWith Walker, Sears Cook person
associatedWith Walker, Willard person
associatedWith Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1822-1913 person
associatedWith Wallace, Paul A. W. person
associatedWith Wallich, Nathaniel person
associatedWith Warden, David Bailie, 1772-1845 person
associatedWith Ward, Henry A. (Henry Augustus), 1834-1906. person
associatedWith Ward, John person
associatedWith Ward, Joseph, 1737-1812 person
associatedWith Ward, Lester Frank, 1841-1913. person
associatedWith Ward, Townsend, 1817? -1885 person
associatedWith Warren, John Collins, 1778-1856. person
associatedWith Warren, Jonathan Mason, 1811-1867. person
associatedWith Washington, George, 1732-1799 person
associatedWith Washington, Horace Lea person
associatedWith Waterhouse, Benjamin, 1754-1846 person
associatedWith Waterton, Charles, 1782-1865 person
associatedWith Watson, Elkanah, 1758-1842 person
associatedWith Watson, John F. (John Fanning), 1779-1860 person
associatedWith Watson, Sereno, 1826-1892 person
associatedWith Watson, Winslow C. (Winslow Cossoul), 1803-1884 person
associatedWith Watt, James, 1736-1819 person
associatedWith Watt, James, 1769-1848 person
associatedWith Watts, George B. person
associatedWith Waugh, William, L. person
associatedWith Wayne, Anthony person
associatedWith Wayne, Anthony, 1745-1796 person
associatedWith Weaver, Thomas, 1773-1855 person
associatedWith Weaver, Warren, 1894-1978 person
associatedWith Webb, J. Watson (James Watson), 1802-1884 person
associatedWith Webb, Samuel, 1794-1869 person
associatedWith Webster, Noah, 1758-1834 person
associatedWith Webster, Noah, 1758-1843 person
associatedWith Webster, Thomas, 1773-1844 person
associatedWith Weingast, Marvin person
associatedWith Weiser, Conrad, 1696-1760 person
associatedWith Wells, William Charles, 1757-1817 person
associatedWith Westwood, J. O. (John Obadiah), 1805-1893 person
associatedWith Wetherell, Leander, person
associatedWith Wharton, Samuel, 1732-1800 person
associatedWith Wheatstone, Charles, Sir, 1802-1875 person
associatedWith Wheeler, John Archibald, 1911-2008 person
associatedWith Whewell, William, 1794-1866 person
associatedWith Whipple, Robert person
associatedWith Whistler, George W. (George Washington), 1800-1849 person
associatedWith Whitaker, Arthur Preston, 1895-1979 person
associatedWith White, Adam, 1817-1879 person
associatedWith White, Andrew Dickson, 1832-1918 person
associatedWith White, Cyril person
associatedWith Whitefield, George, 1714-1770 person
associatedWith White, Irene person
associatedWith Whitemarsh, Thomas. Estate corporateBody
associatedWith White, William, 1748-1836 person
associatedWith Whitney, James S. person
associatedWith Whitney, J. D. (Josiah Dwight), 1819-1896 person
associatedWith Whitney, William Dwight, 1827-1894. person
associatedWith Whitney, W. N. person
associatedWith Wickenden, William E. (William Elgin), 1882-1947 person
associatedWith Wien, W. (Wilhelm), 1864-1928 person
associatedWith Wightman, W. P. D. (William Persehouse Delisle) person
associatedWith Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995 person
associatedWith Wilcocks, John person
associatedWith Wilder, Burt G. (Burt Green), 1841-1925. person
correspondedWith Wilkes, Charles, 1798-1877. person
associatedWith Will, Homer person
associatedWith William, J. E. person
associatedWith Williams, Jonathan, 1750-1815 person
associatedWith Williamson, Robert person
associatedWith Williamson, William Crawford, 1816-1895. person
associatedWith Williams, Samuel, 1743-1817 person
associatedWith Williams, S. Wells (Samuel Wells), 1812-1884. person
associatedWith Willing, Charles, 1710-1754 person
associatedWith Willis, Nathaniel P. person
associatedWith Wilson, Alexander, 1766-1813 person
associatedWith Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875 person
associatedWith Wilson, John Ward person
associatedWith Wilstach, Charles A. person
associatedWith Winchell, Alexander, 1824-1891 person
associatedWith Windt, John, 1799 or 1800-1865 person
associatedWith Wingate, Joshua, 1773-1846 person
associatedWith Winlock, Joseph, 1826-1875. person
associatedWith Winsor, Justin, 1831-1897 person
associatedWith Winthrop, James person
associatedWith Winthrop, John, 1714-1779 person
associatedWith Wistar, Caspar, 1761-1818 person
associatedWith Wistar, Isaac J. (Isaac Jones), 1827-1905 person
associatedWith Withering, William, 1741-1799 person
associatedWith Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794 person
associatedWith Witthoft, John person
associatedWith W., J. person
associatedWith W., J. F. person
associatedWith Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, 1822-1878 person
associatedWith Wollaston, William Hyde, 1766-1828 person
associatedWith Wood, J. G. (John George), 1827-1889 person
associatedWith Woodrow, Susannah S. person
associatedWith Woodward, Mary F., 1923- person
associatedWith Woolsey family. family
associatedWith Wright, Charles, 1811-1885. person
associatedWith Wright, Chauncey, 1830-1875. person
associatedWith Wright, John Kirtland, 1891-1969 person
associatedWith Wright, Patience Lovell person
associatedWith Wrin(?) person
associatedWith Wyman, Jeffries, 1814-1874. person
associatedWith Yale University. Library. corporateBody
associatedWith Yarrell, William, 1784-1856 person
associatedWith Yell, Archibald, 1797 or 9-1847 person
associatedWith Yoelson, Martin I person
associatedWith Young, Aaron, 1819-1898. person
associatedWith Young, Aaron, b. 1819 person
associatedWith Young, Henry J. person
associatedWith Young, H. R. person
associatedWith Younghusband, Edward Francis, Sir, 1863-1942 person
associatedWith Zach, Franz Xaver, Freiherr von, 1754-1832 person
associatedWith Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808 person
associatedWith Ziegler, Carl A. person
associatedWith Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von, 1700-1760 person
associatedWith Zschokke, Emil, 1808-1889 person
Place Name Admin Code Country
California
United States
United States
United States
Mexico
19th century
United States
Florida
Subject
Religion
United States
Education
Education
Arctic Indians
Ash (Plants)
Beyond Early America
Botanical gardens
Botanical specimens
Botanists
Botanists
Botany
Botany
Botany
Calculators
Cayuga Indians
Colonial Politics
Croomia pauciflora
Early National Politics
Eastern Woodlands Indians
Entomology
Fossils
Fossils
Geology
History of science and technology
Indians of North America
Inuit
Iroquois Indians
Isleta Indians
Mineralogy
Mohawk Indians
Natural history
Natural history museums
Naturalists
Ojibwa Indians
Oneida Indians
Onondaga Indians
Penobscot Indians
Physics
Plants
Plants
Science
Science
Science and technology
Scientific expeditions
Scientists
Seneca Indians
Shells
Southwest Indians
Torreya taxifolia
Tuscarora Indians
Violaceae
Zoological museums
Zoology
Occupation
Botanists
Educators
Activity

Person

Birth 1810-11-18

Death 1888-04

Americans

English

Information

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Ark ID: w62v2hg9

SNAC ID: 73792360