Gray, Asa, 1810-1888

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Often called the “Father of American Botany,” Asa Gray was instrumental in establishing systematic botany as a field of study at Harvard University and, to some extent, in the United States. His relationships with European and North American botanists and collectors enabled him to serve as a central clearing house for the identification of plants from newly explored areas of North America. He also served as a link between American and European botanical sciences. Gray regularly reviewed new European scientific works and was an early proponent of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Asa Gray was born in Sauquoit, New York, on November 18, 1810, to Roxana Howard Gray and Moses Wiley Gray. He attended grammar school in Clinton and continued his education at Fairfield Academy, enrolling in Fairfield’s College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1829. Gray’s interest in botany developed during this time and he began corresponding with botanists Lewis Caleb Beck and John Torrey.

Gray completed his M.D. in 1831 and accepted a teaching position at a boys’ school in Utica, New York. For the next few years he divided his time between teaching, collecting, and working as Torrey’s assistant. His first publications appeared in the winter of 1834-1835. In 1836 he became curator at the New York Lyceum of Natural History. He also began work on a North American flora with Torrey. The first volume of “Flora of North America”was published in two parts in 1838.

Gray was appointed botanist of the United States Exploring Expedition under Charles Wilkes in 1836 but withdrew after the expedition was delayed. In 1838 he accepted an appointment as Professor of Botany at the University of Michigan on condition that he first be allowed a year of study in Europe. He departed in November 1838 and spent the next 12 months visiting herbaria and meeting prominent botanists in Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria. Complications at Michigan prevented Gray from starting the professorship there. Instead he returned to New York to work on the second volume of “Flora.”

In 1842 he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to accept the newly endowed Fisher Professorship at Harvard. He remained in that position for the rest of his life. In addition to teaching Gray assumed responsibility for the Harvard Botanical Garden and built a herbarium and library. He was a prolific correspondent and writer. His 1848 “Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States” became the standard field manual for botanists in the Northeast and his textbooks were used in classes across the U.S.

In 1848 Gray married Jane Lathrop Loring. She assisted him in his work and accompanied him on trips to Europe, the Allegheny Mountains, and to the American West.

Gray died in Cambridge on January 30, 1888.

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referencedIn Baldwin, William, 1779-1819. Papers of William Baldwin, 1803-1844 (inclusive), 1817-1819 (bulk). Harvard University, Botany Libraries
referencedIn William Wallace Denslow Botanical Manuscripts Collection MS 64., 1864-1868 Special Collections and University Archives, UMass Amherst Libraries
referencedIn Ralph Waldo Emerson letters from various correspondents, ca. 1814-1882. Houghton Library
referencedIn Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Miscellaneous letters, 1744-1894. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Charles Wilkes Papers, 1607-1959, (bulk 1841-1865) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Eaton, Daniel Cady, 1834-1895. Daniel Cady Eaton (1834-1895) papers, 1854-1897 (inclusive). Yale University Library
referencedIn James Freeman Clarke additional papers, 1806-1936. Houghton Library
referencedIn Bessey, Charles E. (Charles Edwin), 1845-1915. Papers, 1865-1915. University of Nebraska - Lincoln
referencedIn Eaton, Daniel Cady, 1834-1895. Papers, 1854-1897 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn John Edward Gray papers, 1783-1884, 1783-1884 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Autographs of famous Americans, 1807-1949. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
referencedIn Photographs of Harvard professors including Oliver W. Holmes, H.W. Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell [manuscript], ca.1864. University of Virginia. Library
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referencedIn John Torrey Papers, 1788-1871 (bulk 1806-1871) New York Botanical Garden, The LuEsther T. Mertz Library
referencedIn National Archives And Records Administration. Rg 233: House Of Representatives.
creatorOf Engelmann, George, 1809-1884. George Engelmann papers, 1831-1914. Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H Raven Library
creatorOf Mason, J. M. (James Murray), 1798-1871. Papers relating to James D. Graham's biological collections, 1853 January. Library of Virginia
referencedIn Samuel George Morton papers, 1832-1862 Library company of Philadelphia
creatorOf Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. Letter, n.d. "Botanic Garden" [Boston?] to Isabel Batchelder James [manuscript]. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Archives. Record Group IIf, 1866-1886 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Andrews, Garnett, 1837-1903. Garnett Andrews papers, 1816-1928 [manuscript]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
referencedIn James Russell Lowell papers, 1835-1919. Houghton Library
referencedIn Linnean Society of London correspondence of American scientists, 1738-1865, 1738-1865 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Love family papers, 1872-1958 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
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creatorOf Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. [Letter]. Boston Athenaeum
referencedIn Carnegie Mellon University, Hunt Institute For Botanical Doc. General Autograph Collection.
creatorOf Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. Papers, 1840-1859 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Manuscripts of Thomas Potts James and Leo Lesquereux, 1879 Botany Libraries
creatorOf Charles Babbage selected correspondence, 1827-1871, 1827-1871 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Loring, Charles G. (Charles Greely), 1794-1867. Papers, 1768-1866 Houghton Library
referencedIn Harvard University Archives Photograph Collection: Portraits, oversize, ca. 1829-1985 Harvard University Archives.
referencedIn Houghton Mifflin Company contracts, 1831-1979 (inclusive) 1880-1940 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Smithsonian Archives. [Contact repository for more information].
referencedIn News and Information Services (University of Michigan) photograph series D (faculty and staff portraits), 1946-2006, 1950-1990 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Correspondence of American botanists, [19th century], Circa 19th century American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Torrey, John, 1796-1873. Papers, 1818-1859. Duke University, Medical Center Library & Archives
referencedIn Loomis family. Loomis-Wilder family papers, 1790-1912 (inclusive). Yale University Library
referencedIn Historical Society Of Pennsylvania. Gratz Collection.
referencedIn Royal Botanic Gardens. Director's Correspondence, Vol. 197, U.S. Let.
referencedIn Harris, Thaddeus William, 1795-1856. Papes of Thaddeus William Harris, 1818?-1852 (inclusive). Harvard University, Botany Libraries
referencedIn Administrative correspondence of the Gray Herbarium and Harvard University Herbaria, 1890-2019, bulk 1890-1955 Harvard University, Gray Herbarium
referencedIn Wright, Chauncey, 1830-1875. Papers, 1850-1875 American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Royal Institution (Great Britain). John Tyndall Papers.
referencedIn Harvard University. Autograph File, G. 1641-2009. Houghton Library
referencedIn University Of Vermont, Bailey/Howe Library. Manton Marble Papers.
referencedIn Gray, Letters Of Asa Gray. [Contact repository for more information].
creatorOf Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Farlow Reference Library collection of botanists papers, 1855-1946 (inclusive). Harvard University, Farlow Reference Library
referencedIn Batchelder family papers, 1806-1902 Houghton Library
referencedIn Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Inst. Arch. & Spec. Coll.. Horsford Family Papers.
referencedIn Short-Harrison-Symmes Families Papers, 1760-1878, (bulk 1800-1860) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Letters to James Watson Robbins, 1827-1847 Gray Herbarium Library
creatorOf Tuckerman, Edward, 1817-1886. Tuckerman botanical papers, 1816-1886. Amherst College. Library
referencedIn Alumni Association (University of Michigan), Individual Photographs, ca. 1880-ca. 1960s Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Berlandier, Jean Louis, d. 1851. Papers of Jean Louis Berlandier, 1825-1855 (inclusive), 1825-1831 (bulk). Harvard University, Botany Libraries
referencedIn Smithsonian Archives. Ru 60: Meteorological Project, 1849 1875.
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referencedIn Harvard University Archives. Peale Papers.
referencedIn Gibbes, Lewis Reeves, 1810-1894. Papers, 1793-1894 (bulk 1838-1894) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Dana family papers, 1805-1961 (bulk 1833-1894). Library of Congress
referencedIn Museum of Comparative Zoology collection of portraits, 1850-1950 (bulk). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn Dana family papers, 1805-1961 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Boston Museum Of Science. Jacob Whitman Bailey Papers.
referencedIn Princeton University Library, Dept. Of Rare Books & Mss., Ms. Benedict Jaeger Papers.
creatorOf American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Letter, 1853 February 1, Boston, Massachusetts, to Joel Parker, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. Letter, 1847, January 1, to "Dear O." Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn Babbage, Charles, 1791-1871. Selected correspondence, 1827-1871. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Coffin, James H. (James Henry), 1806-1873. James Henry Coffin Papers, 1848-1884 Smithsonian Institution Archives
referencedIn Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874. Correspondence, 1829-1874 Houghton Library
referencedIn Brecken, de St. C., F. Letter, 1899, Nov. 23, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island,to Anna Metcalf, Providence, R.I. Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
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referencedIn Harvard University Archives Photograph Collection: Portraits, ca. 1852-ca. 2004 Harvard University Archives.
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