Penn, William, 1644-1718

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The British colony of Pennsylvania was given to William Penn (1644-1718) in 1681 by Charles II of England in repayment of a debt owed his father, Sir Admiral William Penn (1621-1670). Under Penn's directive, Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers escaping religious torment in England and other European nations. Three generations of Penn descendents held proprietorship of the colony until the American Revolution, when the family was stripped of all but its privately held shares of land.

Sir Admiral William Penn was born in 1621 and started his life-long seafaring career as a young boy on merchant ships. In 1642/3, he married Margaret Jasper Van der Schuren (d. 1682). They had three children: William (1644-1718), Margaret (1645-1718) and Richard (1648-1673). Penn joined the Royal Navy, and rose to the rank of rear admiral by 1645. Admiral Penn was a career navy man and was promoted several times over the next two decades. He served as vice admiral of Ireland, admiral of the Streights, vice admiral of England, and in 1653 was made a general during the first war with the Dutch. He served as captain commander under the King in 1664 and was made admiral of the navy by Charles II during the second war with the Dutch. Admiral Penn's efforts were well regarded by both Oliver Cromwell and, after the Restoration, Charles II. Cromwell rewarded his work in 1654 with significant land in Ireland, and he was knighted by Charles II in 1660. In fact, it was in repayment of a debt of roughly £16,000 owed to Admiral Penn from Charles II that his oldest son William Penn was granted the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. Admiral Penn retired in 1669 and died a year later in Essex in 1670.

His son William Penn was born in London in 1644. He was raised in England and for some part of his youth lived in Ireland, where he met Thomas Loe, who, it is believed, introduced him to Quakerism in 1657. Penn was educated by private tutors and also attended the Chigwig Grammar School and Christ Church College at Oxford. Between 1662 and 1664, he traveled in France and elsewhere in Europe, and spent a year at the Huguenot Academy of Saumur. In 1665, he briefly attended Lincoln's Inn to study law.

In 1666, Penn returned to Ireland, where he became involved in the Quaker faith, which would become central to his life's work. He wrote extensively on and in defense of Quakerism, and traveled across England and Ireland ministering to Quaker communities and advocating for their cause. Like most Quakers, he suffered persecution for his beliefs and was imprisoned several times throughout his life, serving out sentences at Newgate Prison and the Tower of London, among other locations.

It was for the protection of the Quakers that Penn initially sought land in the British colonies of America. In 1675, he became trustee, along with Gawan Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, of land in western New Jersey, where they established a Quaker community. Then, sometime before 1680, he petitioned King Charles II for additional land to establish another Quaker settlement, which Penn argued would settle a debt owed his late father, Admiral Penn. Charles II agreed and in 1681, Penn received a charter for what was to become the colony of Pennsylvania, making him the largest private landholder in the world. He set up a Free Society of Traders, solicited first purchasers and sent ahead Colonel William Markham as deputy governor to begin administration of the province. Penn himself arrived in 1682.

William Penn remained in Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1684. There he devised a government, laws and plans for Philadelphia's physical development. He established relationships with the local Indians and settled a group of German Quakers in what was to become Germantown. He also built himself a house north of Philadelphia, which he called Pennsbury. In 1683, Penn met with Lord Baltimore to settle a dispute regarding the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Unable to come to an agreement, Penn returned to England in 1684 to deal with the matter. The border dispute was not resolved until well into the 1700s.

Back in England, Penn continued to write and speak out in defense of Quakerism. As a result, he continued to suffer persecution, particularly after William and Mary came to power in 1688. In 1690, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two weeks, and from 1692 to 1693, Pennsylvania was temporarily taken away from him. He also suffered financially, as his lands in Pennsylvania and elsewhere did not earn enough money to cover his expenses.

Meanwhile, Pennsylvania continued to grow in population and develop after Penn's departure, though not without issue or conflict. By the 1690s, colonists already resented British authority, and religious differences caused considerable discord. Penn helped govern the colony from afar through correspondence with local officials until 1699, when he returned to Pennsylvania. He brought with him his secretary, James Logan, who would prove invaluable in the development, growth and governance of Pennsylvania. While there he visited other colonies to learn about development and expansion, and he traveled and ministered to Quakers. In 1701, he agreed to grant the City of Philadelphia a charter, the Charter of Privileges, thereby establishing a municipal government. That year, he set sail to England in an effort to better protect his interests in Pennsylvania, which were threatened due to a potential government takeover of privately owned colonies.

William Penn never again returned to his colony, though he was not uninvolved. Politics and religion continued to cause strife among the colonists, and Penn's personal interest in Pennsylvania was endangered more than once. Due to financial troubles and claims made against Penn by Philip Ford, who managed his estate in England, he briefly considered selling the colony in order to pay his creditors. The plan never materialized, however, because Penn fell ill before arrangements could be made, and Pennsylvania was thus governed by the 1701 Charter of Privileges until the American Revolution.

For the rest of his life, Penn continued his work writing and ministering to and about Quakers. In 1712, he suffered the first of several strokes, which ultimately led to his death in 1718.

William Penn was married twice. With his first wife, Gulielma Maria Springett (1643/4-1693/4), he had eight children, three of whom survived childhood: Springett Penn (1675/6-1696), Letitia Penn (1678-1746) and William Penn, Jr. (1680/1-1720). In 1695, Penn married Hannah Callowhill. They also had eight children, five of whom survived childhood: John Penn (1699/1700-1746), Thomas Penn (1701/2-1775), Margaret Penn (1704-1750/51), Richard Penn (1705/6-1771) and Dennis Penn (1706/7-1722/23).

Though contested in court by William Penn, Jr. and his descendants, it was William Penn's four younger sons, with Hannah Callowhill, John, Thomas, Richard and Dennis, who inherited Pennsylvania in 1718. The four brothers shared the proprietorship of Pennsylvania until their own deaths. Thomas Penn and John Penn, who was actually born in Philadelphia in 1699/1700, traveled to Pennsylvania in 1732 and 1734, respectively. John stayed only briefly, returning to England in 1735 to deal with the ongoing legal dispute over the Pennsylvania/Maryland border. Thomas remained in America for roughly nine years, and became the principal proprietor of the province in 1746, when his brother John died. The youngest surviving brother, Richard Penn never visited Pennsylvania; however, his sons, John (1729-1795) and Richard (1736-1811) traveled to and lived in Pennsylvania, and both served, at different times, as lieutenant governor of the colony. Together with their cousin John (1760-1834), Thomas' sons, John and Richard helped protect the family's interests in the colony during and after the American Revolution.

In 1778, though John Penn (1729-1795) swore allegiance to the American cause, the Penn family was stripped of all but its privately held lands in Pennsylvania. He and his brother Richard and cousin John secured £130,000 from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania "in remembrance of the enterprising spirit of the founder, and of the expectations and dependence of his descendants" (Shepherd, 92). Later, after the American Revolution, the English government granted the Penn family an additional £4,000 per year in recognition of its lost sources of revenue.

Even after they were stripped of their proprietorship, members of the Penn family retained several thousand acres of privately held lands in Pennsylvania, which were passed down to the next generation. Peter Gaskell (1764-1831), William Penn, Jr.'s grandson, and William Stuart (1798-1874), Thomas Penn's grandson, eventually inherited or made claim to the remaining privately held Penn family lands in America.

Bibliography:

"Biographical Sketch [of William Penn]." Unattributed article, see collection file.

"The Family of William Penn, A Collated Record." The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine . 25, no. 2, 1967.

Shepherd, William Robert. History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania . New York: Columbia University Press, 1896.

Wainwright, Nicholas B. "The Penn Collection." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . 87, no. 4 (October 1963): 393-419.

From the guide to the Penn family papers, Bulk, 1629-1834, 1592-1960, (The Historical Society of Pennsylvania)

Archival Resources
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referencedIn Hull, William Isaac, 1868-1939. Papers, 1892-1939. Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College
referencedIn Marian S. Carson collection of manuscripts, 1656-1995 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Great Britain. Board of Trade. Complaints Against Colonial Governments, Reports, 1702-1707. Temple University Libraries, Paley Library
referencedIn Harris, John, 1673-1748. Collection, 1687-1915. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Barnitz, Charles Augustus, 1780-1850. Papers, [18--] (bulk 1826). York County Historical Trust
referencedIn Cox-Parrish-Wharton Papers, 1600-1900. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
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associatedWith Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 1665-1714. person
associatedWith Aubrey, William. person
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associatedWith Baker, William. person
associatedWith Baltimore, Charles Calvert, Lord, 1637-1715. person
associatedWith Banks, Joseph, Sir, 1743-1820 person
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associatedWith Barclay, John. person
associatedWith Barclay, Robert, 1648-1690. person
associatedWith Barnitz, Charles Augustus, 1780-1850. person
associatedWith Barton, Benjamin Smith, 1766-1815. person
associatedWith Best Capt. person
associatedWith Billing, Edward, 1623-1686. person
associatedWith Blackwell, John. person
associatedWith Blathwayt, William, 1649?-1717. person
associatedWith Bonsall family. family
associatedWith Bonsall Family. family
associatedWith Braddock, Edward, 1695?-1755. person
associatedWith Bronner, Edwin B., 1920- person
associatedWith Cadwalader family. family
associatedWith Carpenter, Samuel, 1649-1714. person
associatedWith Carson, Marian S., person
associatedWith Carson, Marian S., person
associatedWith Carson, Marian S., collector. person
associatedWith Carter family. family
associatedWith Cascarino, Romeo. person
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associatedWith Chew family. family
associatedWith Clarke, James, of New Jersey. person
associatedWith Claus, Jan. person
associatedWith Claypoole, James, 1640-1694. person
associatedWith Clement, John C. person
associatedWith Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. corporateBody
correspondedWith Conway of Conway Castle, Edward Conway, Viscount, 1623-1683. person
associatedWith Cooper, Thomas, 1759-1839 person
associatedWith Cope, Gilbert, 1840-1928. person
associatedWith Coues, Elliott, 1842-1899 person
associatedWith Coxe, Thomas. person
associatedWith Crispin, M. Jackson, 1875-1953, person
acquaintanceOf Crisp, Stephen, 1628-1692 person
associatedWith Croghan, George, d. 1782. person
associatedWith Cuvier, Georges, Baron, 1769-1832 person
associatedWith Darlington family. family
associatedWith Darlington family. family
associatedWith Darlington, William, 1782-1863 person
associatedWith Day, Sherman, 1806-1884 person
associatedWith DeCou, Frances B. person
associatedWith de Horn, Anna Maria. person
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associatedWith Delaware Indians. corporateBody
associatedWith Denniston, Eleanor Parrish, d. 1931. person
associatedWith Dickinson, Jonathan, 1688-1747. person
associatedWith Dougan, Thomas, 1634-1715. person
associatedWith Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, 1760-1844. person
associatedWith Duveen, Albert. person
associatedWith Eckley, John. person
associatedWith Edison, Thomas A., (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931 person
associatedWith Edward E. Ayer Manuscript Collection (Newberry Library) corporateBody
associatedWith Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955 person
associatedWith Elizabeth, countess palatine, abbess of Herford, 1618-1680. person
associatedWith Evans, John, 1678-ca. 1730. person
associatedWith Everett, Edward, 1794-1865 person
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associatedWith Fitch, John person
associatedWith Fletcher, Benjamin, 1640-1703. person
associatedWith Ford, Philip, ca. 1631-1702. person
associatedWith Fox family family
associatedWith Fox, George, 1624-1691. person
associatedWith Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790. person
associatedWith Franklin, William Temple, 1760-1823 person
associatedWith Fraser, David. person
associatedWith Freame, J. person
associatedWith Free Library of Philadelphia. corporateBody
associatedWith Free Society of Traders. corporateBody
associatedWith Geary, Thomas. person
associatedWith Genth, F. A., (Frederick Augustus), 1820-1893 person
associatedWith Girard College. corporateBody
associatedWith Gourley, Sara Miller. person
associatedWith Gratz, Simon. person
associatedWith Gray, Asa, 1810-1888 person
associatedWith Great Britain. Board of Trade. corporateBody
associatedWith Greeley, Horace, 1811-1872 person
associatedWith Griffith, Ben. person
associatedWith Guilford, Francis North, Baron, 1637-1685. person
associatedWith Hamilton, Andrew, ca. 1676-1741 person
associatedWith Hamilton, Andrew, d. 1703. person
associatedWith Harding, Warren G. person
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associatedWith Harrison, George L. (George Leib), 1811-1885. person
associatedWith Hendricks, Pieter, fl. 1661-1689. person
associatedWith Henry, Mathew Schropp, 1790-1862. person
associatedWith Hill, Richard, 1673-1729. person
associatedWith Historical Society of Pennsylvania. corporateBody
associatedWith Hopkins, Timothy, 1859-1937 person
associatedWith Hull, William Isaac, 1868-1939. person
associatedWith Huntington Free Library. corporateBody
associatedWith Jacobs, Gertrude. person
associatedWith Jacobs, Isaac. person
associatedWith Jenkins, Charles F. (Charles Francis), 1865-1951. person
associatedWith Jenkins, William. person
associatedWith Johnson, William, Sir, 1715-1774. person
associatedWith Jones, Griffith, fl. 1700. person
associatedWith Keith, Charles Penrose, 1854-1939. person
associatedWith Keith, William, Sir, 1680-1749. person
associatedWith Laurie, Gawen. person
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associatedWith Lehman, George, d. 1870. person
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associatedWith Library of the Society of Friends (London Yearly Meeting) corporateBody
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associatedWith Lloyd, David, 1656-1731. person
associatedWith Lloyd, Thomas, 1640-1694. person
associatedWith Loe, Thomas. person
associatedWith Logan family. family
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associatedWith Logan, James, 1644-1751. person
associatedWith Logan, James, 1674-1751. person
associatedWith Logan, Maria Dickinson, 1857-1939, person
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associatedWith Lukens, John, 1720-1789. person
associatedWith Markham, William, ca. 1635-1704. person
associatedWith McNeil Center for Early American Studies. corporateBody
associatedWith Meredith, William M. (William Morris), 1799-1873. person
associatedWith Mifflin, John. person
associatedWith Miller, Richmond P. (Richmond Pearson), 1902-1972. person
associatedWith Moore, John, 1659-1732. person
associatedWith Moore, William, 1699-1783. person
associatedWith Munn, Charles Allen, person
associatedWith Myers, Albert Cook, 1874-1960 person
associatedWith Nead, Frank B. person
associatedWith Newberry Library. corporateBody
associatedWith Newcomb, Simon person
associatedWith Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642-1727 person
associatedWith Newton, Trevor. person
associatedWith New York (State). Secretary of State. corporateBody
associatedWith Nicholson, Francis, 1655-1728. person
associatedWith Nixon, John, fl. 1683. person
associatedWith Norris, Isaac, 1671-1735. person
associatedWith Norris, Isaac, 1701-1766. person
associatedWith Oates, Titus, 1649-1705. person
associatedWith Ohio Company. corporateBody
associatedWith Okie, J. Brognard. person
associatedWith Okie, John M. person
associatedWith Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of, 1665-1745. person
associatedWith Owen, Griffith, ca. 1647-1717. person
associatedWith Parsons, William. person
associatedWith Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 1651-1719. person
associatedWith Penford, John. person
associatedWith Penington, Edward, 1667-1701. person
associatedWith Penington, Isaac, 1616-1679. person
associatedWith Penington, Mary, 1625-1682. person
associatedWith Penn family. family
associatedWith Penn family. family
associatedWith Penn, Hannah Callowhill. person
associatedWith Penn, John, 1700-1746 person
associatedWith Penn, John, 1729-1795. person
associatedWith Penn, John, Jr. person
associatedWith Penn, Letitia. person
associatedWith Penn, Richard, 1706-1771. person
associatedWith Penn, Springett. person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. General Assembly. corporateBody
associatedWith Penn, Thomas, 1702-1775. person
associatedWith Penn, William, Sir, 1621-1670. person
associatedWith Pepys, Samuel, 1633-1703. person
associatedWith Peters, Richard, 1704-1776. person
associatedWith Pierpont Morgan Library. Glazier Collection. corporateBody
associatedWith Pierson, Thomas. person
associatedWith Pike, Joseph. person
associatedWith Pike, Joseph, 1657-1729. person
associatedWith Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 1779-1851 person
associatedWith Popple, W. person
associatedWith Proud, Robert, 1728-1813. person
associatedWith Pusey, Caleb, 1650?-1727. person
associatedWith Quarry, Robert. person
associatedWith Rawle family. family
associatedWith Ridge, Thomas J. person
associatedWith Rittenhouse, David, 1732-1796 person
associatedWith Roberts, Hugh, family
associatedWith Roberts, Hugh, d. 1702. person
correspondedWith Rockhill, William Woodville, 1854-1914 person
associatedWith Romney, Henry Sidney, Earl of, 1641-1704. person
associatedWith Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813 person
associatedWith Savage, Thomas, 1640-1705. person
associatedWith Scantlebury, Thomas, d. 1821. person
associatedWith Schenck family. family
associatedWith Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 1793-1864 person
associatedWith Scott, Hugh, 1900-1994. person
associatedWith Scull, Nicholas, 1686?-1761? person
associatedWith Seidensticker, Oswald, 1825-1894. person
associatedWith Seybert, Adam, 1773-1825 person
associatedWith Shackleton, Richard, 1726-1792. person
associatedWith Shippen, Edward, 1639-1712. person
associatedWith Shippen, Edward, 1729-1806. person
associatedWith Shippen, Joseph, 1732-1810. person
associatedWith Simcock, John person
associatedWith Simcock, John. person
associatedWith Smith, Charles Morton, d. 1914, person
associatedWith Smith, Richard Penn, 1799-1854. person
associatedWith Smith, William, 1727-1803. person
associatedWith Society for the Commemoration of the Landing of William Penn. corporateBody
associatedWith Society of Friends. corporateBody
associatedWith Southwell, Edward. person
associatedWith Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866, person
associatedWith Springett, Harbert. person
associatedWith Stauffer, David McNeely, 1845-1913, person
associatedWith Stevens, Henry person
associatedWith Stone, Frederick D. (Frederick Dawson), 1841-1897. person
acquaintanceOf Story, Thomas, 1662-1742 person
associatedWith Story, Thomas, 1662-1742. person
associatedWith Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872 person
associatedWith Syng, Philip, 1703-1789. person
associatedWith Taylor, Isaac. person
associatedWith Thomas, Aubrey. person
associatedWith Thomas, Gulielma Maria Penn. person
associatedWith Thomson, Charles, 1729-1824 person
associatedWith Tillotson, John, 1630-1694. person
associatedWith Trent, William, d.1724 person
associatedWith Turner, Robert. person
associatedWith Turner, Robert, fl. 1654-1665. person
associatedWith Tyndale, Mary. person
associatedWith Uberfelt, Johan William. person
associatedWith Ullberg family. family
associatedWith Vaux, George. person
associatedWith Vickris, Thomas Bishop. person
associatedWith Villars, Claude Louis Hector, duc de, 1653-1734. person
associatedWith Waterton, Charles, 1782-1865 person
associatedWith Wayne, Anthony person
associatedWith Weiser, Conrad, 1696-1760. person
associatedWith Wetherill, Jones, and Roberts families. family
associatedWith Wetherill, Robert. person
associatedWith Whiting, John, 1656-1722. person
associatedWith William Penn Charter School. corporateBody
associatedWith Williams, Jonathan. person
associatedWith Williams, Jonathan, 1750-1815. person
associatedWith Willits, Samuel C. person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Ireland
Netherlands
Pennsylvania
Mason-Dixon Line
Pennsylvania
Ridley (Pa.)
Treaties
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Great Britain
Pennsylvania--Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
Delaware
England
New Jersey
Ireland
Pennsylvania
Great Britain
Germany
Delaware
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Germantown (Philadelphia, Pa.)
England
Pennsylvania
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Netherlands
Pennsylvania
Wyoming Valley (Pa.)
New York (State)
Philadelphia (Pa.).
Pennsylvania
Clifton (Bristol, England)
Pennsylvania
Subject
Aphorisms and apothegms
Boundary disputes
Calligraphy
Christian life
Church and state
Colonial Politics
Conduct of life
Deeds
Epidemics
Society of Friends
German Americans
Military history
Indians
Indians of North America
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Iroquois Indians
Keithian controversy
Land settlement
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Legal instruments
Legal issues
Manuscripts
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Oath of allegiance, 1606
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Yellow fever
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Person

Birth 1644-10-14

Death 1718-07-30

Male

Britons

English

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