Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832

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Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) was a French zoologist, paleontologist and historian of science. A committed empiricist, Cuvier opposed theories, arguing that scientists should limit themselves to describing. In zoology his work depended upon his dominant position at the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, which was the largest scientific research institution of the era. French government expeditions brought specimens from distant lands to build its collections. Upon his arrival at the Museum Cuvier rearranged its comparative anatomy collections, assembled at the end of the seventeenth century by Claude Perrault and in the middle of the eighteenth century by Louis Jean Marie Daubenton. Although Cuvier traveled little, he published three works of general zoology: Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux(1797), Leçons d'anatomie comparèe with C. Duméril and G. Duverney (1800, 1805) and Le règne animal(1817) arranged according to his new system of classification. Perhaps his greatest contribution was the Histoire des poisons, begun in Normandy and continuing after his death, which provided the basis of modern ichthyology.

Cuvier was born at Montbéliard in Württemberg on August 23, 1769, the son of a poor (but still middle class) soldier who was a retired French officer married to a woman twenty years his junior. He was born with a delicate constitution and enjoyed drawing as a child, but also demonstrated a precocious intellectual development and an astonishing memory. Among his childhood accomplishments was to master the entire corpus of Buffon's works by the age of twelve, to begin a natural history collection and to found a scientific society with some friends. Montbéliard, originally part of Burgundy, had been subject to the duke of Württemberg and adopted the Lutheran faith during the Reformation. Cuvier's parents intended that he become a Lutheran minister like his uncle, but he was unable to obtain a scholarship to study theology at Tübingen. Instead, the wife of the governor of Montbéliard recommended him to attend the Caroline University. He entered the University in 1784 at the age of fifteen and after two years of general studies, during which he learned German. Cuvier specialized in administrative, juridical and economic sciences, but the curriculum included a considerable amount of natural history. Cuvier's zoology teacher the gifted twenty-year-old Karl Friedrich Kielmeyer became one of the founders of the German school of Naturphilosophie. Kielmeyer taught Cuvier the art of dissection, and probably also comparative anatomy, taught in Tübingen by J.F. Blumenbach.

After three years in 1787, Cuvier won the golden cross of chevaliers, which allowed him to live and learn with children of the aristocracy, and sometimes with the Duke Württemberg himself. Cuvier finished his studies in 1788, and since there were no vacant positions at court, he was forced to accept a position as private tutor in Normandy with an affluent Protestant aristocratic family named d'Héricy. Despite the beginnings of the French Revolution in 1789, his duties as tutor over the next six years kept him away from the radical events and influences of the Revolution. Instead, his life in Caen gave him access to a rich library and botanical garden. In the spring and summer months he accompanied the d'Héricy family to the Château of Fiquainville near the fishing port of Fécamp. There he had an opportunity to dissect many marine animals and shorebirds. He began keeping notes nearly every day together with sketches in large notebooks. Following Carl Linnaeus, he called these his Diarium zoologicum and Diarium botanicum.

Also during this period Cuvier corresponded with his friend and closest disciple Christian Heinrich Pfaff at the Caroline University, in order to keep in touch with the University and ducal administration and to provide political intelligence. Cuvier feigned sympathy for the Revolution, since he ran the risk that his mail might be opened by the police; however, he often later expressed his fear and disapproval of the revolutionary regime in which he asserted "the populace made the law." The Cuvier-Pfaff correspondence is doubly important to the historian of science because during the five-year period between his nineteenth and twenty-third birthdays he acquired the basic scientific ideas he would develop over the course of his career—a "chain of being," and an uncompromising empiricism divorced from theory. He wrote to Pfaff in 1788: "I wish everything that experience shows us to be carefully disassociated from hypotheses . . . . [S]cience should be based upon facts, despite systems." In his first publication, a study of wood lice that appeared in the Journal d'histoire naturelle, he appears to have affirmed the notion of a complex chain of being, when he stated, "Here, as elsewhere, nature makes no jumps . . .therefore, the descent is by degrees from crayfish to Squilla, from Squilla to Asellidae, then to lice, to Armadilladiidae and to galley worms. All of these genera must be related to a single class."

Cuvier became a French citizen in 1793, as a result of the French annexation of Montbéliard. Consequently, he sought recognition within Parisian scientific circles. At the suggestion of agronomist H.A. Tessier he sent a selection of his unpublished scientific works to Professor Ètienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. The youthful Saint-Hilaire enthusiastically encouraged Cuvier to come to Paris, which he did in 1795. Shortly after his arrival, Cuvier drew upon the observations of earlier dissections that he had performed in Normandy and presented a paper that represented a new stage in the study of invertebrates. Much later in 1829 he testified that "Before me modern naturalists divided all nonvertebrate animals into two classes, insects and worms. I was the first . . . to offer another division . . . in which I pointed out the characteristics and limits of mollusks, crustaceans, insects, worms, echinoderms and zoophytes." Cuvier's new classifications proved so influential that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in the introduction to his zoology course decided "to follow to a very great extent [the classification] devised by the learned naturalist Cuvier." Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier worked together for about a year, during which the former, no doubt, influenced by his new associate, dropped his hostility and affirmed the notion of a chain of being. In a jointly published paper on tarsiers [the smallest of primates], they suggested the genus might be considered a link between quadrumana and Chiroptera or bats. In another paper on orangutans, they boldly proposed the theory that the origin of species was from a single type. Cuvier's Histoire des poisons, begun in Normandy was a work that he gradually improved and published in collaboration with Achille Valenciennes. The volumes began appearing in 1828 and continued long after Cuvier's death, only stopping with the twenty-second volume in 1849 with Valenciennes's passing. Cuvier's classifications of fishes were so solid that they established the bases of modern ichthyology; many of his classes becoming orders or suborders in the current classification system.

Cuvier was also famous for his paleontological reconstructions, which had the living creatures as their point of departure. Taking a holistic perspective, he said the living being constitutes "a unique closed system, all parts of which mutually correspond and concur in the same definitive action through a reciprocal reaction. None of these parts can change without changing others, as well . . . ." So, for example, a carnivore ought to have intestines capable of digesting meat, as well as sharp claws and teeth to seize its prey and powerful jaws and muscles appropriate to the osseous structure. As a result, Cuvier asserted that every well preserved piece of bone potentially allows the zoologist to determine the class, order, genus and (even) species from which the specimen came. In addition to his general zoological works and his work on fishes and mollusks, Cuvier made important contributions to the history of science. As permanent secretary of the Academy, Cuvier had to write and deliver periodic reports on the progress of French research in the sciences, reports bound in four volues in 1828 and five volumes again in 1833. He also had responsibility for composing elegies for deceased members of the Academy. Finally, he wrote articles for Michaud's Biographie universelle on Aristotle, Buffon, Daubenton, Linnaeus, Pliny and Vicq d'Azyr among others.

Cuvier's rapid rise to fame resulted both from the significance of his scientific work and his abilities as a teacher and administrator. Typically, after only a few minutes of preparation, he was able to deliver a logically constructed lecture in a confident manner; and without pausing illustrated his ideas in blackboard drawings that were clear and accurate. In April 1796, at only twenty-six years of age he became a member of the Class of Physical Sciences at the Institut de France. Four years later in 1800 he succeeded the celebrated naturalist Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton as a professor at the Collège de France, and was given the administrative responsibility for reorganizing the lycèes of Bordeaux, Nice and Mareseilles. In 1803 Cuvier assumed the well-paid duties of permanent secretary for the physical sciences at the Institut. In 1808, after the Empire had replaced the Consulate, Napoleon appointed Cuvier university counselor. In this position he contributed greatly to the organization of the new Sorbonne. Afterward, he was sent on missions to Italy, the Netherlands and southern Germany to reorganize their systems of higher education. In recompense he received the title and endowment of chevalier in 1811. Cuvier fared equally well under the Bourbons of the restored monarchy in 1814. Although supportive of the exercise and growth of Protestantism in an era of ultraroyalist hostility, he became a devoted servant of the French kings. He was director of Protestant universities, and in 1814 became councilor of state. From 1819 until his death he presided over the Council of State, and daily at eleven o'clock attended to the business of the council of state or the council of public instruction. Monday afternoons he set aside for the Institute.

Cuvier was always busy, always in a hurry. He had an immense workload of scientific and administrative duties, and as he grew older, he grew busier. He was open to flattery, and easily irritated. A nepotist, he obtained positions for friends and relatives. He was very secretive and very authoritarian. Nevertheless, he was kind to aspiring young persons, both assisting and advising them.

A proponent of enlightened despotism, Cuvier seemed to fare well under every political regime. He was short, and during the Revolution very thin. He grew stout during the Empire, and enormously fat after the restoration. Nicknamed "Mammoth," he appeared as a sort of bishop of science. In February of 1804 he married Mme. Davaucelle, a devout Protestant widow with four children, who bore him four more. She was a kind, energetic and outspoken spouse, who saw to everything, including the naturalist's favorite Montbèliard chitterling sausages that were never missing from the table. Nevertheless, his happiness was darkened by the death of his four children, and he tried to overcome his grief by incessant toil. One evening in May, 1832 Cuvier experienced a slight paralysis and contraction of his esophagus. He became weaker over the next few days, and died on May 13.

A major source of Cuvier's strength as a scientist, teacher and administrator lay in his powerful memory. He had 19,000 volumes in his library, as well as thousands of pamphlets, the contents of which he had committed to memory and could retrieve within seconds as needed.

Archival Resources
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creatorOf Bowdich, T. Edward (Thomas Edward), 1791-1824. Letter. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
creatorOf American Philosophical Society Library. Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. 1668-1983. American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Fabbroni, Giovanni Valentino Mattia, 1752-1822. Papers, ca. 1770s-1875. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Piggott, Edward, fl. 1758-1807. Letterbook, 1802-1806. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 1739-1817. Papers, 1769-1831. Hagley Museum & Library
referencedIn Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Correspondence and other papers, 1821-1877 Houghton Library
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. Recherches anatomiques sur les reptiles regardés encore comme douteux par les naturalistes, faites à l'occasion de l'axolotl, rapporté par m. de Humbolt du Mexique / par m. Cuvier. American Museum of Natural History
referencedIn Étienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Collection, 1811-1844 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn ORINGINAL, letters and papers relating to literature and art in France; 1595-1823; in French. The writers are as follow:-Charles [de Ligne, Prince] d'Arenberg; Brussels, 21 Sept. 1595. Signed. f. 1. [Claude de] Saumaise; Dieppe, 22 Dec. 1636; with li..., 1595-1823 British Library
referencedIn Breschet, G. (Gilbert), 1784-1845. Gilbert Breschet papers, 1825-1831, and undated. Duke University, Medical Center Library & Archives
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referencedIn American Philosophical Society Library. Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. 1668-1983. American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 1752-1840. Letters. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Wistar, Caspar, 1761-1818. Letters, 1794-1817. American Philosophical Society Library
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creatorOf Laennec, R. T. H. (René Théophile Hyacinthe), 1781-1826. Papers, 1825-1826. Duke University, Medical Center Library & Archives
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, Baron, 1769-1832. Letter signed : Paris, to the Chevalier Brunacci, 1813 Oct. 18. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. Letters : Paris, 1820 May 17 and 1828 Oct. 27. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Schumacher, Heinrich Christian, 1780-1850. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
creatorOf CHARNWOOD AUTOGRAPHS. Vol. III. Foreign historical, literary and musical autographs, etc.; circa 16th-20th cent. Included are Charles V of Spain, Madame de Maintenon, Lafayette, Garibaldi, Kropotkin, Mussolini and Roosevelt; Heinrich Heine, Alessandr..., approximately 16th century-20th century British Library
referencedIn Giovanni Valentino Mattia Fabbroni papers, ca. 1770s-1875, Circa 1770-1875 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. Letter, 26 Nov 1822. Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
referencedIn Edward Piggott letterbook, 1802-1806, 1802-1806 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Georges Cuvier, baron, correspondence, 1799-1829, 1799-1829 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. baron Georges Cuvier papers, 1820-1832. Library of Congress
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. Letter, [1831?, n.d., Paris], to an unidentified person. Dartmouth College Library
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, Baron, 1769-1832. Letter signed : Paris, to C. F. Hammer, at the University of Strasbourg, 1825 Mar. 13. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. [Letters] [manuscript] / G.Cuvier. Royal Ontario Museum
referencedIn Robert Owen Collection, 1805-1858 National Co-operative Archive
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, Baron, 1769-1832. Autograph letter signed : postmarked Paris, to M. Coquerel, 1828 Oct. 8. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, Baron, 1769-1832. Documents and notes, some signed (7) : Paris, 1827-1828. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Sir James Paget correspondence, 1784-1932, 1784-1932 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de, 1749-1827. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
creatorOf Edwards, Henri Milne. Les Zoophytes. University of Manchester Library, Main Library
creatorOf Laennec, R. T. H. (René Théophile Hyacinthe), 1781-1826. [Letter] 1826 May 18, Paris [to] Baron Cuvier, Royal Gardens / Laennec. University of California, Los Angeles
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. [Letters]. American Museum of Natural History
creatorOf Université de France. Conseil royal de l'instruction publique. Diplôme de bachelier ès-lettres, au nom du roi, 1822 June 20 / Université de France. Conseil royal de l'instruction publique. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
creatorOf Camper, Adrian Gilles, 1759-1820. Letter. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Manuscrits de la bibliothèque municipale de Lyon 1346-1964. Bibliothèque municipale (Lyon)
referencedIn Giovanni Valentino Mattia Fabbroni papers, ca. 1770s-1875, Circa 1770-1875 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, 1772-1844. Papers, ca. 1811-1844. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Portrait collection, 1882-1963, 1882-1937 (bulk) New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Vol. I. (ff. 464). 1806-1822.includes:f. 1 René Just Haüy, mineralogist: Letter to -Delance: 1806.: Fr. ff. 3, 9 Francis Maule: Letters to C. Babbage: 1812, 1813. f. 5 John Brass: Letter to J. F. W. Herschel: 1812. ff. 7, 28 William Henry Maule, ..., 1806-1822 British Library
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referencedIn Museum of Comparative Zoology collection of historical manuscripts, 1736-1908 (inclusive), 1810-1870 (bulk). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn Autograph File, C Houghton Library
referencedIn Fabbroni, Giovanni Valentino Mattia, 1752-1822. Correspondence, 1775-1863. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Papers, 1808-1888. Houghton Library
creatorOf Hassenfratz, J. H. (Jean-Henri), 1755-1827. Papers. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn ORIGINAL letters, chiefly from eminent botanists, to Antoine Gouan, Professor of Botany at Montpellier; 1760-1813. The writers are [Adam] Afzelius; Upsal, 23 Nov. 1787. Fr. f. 6. Ignace d'Asso [y del Rio]; Madrid, Amsterdam, 3 Feb. 1780-22 Jan. 1781...., 1760-1813 British Library
creatorOf Cuvier, Georges, baron, 1769-1832. Correspondence, 1799-1829. American Philosophical Society Library
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associatedWith Burd, James, ca. 1710-1783 person
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associatedWith La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 1747-1827 person
associatedWith Lathrop, John person
associatedWith Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 1764-1820 person
associatedWith Laughlin, Henry A. (Henry Alexander), b. 1892 person
associatedWith Laurens, Henry, 1724-1792 person
associatedWith Law, John, 1671-1729 person
associatedWith Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-1958 person
associatedWith Lawrence, George N. (George Newbold), 1806-1895 person
associatedWith Leach, William Elford, 1790-1836 person
associatedWith Leacock, John person
associatedWith Leacock, Martha Ogilby person
associatedWith Leacock, Mary person
associatedWith Leacock, Samuel Richards person
associatedWith Lea, Isaac, 1792-1886 person
associatedWith le Bovet, Marie Anne person
associatedWith Le Conte, John Eatton, 1784-1860 person
associatedWith Lederberg, Joshua person
associatedWith Ledyard, John, 1751-1789 person
associatedWith Lee, Arthur, 1740-1792 person
associatedWith Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870 person
associatedWith Lefebvre, Alexandre. person
associatedWith Lefèvre, Jean-Jacques, 1779-1858 person
associatedWith Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891 person
associatedWith Leland, Marine person
associatedWith Lemon, Charles person
associatedWith Lemon, Charles. person
associatedWith Le Roy, Jean Baptiste person
associatedWith Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 1805-1894 person
associatedWith Lettsom, John Coakley, 1744-1815 person
associatedWith Levdig, Franz von, 1821-1908 person
associatedWith Levy, Hyman person
associatedWith Lewes, George Henry, 1817-1878 person
associatedWith Lewis, John person
associatedWith Lewis, Mordecai, 1748-1799 person
associatedWith Lewis, R. M. person
associatedWith Library Company of Philadelphia person
associatedWith Lichtenstein, Hinrich, 1780-1857. person
associatedWith Lightfoot, John, 1735-1788 person
associatedWith Lindbergh, Charles A. (Charles Augustus), 1902-1974 person
associatedWith Lindley, John, 1799-1865 person
associatedWith Lindsley, Philip, 1786-1855 person
associatedWith Lingne person
associatedWith Lining, John, 1708-1760 person
associatedWith Lippincott, J. B. (Joshua Ballinger), 1813-1886 person
associatedWith Litchfield, Dorothy Hale person
associatedWith Littlepage, Lewis, 1762-1802 person
associatedWith Livingston, Luther Samuel, 1864-1914 person
associatedWith Livingston, Robert R., 1746-1813 person
associatedWith Lockyer, J. Norman person
associatedWith Lodge, Oliver, Sir, 1851-1940 person
associatedWith Logan, Deborah Norris, 1761-1839 person
associatedWith Logan, George, 1753-1821 person
associatedWith Logan, James, 1674-1751 person
associatedWith Logan, William, 1718-1776 person
associatedWith Lomax, Derek person
associatedWith Long, John Harper, 1856-1918 person
associatedWith Longman & Co. person
associatedWith Lonsdale, W. (William), 1794-1871 person
associatedWith Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891 person
associatedWith Loundes, W. person
associatedWith Louverture, Toussaint person
associatedWith Lowe, E. J. (Edward Joseph), 1825-1900 person
associatedWith Lubbock, John, Sir, 1834-1913 person
associatedWith Lubbock, J. W., (John William), 1803-1865 person
associatedWith Luc, J. A. de (Jean André), 1727-1817 person
associatedWith Lux, George, 1754-1797 person
associatedWith Lyman, Benjamin Smith, 1835-1920 person
associatedWith Lynch, Dominick, 1754-1825 person
associatedWith Lynch & Stoughton person
associatedWith Macaulay, Aulay, 1758-1819 person
associatedWith MacCurdy, George Grant, 1863-1947 person
associatedWith MacDonald, John person
associatedWith MacGillivray, W. person
associatedWith Mackintosh, James, Sir, 1765-1832 person
associatedWith Maclure, William, 1763-1840 person
associatedWith MacNider, William de Berniere, 1881-1951 person
associatedWith Madison, James, 1749-1812 person
associatedWith Madison, James, 1751-1836 person
associatedWith Magalhães, João Jacinto de, 1723-1790 person
associatedWith Magee, James F. person
associatedWith Magnus, Gustav, 1802-1870 person
associatedWith Manion, Blanche H. person
associatedWith Manning, James person
associatedWith Manning, William person
associatedWith Mantell, Gideon Algernon, 1790-1852 person
associatedWith Markoe, Francis person
associatedWith Marquis, Louise Caterhine Josephine person
associatedWith Marshall, Humphrey, 1760-1841 person
associatedWith Marshall, John, 1755-1835 person
associatedWith Martin-Boutin, Mme person
associatedWith Martin, Isabella Mary person
associatedWith Martin, Sydney Errington, 1883- person
associatedWith Marum, M. van (Martinus), 1750-1837 person
associatedWith Maskelyne, Nevil, 1732-1811 person
associatedWith Mason, A. Hughlett person
associatedWith Mason, Charles, 1728-1786 person
associatedWith Masonic Lodge. corporateBody
associatedWith Mason, Otis Tufton, 1838-1908 person
associatedWith Mason, William Smith, b. 1866 person
associatedWith Massachusetts Historical Society person
associatedWith Massachusetts medical men person
associatedWith Matlack, Timothy, 1736-1829 person
associatedWith Matthews, Caleb B. person
associatedWith Matthew, William Diller, 1871-1930 person
associatedWith Maugridge, William person
associatedWith Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 1806-1873 person
associatedWith Maynard, C. J., (Charles Johnson), 1845-1929 person
associatedWith McAdam, Annis person
associatedWith McAleer, John Joseph person
associatedWith McAllister, John A. (John Allister), 1822-1896 person
associatedWith McCabe, Joseph, 1867-1955 person
associatedWith McCahan, John, 1780-1857 person
associatedWith McConomy, John A. person
associatedWith McCulley, George person
associatedWith McElree, Helen person
associatedWith McGregor, James Howard, 1872-1954 person
associatedWith McHenry, James, 1753-1816 person
associatedWith McKean, James person
associatedWith McKell, Patrick person
associatedWith Meade, Robert Douthat, 1903-1974 person
associatedWith Mead, Giles Willis, 1928- person
associatedWith Mease, James, 1771-1846 person
associatedWith Méchain, Pierre, 1744-1804 person
associatedWith Mecom, Jane, 1712-1794 person
associatedWith Medical Society of the County of New York person
associatedWith Medicus, Heinrich, 1918- person
associatedWith Meek, F. B. (Fielding Bradford), 1817-1876 person
associatedWith Melloni, Macedoine, 1801-1853 person
associatedWith Merivale, Charles, 1808-1893 person
associatedWith Meriwether, Charles person
associatedWith Merriam, John C., (John Campbell), 1869-1945 person
associatedWith Merrick, S. V. (Samuel Vaughan), 1801-1870 person
associatedWith Meteorological observations, Cambridge, Mass., March person
associatedWith Meuris, Mathias. Estate. person
associatedWith M'Henry, James, 1785-1845 person
associatedWith Michell, John, 1724? -1793 person
associatedWith Middleton, James. Estate person
associatedWith Miers, John, 1789-1879 person
associatedWith Mifflin, Thomas, 1744-1800 person
associatedWith Mikulinskiĭ, S. R. person
associatedWith Miller, C. William (Clarence William), 1914- person
associatedWith Miller, Edward, 1826-1900 person
associatedWith Miller, Gerrit S. (Gerrit Smith), 1869-1956 person
associatedWith Miller, Hosea C. person
associatedWith Miller, Samuel person
associatedWith Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953 person
associatedWith Milne, Colin, 1743 or 4-1815 person
associatedWith Mint of the United States person
associatedWith Minto, Walter, 1753-1796 person
associatedWith Missouri. Governor (1869-1871 : McClurg) person
associatedWith Missouri. Office of the Secretary of State (Rodman, Francis) person
associatedWith Mitchell, John, 1690? -1768 person
associatedWith Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831 person
associatedWith Mivart, St. George Jackson, 1827-1900 person
associatedWith Mohr, Otto Lous, 1886- person
associatedWith Moleschott, Jacob, 1822-1893 person
associatedWith Moncrief, Alan person
associatedWith Monroe, James, 1758-1831 person
associatedWith Montgomery, Dorcas person
associatedWith Montgomery, William person
associatedWith Montour, Andrew person
associatedWith Montrésor, John, 1736-1799 person
associatedWith Moore, Thomas, 1779-1852 person
associatedWith Moreau, Jean Victor Marie, 1763-1813 person
associatedWith Morgan, Charles, 1795-1878 person
associatedWith Morgan, John, 1735-1789 person
associatedWith Morgan, Joseph, 1671-ca. 1749 person
associatedWith Morgan, Lilian V. person
associatedWith Morison, Samuel Eliot person
associatedWith Morris, Benjamin, 1757-1808 person
associatedWith Morris, Gouverneur, 1752-1816 person
associatedWith Morrison, Samuel G. person
associatedWith Morris, Robert, 1734-1806 person
associatedWith Morse person
associatedWith Moylan, Jasper person
associatedWith Mueller, Ferdinand von, 1825-1896 person
associatedWith Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad, 1750-1801 person
associatedWith Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Henrich Ernst, 1753-1815 person
associatedWith Muirhead, James Patrick, 1813-1898 person
associatedWith Mulgrave, Constantine John Phipps, Baron, 1744-1792 person
associatedWith Muller, H. J., (Hermann Joseph), 1890-1967 person
associatedWith Mullin, Katharine person
associatedWith Mumford, Gurdon Saltonstall, 1764-1831 person
associatedWith Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, 1792-1871 person
associatedWith Murray, John, 1742-1793 person
associatedWith Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France). corporateBody
associatedWith Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France). corporateBody
associatedWith Muséum national d'historie naturelle (France) person
associatedWith Nagy, Károly, 1797-1868 person
associatedWith Najlis, Elena L. person
associatedWith Nancarrow, John person
associatedWith Nares, Robert, 1753-1829 person
associatedWith National Academy of Sciences person
associatedWith National Institute for the Promotion of Science person
associatedWith Natural history society of Edinburgh person
associatedWith Navy Com. Office. MSL-4 person
associatedWith Nebraska - Governor (Butler, David, 1867-1871 person
associatedWith Nelson, William, 1847-1914 person
associatedWith Newcomb, Simon person
associatedWith Newhouse, Seth person
associatedWith Newton, Alfred, 1829-1907 person
associatedWith Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642-1727 person
associatedWith New York Academy of Medicine person
associatedWith New York (N. Y.). Common Council person
associatedWith Nicholson, John, 1757-1800 person
associatedWith Nicola, Lewis, 1717-1807 person
associatedWith Nisbet, Charles person
associatedWith Noehden, H. A. person
associatedWith North American Land Company person
associatedWith Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton, Marquis of, 1790-1851 person
associatedWith North, Marianne, 1830-1890 person
associatedWith North, Simpson, Graham & Co. person
associatedWith Nuttall, Zelia, 1858-1933 person
associatedWith Oakes, William, 1799-1848 person
associatedWith Ochoa, Severo, 1905-1993 person
associatedWith O'Connell, Sir Maurice Charles Philip, d. 1848 person
associatedWith Odell, Jonathan, 1737-1818 person
associatedWith Ogilby, Joseph person
associatedWith Olcott, James S. person
associatedWith Oliver, A. (Andrew), 1731-1799 person
associatedWith Olmsted, Denison, 1791-1859 person
associatedWith Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904-1967 person
associatedWith Oppermann, Mandrot & Co. person
associatedWith Ord, George, 1781-1866 person
associatedWith Oregon. Governor (1866-1870 : Woods) person
associatedWith Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State (Samuel E. Mays) person
associatedWith Orphan Institution (Charleston, S. C.) person
associatedWith Orr, Hector, 1770-1855 person
associatedWith Orton, James, 1830-1877 person
associatedWith Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 1857-1935 person
associatedWith Oswald, John Clyde, 1872-1938 person
associatedWith Otey, James Hervey, 1800-1863 person
associatedWith Otto, Louis-Guillaume, comte de Mosloy, 1754-1817 person
associatedWith Owen, Fanny person
associatedWith Owen, Robert., 1777-1858 person
associatedWith Page, John, 1744-1808 person
associatedWith Paget, James, Sir, 1814-1899. person
associatedWith Paine, Thomas, 1737-1809 person
associatedWith Palabras person
associatedWith Panella, Silvia person
associatedWith Paradise, Lucy person
associatedWith Paramount Pictures Corporation person
associatedWith Pardee, D. W. person
associatedWith Paris, Ferdinand John person
associatedWith Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1881-1955 person
associatedWith Parker, James, 1714-1770 person
associatedWith Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893 person
associatedWith Parnell, Richard, 1810-1882 person
associatedWith Parsons, Samuel Holden, 1737-1789 person
associatedWith Parsons, William, Earl of Rosse, 1800-1867 person
associatedWith Passavant, Johann David, 1787-1861 person
associatedWith Passavant, Peter Friedrich person
associatedWith Patterson, Robert, d. 1909 person
associatedWith Patterson, Robert M. (Robert Maskell), 1787-1854 person
associatedWith Paulding, James Kirke, 1778-1860 person
associatedWith Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827 person
associatedWith Peale, Rembrandt, 1778-1860 person
associatedWith Peale's Museum (Philadelphia, Pa.) person
associatedWith Peale, Titian Ramsay, 1799-1885 person
associatedWith Pearson, James person
associatedWith Pengelly, William, 1812-1894 person
associatedWith Penn, John, 1729-1795 person
associatedWith Penn, Letitia person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Charters person
associatedWith Pennsylvania (Colony). Council corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Commissioners of Indian purchase person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Commissioners of Property person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Commonwealth person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Council of Safety person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. General Assembly corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Governor (1790-1799 : Mifflin) person
associatedWith Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission person
associatedWith Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. Finance committee person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Laws, statutes, etc. person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Lieutenant Governor (1704-1709 : Evans) person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Lieutenant Governor (1756-1759 : Denny) person
associatedWith Pennsylvania-Maryland commissioners corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Provincial Council corporateBody
associatedWith Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Springfield Township, Bucks County person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Supreme Court person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Surveyor general's office person
associatedWith Pennsylvania. Tax collector person
associatedWith Penn, Thomas, 1702-1775 person
associatedWith Penn, Thomas, 1726-1798 person
associatedWith Penn, William, 1644-1718 person
associatedWith Pepper, William, 1843-1898 person
associatedWith Perceval, A. M. person
associatedWith Percival, Thomas Bassnet, 1767-1798 person
associatedWith Perdue, Jacob person
associatedWith Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, 1764-1854 person
associatedWith Perry, William person
associatedWith Peters, Richard, 1704-1776 person
associatedWith Peters, Richard, 1743-1828 person
associatedWith Pettyplace & Watson person
associatedWith Phelp, William person
associatedWith Philadelphia corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia, Assembly corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. Association of the proprietors of the new theatre person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Auditor-general person
associatedWith Philadelphia Bar Association. corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Charters person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Citizens corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. City Tavern person
associatedWith Philadelphia. City tavern. Proprietors person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Committee of Superintendence for the Relief of the Poor person
associatedWith Philadelphia contributionship for the insurance of houses from loss by fire corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. Court person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Court of common pleas corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia. Inspectors of the prison person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Laws person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Orphans court corporateBody
associatedWith Philadelphia (Pa.). City Council person
associatedWith Philadelphia (Pa.). Councils. Common Council person
associatedWith Philadelphia. Select and Common Councils person
associatedWith Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture person
associatedWith Phillips, Henry, 1838-1895 person
associatedWith Phillips, John person
associatedWith Phillips, John, 1800-1874 person
associatedWith Pickering, Charles, 1805-1878 person
associatedWith Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829 person
associatedWith Pickersgill, Henry William, 1782-1875 person
associatedWith Pierce, Edward Lillie, 1829-1897 person
associatedWith Pierce, John person
associatedWith Piggott, Edward, fl. 1758-1807. person
associatedWith Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 1779-1813 person
associatedWith Pinkney, William, 1764-1822 person
associatedWith Pitman, Benn, 1822-1910 person
associatedWith Planck, Max, 1858-1947 person
associatedWith Playfair, John, 1748-1819 person
associatedWith Playfair, Lyon Playfair, Baron, 1818-1898 person
associatedWith Pleadwell, F. L. (Frank Lester), 1872-1957 person
associatedWith Plenge, Johann, 1874-1963 person
associatedWith Plumptre, Charles, 1818-1887 person
associatedWith P., N. person
associatedWith Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 1779-1851 person
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associatedWith Popp, Olaf person
associatedWith Pose, H. person
associatedWith Posey, John F. person
associatedWith Potts, Stephen, 1704/5- person
associatedWith Pott, William person
associatedWith Poulson, Zachariah, 1761-1844 person
associatedWith Poundstone, Richard person
associatedWith Powell, J. V. person
associatedWith Pownall, Thomas, 1722-1805 person
associatedWith Prestwich Joseph, 1812-1896 person
associatedWith Prezzi correnti di mercanzie.. . person
associatedWith Price, Eli K. (Eli Kirk), 1797-1884 person
associatedWith Price, Richard, 1723-1791 person
associatedWith Prichard, James Cowles, 1786-1848 person
associatedWith Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804 person
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associatedWith Princeton university. Dept. of Biology person
associatedWith Prony, R. (Riche), 1755-1839. person
associatedWith Provident Trust Company of Philadelphia person
associatedWith Pryor, Norton person
associatedWith Pultney, Richard, 1730-1801 person
associatedWith Putnam, Rufus, 1738-1824 person
associatedWith Rafn, Carl Christian, 1795-1864 person
associatedWith Rainwater, Leo James person
associatedWith Ralston, A. and G., and Co. person
associatedWith Ramsay, David, 1749-1815 person
associatedWith Ramsden, Josslyn person
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associatedWith Rankine, William John Macquorn, 1820-1872 person
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associatedWith Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de, 1683-1757 person
associatedWith Redfield, John Howard, 1815-1895 person
associatedWith Rediger, William person
associatedWith Redman, Thomas. Estate of. person
associatedWith Reed, Joseph, 1772-1846 person
associatedWith Reeve, Henry, 1813-1895 person
associatedWith Reichel, Charles Gotthold, 1751-1825 person
associatedWith Reimarus, Johann Albert Heinrich, 1729-1814 person
associatedWith Reimarus, S (?) person
associatedWith Renaudet, Dr. person
associatedWith Rennell, James, 1742-1830 person
associatedWith Renny, David person
associatedWith Repplier, Agnes, 1855-1950 person
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associatedWith Rhodes, James Ford, 1848-1927 person
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associatedWith Richards, Horace Clark, 1868-1945 person
associatedWith Richards, John person
associatedWith Richardson, John, Sir, 1787-1865 person
associatedWith Richer, Jean person
associatedWith Rickman, Thomas, 1776-1841 person
associatedWith Riddle, Oscar, b. 1877 person
associatedWith Rittenhouse, David, 1732-1796 person
associatedWith Roberts, Charles person
associatedWith Robertson, J. C. person
associatedWith Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of, 1730-1782 person
associatedWith Roddy, John D. person
associatedWith Rogers, Henry D. (Henry Darwin), 1808-1866 person
associatedWith Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882 person
associatedWith Romans, Bernard, ca. 1720-ca. 1784 person
associatedWith Roney, Grady person
associatedWith Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 1845-1923 person
associatedWith Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919 person
associatedWith Rosenbach Company person
associatedWith Rose, Robert H. (Robert Hutchinson), 1776-1842 person
associatedWith Rosé, Wolfgang, Mrs., person
associatedWith Ross, John person
associatedWith Royal Astronomical Society person
associatedWith Royal College of Chemistry (Great Britain) . corporateBody
associatedWith Royal Dublin Society person
associatedWith Royal Irish Academy . corporateBody
associatedWith Royal Society (Great Britain) person
associatedWith Ruault, Nicolas, 1742? -1828 person
associatedWith Rubincam, Milton, 1909- person
associatedWith Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 1753-1814 person
associatedWith Rümker, Carl, 1788-1862 person
associatedWith Rumseian Society person
associatedWith Rumsey, James, 1743? -1792 person
associatedWith Rusby, Henry Hurd, 1855-1940 person
associatedWith Rush, A. R. person
associatedWith Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813 person
associatedWith Rush, Richard, 1780-1859 person
associatedWith Rush, William, 1801-1864 person
associatedWith Russell, Patrick, 1727-1805 person
associatedWith Russia (U. S. S. R.) Laws, statutes, etc. person
associatedWith Rutherford, Ernest, 1871-1937 person
associatedWith Sabine, Edward, Sir, 1788-1883 person
associatedWith Sadiga, Sally person
associatedWith Safford, A. R K. person
associatedWith Salter, Leon J. person
associatedWith Salvin, Francis Henry person
associatedWith Sanderson, William H. person
associatedWith Sands, Edward person
associatedWith Sansom, Joseph, 1765 or 6-1826 person
associatedWith Sapir, Edward, 1884-1939 person
associatedWith Sarton, George, 1884-1956 person
associatedWith Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 1740-1799 person
associatedWith Savery, William, 1721 or 2-1787 person
associatedWith Say, Benjamin, 1755-1813 person
associatedWith Say, Lucy Way Sistare, 1801-1886 person
associatedWith Say, Thomas, 1787-1834 person
associatedWith Schaeffer, F. C. (Frederick Christian), 1792-1831 person
associatedWith Schell, Jack Stewart person
associatedWith Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 1793-1864 person
associatedWith Schouw, William Frederick, 1807-1873 person
associatedWith Schrödinger, Erwin, 1887-1961 person
associatedWith Schultz, Carl Heinrich, 1798-1871 person
associatedWith Schumacher, Heinrich Christian, 1780-1850. person
associatedWith Schweinitz, Lewis David von, 1780-1834 person
associatedWith Scott, William person
associatedWith Scull, John person
associatedWith Scull, Nicholas, 1686? -1761? person
associatedWith Scull, William, fl. 1765 person
associatedWith Seaton, William person
associatedWith Sebright, John Saunders, Sir, 1767-1846. person
associatedWith Sedgwick, Adam, 1785-1873 person
associatedWith Seeger, Raymond John, 1906- person
associatedWith Seeley, Harry Govier, 1839-1909 person
associatedWith See, T. J. J. (Thomas Jefferson Jackson), b. 1866 person
associatedWith Senebier, Jean, 1742-1809 person
associatedWith Sergeant, John, 1747-1824 person
associatedWith Serres, Marcel de, 1783-1862. person
associatedWith Seybert, Adam, 1773-1825 person
associatedWith Seybert, Henry, 1801-1883 person
associatedWith Shane, Charles Donald, 1895- person
associatedWith Sharpe, Horatio, 1718-1790 person
associatedWith Sharpey, William, 1802-1880 person
associatedWith Shepard, C. U. (Charles Upham), 1804-1886 person
associatedWith Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh), 1820-1891 person
associatedWith Shippen, Edward, 1729-1806 person
associatedWith Shippen, Edward, ca. 1703-1781 person
associatedWith Shippen, Joseph, 1732-1810 person
associatedWith Shippen, William, 1712-1801 person
associatedWith Shippen, William, 1736? -1808 person
associatedWith Ship St. Anne person
associatedWith Shoemaker, John V. person
associatedWith Short, William, 1759-1849 person
associatedWith Shryock, Richard Harrison, 1893-1972 person
associatedWith Shull, George Harrison, 1874-1954 person
associatedWith Silliman, Benjamin, 1816-1885 person
associatedWith Simon, Francis Eugene, Sir, 1893-1956 person
associatedWith Sinnott, Edmund W. (Edmund Ware), 1888-1958 person
associatedWith Smith, Charles Roach, 1807-1890 person
associatedWith Smith, Edgar Fahs, 1854-1928 person
associatedWith Smith, James Edward, Sir, 1759-1828 person
associatedWith Smith, Lambert person
associatedWith Smith, Lloyd P. (Lloyd Pearsall), 1822-1886 person
associatedWith Smith, Robert, (carpenter) person
associatedWith Smith, Robert Hobart, 1792-1858 person
associatedWith Smith, Thomas person
associatedWith Smith, Thomas P. (Thomas Peters), 1777 or 8-1802 person
associatedWith Smith, William, 1727-1803 person
associatedWith Smyth, Albert Henry, 1863-1907 person
associatedWith Snellen, H. (Herman), 1834-1908 person
associatedWith Snyderman, George Simon, 1908- person
associatedWith Société Montyon et Franklin person
associatedWith Society for the Study of Speciation. corporateBody
associatedWith Society of Friends. Philadelphia meeting corporateBody
associatedWith Soderstrom, Richard person
associatedWith Soemmerring, Detmar Wilhelm, 1793-1871 person
associatedWith Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872 person
associatedWith Sommerfeld, Arnold, 1868-1951 person
associatedWith Sommerville, Mary person
associatedWith South African Literary and Scientific Institution. Meteorological Committee. corporateBody
associatedWith South Carolina. Democratic Society of Pinckney District. person
associatedWith Southern Insurance & Trust Company of Philadelphia person
associatedWith South, James, Sir person
associatedWith Sowerby, G. B. (George Brettingham), 1812-1884 person
associatedWith Sowerby, James de Carle, 1787-1871 person
associatedWith Spalding, James Alfred, 1846-1938 person
associatedWith Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866 person
associatedWith Spawn, Willman person
associatedWith Speck, Frank Gouldsmith, 1881-1950 person
associatedWith Spence, E. person
associatedWith Spencer, Herbert, 1820-1903 person
associatedWith Spence, William person
associatedWith Spence, William, 1783-1860 person
associatedWith Spragg, Isaac person
associatedWith Stanford University. Libraries person
associatedWith Stark, Johannes, 1874-1957 person
associatedWith State Historical Society of Wisconsin person
associatedWith Steel, W. N. person
associatedWith Stephens, Archibald John, 1808-1880 person
associatedWith Stephenson, Robert, 1803-1859 person
associatedWith Stern, Curt, 1902-1981 person
associatedWith Stevens, Henry person
associatedWith Stevens, Henry, 1819-1886 person
associatedWith Stevenson, A. person
associatedWith Stevenson, Sara Yorke person
associatedWith Stevens, William Bacon, 1815-1887 person
associatedWith Stewart, Alexander, Jr. person
associatedWith Stewart, Charles, 1778-1869 person
associatedWith Stewart, Helen Darcy person
associatedWith Stewart, John person
associatedWith Stiles, Ezra person
associatedWith St. John de Crèvecoeur, J. Hector, 1735-1813 person
associatedWith Stone, George person
associatedWith Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1811-1896 person
associatedWith Strahan, William, 1715-1785 person
associatedWith Strickland, Arthur person
associatedWith Stukeley, William, 1687-1765 person
associatedWith Stumpf, Vernon O. person
associatedWith Sullivan, John L. (John Langdon), 1777-1865 person
associatedWith Sullivan, Thomas J. person
associatedWith Sullivan, William, 1774-1839 person
associatedWith Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872 person
associatedWith Susan (ship.) person
associatedWith Sutcliffe, Alice Crary person
associatedWith Swainson, William, 1789-1855 person
associatedWith Swedenborg, Emanuel, 1688-1772 person
associatedWith Sylvester, James Joseph, 1814-1897 person
associatedWith Symmes, John Cleves, 1780-1829 person
associatedWith Tait, Archibald Campbell, 1811-1882 person
associatedWith Taliaferro, William H. (William Hay), 1895-1973 person
associatedWith Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, prince de Bénévent, 1754-1838 person
associatedWith Tatlock, John person
associatedWith Taylor, Archer, 1890-1973 person
associatedWith Taylor, Richard C. (Richard Cowling), 1789-1851 person
associatedWith Taylor, Thomas person
associatedWith Teitelman, Edward person
associatedWith Tennessee Historical Society person
associatedWith Terry, Dom., & Co. person
associatedWith Tesla, Nikola, 1856-1943 person
associatedWith Thomas, Daniel person
associatedWith Thomas, William Stephen person
associatedWith Thompkins, Hamilton person
associatedWith Thompson, Benjamin, family
associatedWith Thompson, Zadock, 1796-1856 person
associatedWith Thomson, Charles person
associatedWith Thomson, Charles, 1729-1824 person
associatedWith Thornton, Robert John, 1768? -1837 person
associatedWith Thornton, William, 1759-1828 person
associatedWith Thouin, André, 1747-1824. person
correspondedWith Thouin, Jacques person
associatedWith Tilesius von T., W. G. (Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau), 1769-1857 person
associatedWith Tilghman, James, 1716-1793 person
associatedWith Tilghman, William, 1756-1827 person
associatedWith Tompkins, C. person
associatedWith Tonnellier person
associatedWith Torrey, John, 1796-1873 person
associatedWith Tredgold, Thomas, 1788-1829 person
associatedWith Trego, Charles B., 1794-1874 person
associatedWith Trent, William, 1715-1787? person
associatedWith Tressan, comte de (Louis Elisabeth), 1705-1782 person
associatedWith Troost, Gerard, 1776-1850 person
associatedWith Troughton, Edward person
associatedWith Troup, Robert, 1757-1832 person
associatedWith Trudeau, Jean-Baptiste, 1748-1827 person
associatedWith Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972 person
associatedWith Tucker, Thomas Tudor, 1745-1828 person
associatedWith Tupper, Martin Farquhar, 1810-1889 person
associatedWith Tylor, Edward B. (Edward Burnett), 1832-1917 person
associatedWith Tyndall, John, 1820-1893 person
associatedWith Tyson, Job R. (Job Roberts), 1803-1858 person
associatedWith Unidentified person
associatedWith United States. Congress person
associatedWith United States. Continental Congress person
associatedWith United States. Continental Congress. Marine Committee person
associatedWith United States. Continental Loan Office person
associatedWith United States. Declaration of independence person
associatedWith United States. Dept. of State person
associatedWith United States. Dept. of the Treasury person
associatedWith United States Gazette person
associatedWith United States. Oath of allegiance person
associatedWith United States. Patent and Trademark Office person
associatedWith United States. President (1921-1923 : Harding) person
associatedWith United States. Treasurer of Loans person
associatedWith Université de France. Conseil royal de l'instruction publique. corporateBody
associatedWith University of Pennsylvania person
associatedWith University of Pennsylvania. Philomathean Society person
associatedWith Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981 person
associatedWith U. S. Collector of revenue person
associatedWith U. S. Treasury Dept. person
associatedWith Vallancey, Charles, 1721-1812 person
associatedWith Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862 person
associatedWith Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950 person
associatedWith Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 1765-1839. person
associatedWith Vanuxem, Lardner, 1792-1848 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Benjamin, 1751-1835 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Charles Richard, 1774-1849 person
associatedWith Vaughan club person
associatedWith Vaughan, John person
associatedWith Vaughan, John, 1756-1841 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Samuel, 1720-1802 person
associatedWith Vaughan, Samuel, Jr., 1762-1827 person
associatedWith Vaurin person
associatedWith Vaux, Roberts, 1786-1836 person
associatedWith Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 1819-190 person
associatedWith Vigny, Alfred de, 1797-1863 person
associatedWith Vigors, Nicholas Alyward, 1785-1840 person
associatedWith Virginia corporateBody
associatedWith Vogler, Jesse person
associatedWith Volney, C. -F. (Constantin-François), 1757-1820 person
associatedWith Vries, Hugo de, 1848-1935 person
associatedWith Waldin, Horace G. person
associatedWith Walker, Samuel D. person
associatedWith Walker, Sears Cook person
associatedWith Walker, Willard person
associatedWith Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1822-1913 person
associatedWith Wallace, Paul A. W. person
associatedWith Wallich, Nathaniel person
associatedWith Warden, David Bailie, 1772-1845 person
associatedWith Ward, John person
associatedWith Ward, Joseph, 1737-1812 person
associatedWith Ward, Townsend, 1817? -1885 person
associatedWith Washington, George, 1732-1799 person
associatedWith Washington, Horace Lea person
associatedWith Waterhouse, Benjamin, 1754-1846 person
associatedWith Waterton, Charles, 1782-1865 person
associatedWith Watson, Elkanah, 1758-1842 person
associatedWith Watson, John F. (John Fanning), 1779-1860 person
associatedWith Watson, Winslow C. (Winslow Cossoul), 1803-1884 person
associatedWith Watt, James, 1736-1819 person
associatedWith Watt, James, 1769-1848 person
associatedWith Watts, George B. person
associatedWith Waugh, William, L. person
associatedWith Wayne, Anthony person
associatedWith Wayne, Anthony, 1745-1796 person
associatedWith Weaver, Thomas, 1773-1855 person
associatedWith Weaver, Warren, 1894-1978 person
associatedWith Webb, J. Watson (James Watson), 1802-1884 person
associatedWith Webb, Samuel, 1794-1869 person
associatedWith Webster, Noah, 1758-1834 person
associatedWith Webster, Noah, 1758-1843 person
associatedWith Webster, Thomas, 1773-1844 person
associatedWith Weingast, Marvin person
associatedWith Weiser, Conrad, 1696-1760 person
associatedWith Wells, William Charles, 1757-1817 person
associatedWith Westwood, J. O. (John Obadiah), 1805-1893 person
associatedWith Wharton, Samuel, 1732-1800 person
associatedWith Wheatstone, Charles, Sir, 1802-1875 person
associatedWith Wheeler, John Archibald, 1911-2008 person
associatedWith Whewell, William, 1794-1866 person
associatedWith Whipple, Robert person
associatedWith Whistler, George W. (George Washington), 1800-1849 person
associatedWith Whitaker, Arthur Preston, 1895-1979 person
associatedWith White, Adam, 1817-1879 person
associatedWith White, Andrew Dickson, 1832-1918 person
associatedWith White, Cyril person
associatedWith Whitefield, George, 1714-1770 person
associatedWith White, Irene person
associatedWith Whitemarsh, Thomas. Estate corporateBody
associatedWith White, William, 1748-1836 person
associatedWith Whitney, James S. person
associatedWith Whitney, J. D. (Josiah Dwight), 1819-1896 person
associatedWith Whitney, W. N. person
associatedWith Wickenden, William E. (William Elgin), 1882-1947 person
associatedWith Wiegman, Arend Friedrich August, 1802-1841. person
associatedWith Wien, W. (Wilhelm), 1864-1928 person
associatedWith Wightman, W. P. D. (William Persehouse Delisle) person
associatedWith Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995 person
associatedWith Wilcocks, John person
associatedWith Wilkes, Charles, 1798-1877 person
associatedWith Will, Homer person
associatedWith William, J. E. person
associatedWith Williams, Jonathan, 1750-1815 person
associatedWith Williamson, Robert person
associatedWith Williams, Samuel, 1743-1817 person
associatedWith Willing, Charles, 1710-1754 person
associatedWith Willis, Nathaniel P. person
associatedWith Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875 person
associatedWith Wilson, John Ward person
associatedWith Wilstach, Charles A. person
associatedWith Winchell, Alexander, 1824-1891 person
associatedWith Windt, John, 1799 or 1800-1865 person
associatedWith Wingate, Joshua, 1773-1846 person
associatedWith Winthrop, James person
associatedWith Winthrop, John, 1714-1779 person
associatedWith Wistar, Caspar, 1761-1818. person
associatedWith Wistar, Isaac J. (Isaac Jones), 1827-1905 person
associatedWith Withering, William, 1741-1799 person
associatedWith Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794 person
associatedWith Witthoft, John person
associatedWith W., J. person
associatedWith W., J. F. person
associatedWith Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, 1822-1878 person
associatedWith Wollaston, William Hyde, 1766-1828 person
associatedWith Wood, J. G. (John George), 1827-1889 person
associatedWith Woodrow, Susannah S. person
associatedWith Woodward, Mary F., 1923- person
associatedWith Wright, John Kirtland, 1891-1969 person
associatedWith Wright, Patience Lovell person
associatedWith Wrin(?) person
associatedWith Yarrell, William, 1784-1856 person
associatedWith Yell, Archibald, 1797 or 9-1847 person
associatedWith Yoelson, Martin I person
associatedWith Young, Henry J. person
associatedWith Young, H. R. person
associatedWith Younghusband, Edward Francis, Sir, 1863-1942 person
associatedWith Zach, Franz Xaver, Freiherr von, 1754-1832 person
associatedWith Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808 person
associatedWith Ziegler, Carl A. person
associatedWith Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von, 1700-1760 person
associatedWith Zschokke, Emil, 1808-1889 person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Montbéliard 27 FR
Paris A8 FR
Republic of France 00 FR
Subject
United States
Arctic Indians
Axolotls
Beyond Early America
Callitriche
Carnivora, Fossil
Cayuga Indians
Colonial Politics
Early National Politics
Eastern Woodlands Indians
Fishes
Fossils
Fossils
History of science and technology
Inuit
Iroquois Indians
Isleta Indians
Law students
Mohawk Indians
Natural history
Naturalists
Ojibwa Indians
Oneida Indians
Onondaga Indians
Penobscot Indians
Physics
Salamanders
Seneca Indians
Sirenidae
Southwest Indians
Student movements
Tuscarora Indians
Zoology
Occupation
Government executives
Naturalist
Activity

Person

Birth 1769-08-23

Death 1832-05-13

French

French

Information

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Ark ID: w6dg7hm9

SNAC ID: 87552256