Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887

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At only 27, the ornithologist Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-1887) was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, a precocious appointment that suited a precocious scientist. Born into a well to do family in Reading, Pa., and raised in Carlisle, Baird acquired an interest in natural history even prior to enrolling at Dickinson College at age 13. Although he was not an outstanding student, he was unusually committed to his course in life, keeping meticulous notes of naturalizing expeditions, collecting specimens of birds and animals, and teaching himself preservation techniques by the age of 16.

Baird's primary interest rapidly settled on ornithology, and by 17 he had initiated a correspondence with the best known ornithologist in America, John James Audubon. After graduating from Dickinson, Baird entered medical school at his family's insistence, a practical decision to ensure his future employment, but he soon dropped out and settled into a quiet life of private study at home, focusing, of course, on natural history, roaming widely over the countryside, often with his brother William, and amassing a huge collection of bird specimens. Having sent Audubon a new species of yellow-bellied flycatcher, Audubon, in return, sent the majority of his personal collection of birds to Baird and also named a species of bunting after him. Baird used this period, too, to further his contacts in the field, arranging meetings with Louis Agassiz, Asa Gray, John Cassin, and Thomas M. Brewer, and working for James Dwight Dana in identifying the crustacean collected on the Charles Wilkes expedition. His persistence paid off in the fall of 1846 (the year he married) when he earned an appointment as Professor of Natural History and Curator of the Museum at his alma mater, while still barely older than the students he was teaching.

In 1850, Baird was recruited to become Assistant Secretary at the new Smithsonian Institution, brought in by Dana (who had become one of its Regents) and seconded by his old correspondents, Audubon, Agassiz, and George Perkins Marsh. It took two boxcars to transport his collections of birds and mammals, pickled reptiles and fish to Washington, but the collections he brought were only one of the several benefits he brought to the institution. Baird's family connections served the institution materially. A Biddle on his mother's side, Baird had married the daughter of the Inspector General of the Army, which gave his a perfect entree to the military, enabling him to solicit specimens from officers stationed in the west, but more importantly to attach naturalists to Army exploring expeditions. Through his connections with the military, Baird added over 6,000 specimens to the Smithsonian collections. During his time at the Smithsonian, the collections increased from approximately 6,000 specimens to over 2.5 million. Baird was promoted from Assistant Secretary to Secretary in May 1878, continuing in that capacity until his death on August 17, 1887. He also served without salary as head of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries from its founding in 1871 until his death, and helped establish the Marine Biological Station at Woods Hole, Mass.

A remarkably prolific scientist, even by the standards of the day, Baird's list of publications extends to almost 1,100 titles on a wide range of subjects. Although most of these are relatively brief notices, he completed three monumental works, The Mammals of North America (Philadelphia, 1859), Birds of North America (Philadelphia, 1860), written with John Cassin; and The History of North American Birds (Boston, 1874-1884), 5 vols., with Brewer and Robert Ridgway.

From the guide to the Spencer Fullerton Baird Collection, 1869-1874, 1869-1874, (American Philosophical Society)
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creatorOf Ridgway, Harriet J.,. Ridgway family papers, 1864-1932 bulk 1864-1871. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
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referencedIn John Edward Gray papers, 1783-1884, 1783-1884 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Spencer F. Baird. Milwaukee Public Library, Milwaukee County Federated Library System
referencedIn Emory, William H. (William Hemsley), 1811-1887. William Hemsley Emory papers, 1823-1886. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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referencedIn Lacombe, Albert, 1827-1916. Letters, 1872-1886. Newberry Library
creatorOf Spencer Fullerton Baird Collection, 1858-1882 Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
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creatorOf Correspondence, 1824-1855, from American scientists, 1824-1855 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Library. Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. 1668-1983. American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Catalogue North American mammals with drawings and proof of plates / [S.F.] Baird. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn George N. Lawrence collection of ornithological correspondence, 1865-1894. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
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creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Spencer Fullerton Baird correspondence, 1846-1874. Library of Congress
creatorOf Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919. Theodore Roosevelt letter to Elliott L. Coues, 1882 Apr. 21. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Wheatley, Charles Moore, 1822-1882. Papers, 1840-1882. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Suckley, George, 1830-1869. Papers of George Suckley, 1846-1886. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
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referencedIn Toner, Joseph M. (Joseph Meredith), 1825-1896. Papers of Joseph M. Toner, 1741-1896. Library of Congress
referencedIn Winfrid Alden Stearns Papers, 1871-1906 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Receipt for James Edmund Harting : Washington, D.C. : ALS, 1884 Feb. 27. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Collection of autograph letters, ca. 1829-1915. Houghton Library
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creatorOf Records of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1868 - 2008. Letters Received National Archives at College Park
referencedIn E.G. Squier papers, 1809-1888 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Powell, John Wesley, 1834-1902. Correspondence, 1869-1879, of the Powell Survey. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Patterson-Winslow Family Papers, 1813-1963, (bulk 1830-1908) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke Papers, 1873-1921. Smithsonian Institution Archives
creatorOf Spencer Fullerton Baird letters, 1852, 1881 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Samuel George Morton papers, 1838-1844, 1838-1844 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Kane, Elisha Kent, 1820-1857. Papers, 1830s-1860s. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn William Hemsley Emory papers, 1823-1886 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Elisha Kent Kane Papers, Bulk, 1843-1857, 1810-1953 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Griswold, Rufus W. (Rufus Wilmot), 1815-1857. Papers of Rufus W. Griswold, 1838-1853. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Pratt, Richard Henry. Richard Henry Pratt papers. 1862-1972. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Blatchford family papers - additions, 1841-1947, bulk 1870-1914. Newberry Library
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referencedIn Pratt, Richard Henry. Richard Henry Pratt papers. 1862-1972. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
creatorOf Allen, J. A. (Joel Asaph), 1838-1921. J. A. Allen papers, 1882-1884. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Boas-Rukeyser Collection, 1869-1940 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Harvard University Archives Photograph Collection: Portraits, ca. 1852-ca. 2004 Harvard University Archives.
referencedIn Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution correspondence [microform], 18uu. Kansas State Historical Society
referencedIn Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Correspondence and other papers, 1821-1877 Houghton Library
referencedIn Wright, Albert A. (Albert Allen), 1846-1905. Papers, 1858-1905. Oberlin College Library
referencedIn English Scientific Autograph Collection, [ca. 19th century], Circa 19th century American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Augustus A. (Augustus Addison) Gould papers, 1831-1866, 1831-1866 (inclusive), 1838-1852 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Bonaparte, Charles Lucian, 1803-1857. Correspondence, 1824-1855, from American scientists. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882. Letters to Spencer F. Baird, regarding professional articles and meetings [manuscript] 1850-1853. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Audubon, John James, 1785-1851. Letters received, 1831-1853. Buffalo History Museum, Research Library
referencedIn Smithsonian Institution. Records of the Smithsonian Institution, 1831-1906. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Montgomery C. Meigs Papers, 1799-1892, (bulk 1849-1892) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Kollock, Cornelius, 1824-1897. Cornelius Kollock papers, 1845-1926; (bulk, 1853-1897). University of South Carolina, System Library Service, University Libraries
creatorOf Hudson, W. H. (William Henry), 1841-1922. W. H. Hudson papers, 1865-1921, 1933-43. University of Michigan
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Letter to Charles Mayer Wetherill, Dec. 12, 1867. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn LeConte, John L. (John Lawrence), 1825-1883. Papers, 1812-1897 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Lesley, J. Peter, 1819-1903. Papers, 1826-1898 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Jacob Stauffer Papers, 1844-1879, 1844-1879 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry records, 1842-1994. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Morris Tyler family collection of John James Audubon, 1697-1982, 1820-1855 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Bowers, Stephen, 1832-1907. Correspondence, 1860-1915. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Stauffer, Jacob, 1808-1880. Correspondence, 1844-1879. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Mason, J. M. (James Murray), 1798-1871. Papers relating to James D. Graham's biological collections, 1853 January. Library of Virginia
referencedIn John Fries Frazer papers, 1834-1871, 1834-1871 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Scientists Collection, 1563-1973 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Spencer Fullerton Baird letters, 1852, 1881. New York Public Library System, NYPL
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Reptiles of the boundary : proof copy, 1859 / by Spencer F. Baird ... with notes by the naturalists of the Survey. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1888. Letters, 1859-1860, Washington, D.C., to Samuel C. Eastman. Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn Lawrence, George Newbold, 1806-1895. Papers, ca. 1860s-1870s. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Silliman, Benjamin, 1779-1864. Benjamin Silliman letters, 1824-1850. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874. Correspondence, 1829-1874 Houghton Library
referencedIn Rufus Wilmot Griswold Collection, 1841-1846 University of Virginia. Library. Special Collections Dept.
creatorOf Ward, Lester Frank, 1841-1913. Correspondence, 1865-1913, "Abbe" to "Bigler". Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn English Scientific Autograph Collection, [ca. 19th century]. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn John James Audubon papers, 1813-1880 (inclusive), 1828-1855 (bulk). Houghton Library
creatorOf Stephen Bowers correspondence, 1860-1915, 1860-1915 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Whitney, William Dwight, 1827-1894. William Dwight Whitney family papers, 1778-1951 (inclusive), 1814-1912 (bulk). Yale University Library
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. A history of North American birds proof copy, 1874 / by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Spencer Fullerton Baird correspondence, 1846-1874. Library of Congress
referencedIn George Jarvis Brush family papers, 1834-1960, 1834-1939 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Morton, Samuel George, 1799-1851. Papers, 1838-1844. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Letters, 1869-1874. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Archives. Record Group IIf, 1866-1886 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Slifer, Eli, 1818-1888. Papers, 1850-1891. Dickinson College Library, Waidner-Spahr Library
referencedIn William Darlington letters, 1836-1857, 1836-1857 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Kennicott, Robert, 1835-1866. Papers, 1853-1882. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Brush, George Jarvis, 1831-1912. George Jarvis Brush family papers, 1834-1960 (inclusive), 1834-1939 (bulk). Yale University Library
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Collection, 1839-1916, bulk dates 1839-1886. Dickinson College Library, Waidner-Spahr Library
creatorOf Hudson, W. H. (William Henry), 1841-1922. Papers, 1865-1921, 1933-43. University of Michigan
referencedIn Autograph File, B, ca.1500-1982 Houghton Library
referencedIn Alexander G. Ruthven Papers, 1901-1961, 1906-1951 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Administrative correspondence of the Gray Herbarium and Harvard University Herbaria, 1890-2019, bulk 1890-1955 Harvard University, Gray Herbarium
creatorOf Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887. Letter, 1883. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
creatorOf Lawrence, George N. (George Newbold), 1806-1895. Correspondence, 1847-1894 (bulk 1865-1894). American Museum of Natural History
referencedIn James Elliot Cabot letters from various correspondents, 1843-1902. Houghton Library
referencedIn Dow, John Melmoth, 1827-1892. John Melmoth Dow papers, 1798-1918. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Harwood family. Harwood family papers, 1722-1962. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Aaron Young papers, [ca. 1839-1894], Circa 1839-1894 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Rust, Horatio Nelson, 1828-1906. Papers of Horatio Nelson Rust, 1799-1906 (bulk 1870-1906). Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Evarts family papers, 1753-1960 (bulk 1798-1901) Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Dix, Dorothea Lynde, 1802-1887. Papers, 1798-1893 (bulk 1827-1887) Houghton Library
referencedIn Ridgway Family. Papers, 1850-1942. University of New Mexico, Los Alamos, UNM-Los Alamos Library
referencedIn J. T. (John Townsend) Trowbridge papers, 1855-1939. Houghton Library
creatorOf Marsh, George P. (George Perkins), 1801-1882. Papers, 1812-1929. University of Vermont, Bailey/Howe Library
referencedIn Ridgway family. Papers. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
creatorOf Haldeman, Samuel Stehman, 1812-1880. The Geo. M. Greene Collection : the following letters addressed to Prof. S.S. Haldeman, sketches, illustrations of his scientific articles, pieces of manuscript, and the original plates of Thomas Say's "North American entomology" were presented by me (Prof. Haldeman's grandson) to Geo. M. Greene in May 1920. [signed] Guy K. Haldeman. Brown University, Brown University Library
referencedIn William Dwight Whitney family papers, 1778-1951, 1814-1912 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Marsh, Othniel Charles, 1831-1899. Papers, 1817-1899 Yale University Library
creatorOf Torrey, John, 1796-1873. Papers, 1818-1859. Duke University, Medical Center Library & Archives
referencedIn Rathbun, Richard 1852-1918. Richard Rathbun papers, 1852-1918. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Boas-Rukeyser Collection, 1869-1940. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn John Melmoth Dow papers, 1798-1918. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
referencedIn Dana, James Dwight, 1813-1895. Selected letters of James Dwight Dana, 1836-1894 (inclusive), [microform]. Yale University Library
referencedIn John James Audubon letters and drawings, 1805-1892 (inclusive), 1805-1847 (bulk). Houghton Library
creatorOf Spencer Fullerton Baird Collection, 1869-1874, 1869-1874 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Alexander Winchell Papers, 1833-1891 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Young, Aaron, 1819-1898. Papers, [ca. 1839-1894]. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Thoreau, Henry David, 1817-1862. Autograph letter signed : Concord, to Spencer Baird, 1853 Dec. 19. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of International Exchanges. Correspondence with Henry Charles Lea, 1870-1896. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
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correspondedWith Bien, Julius person
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