Yaddo (Artist's colony)

Hide Profile

Yaddo is an artists' retreat located on a 400-acre estate in Saratoga Springs, New York. Yaddo first began welcoming creative guests in 1926, but its roots extend back to the final decades of the 19th century. After the loss of their fourth child, Spencer and Katrina Trask decided to bequeath their baronial mansion and its surrounding grounds to future generations of creative men and women. Yaddo's guest list has included Newton Arvin, Milton Avery, James Baldwin, Leonard Bernstein, Truman Capote, John Cheever, Aaron Copland, Malcolm Cowley, Philip Guston, Patricia Highsmith, Langston Hughes, Ted Hughes, Alfred Kazin, Ulysses Kay, Jacob Lawrence, Sylvia Plath, Katherine Anne Porter, Mario Puzo, Clyfford Still, and Virgil Thomson.

The Trasks

Spencer Trask was born September 18, 1844 in Brooklyn, New York. Spencer's father, Alanson Trask, had established the family financially by selling supplies (principally shoes) to the Union army during the Civil War. In 1866, Spencer Trask graduated from Princeton University and shortly thereafter joined the Wall Street banking firm of his maternal uncle, Henry Marquand. In 1868, Spencer Trask, along with James Francis and George Stone, co-founded their own brokerage house, Trask and Stone. Two years later Spencer purchased a seat on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1881, Spencer partnered with George Foster Peabody to establish the financial firm Spencer Trask and Company, which was headquartered in New York City and had offices in Albany, Boston, Philadelphia, Providence, and Saratoga Springs.

Spencer's principal financial investments included electrical utilities, railroads, and newspapers. He helped to finance Thomas Edison's promotion of electricity and served as vice president and later president of both the Edison Electric Company, which manufactured materials used in the construction of early lamps, and the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, which distributed electrical power. Later Spencer was an original trustee and member of the executive committee of General Electric. In 1895, Spencer Trask and Company established the Broadway Realty Company which was responsible for the construction and management of what was the tallest office building in lower Manhattan at the time. Spencer's business ventures also extended into railroads. He promoted a project to standardize the gauge of the Rio Grande Western Railway and in 1901 sold his controlling stock for $15,246,666. In the early 1890s, Spencer offered financial assistance to the New York Times and later served as president of that paper from 1897 to 1906.

In addition to his varied business enterprises, Spencer Trask was a committed philanthropist. He was a founder, and later president, of the National Arts Club, a founder of the American Teachers College, and a member of both the Municipal Art Society and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Spencer also founded the St. Christina Home in Saratoga Springs (named after Katrina Trask's mother), which provided crippled children from New York City respite during summer months. Spencer's commitment to Saratoga and strong sense of Victorian propriety is apparent in his exhaustive efforts on behalf of the Saratoga Reservation Commission, which sought to bring Saratoga's renowned springs and baths under state supervision in order to isolate the town's gambling interests and eliminate what Spencer considered to be impure business practices. To this end Spencer also established his own newspaper, the Saratoga Union, which gave public voice to Spencer's vehement condemnation of gambling.

Whereas Yaddo's founding was largely a result of Spencer's financial wisdom and generosity, the creative environment Yaddo provides is deeply rooted in Katrina Trask's artistic interests. Like Spencer, Katrina Nichols came from an established Brooklyn family. It is believed that she was born in 1852. In 1873, Katrina Nichols was introduced to both Spencer Trask and George Foster Peabody. Both Spencer and Peabody expressed their love for Katrina, and, for a short time, the two business partners were romantic rivals. Even after Spencer's marriage to Katrina in November of 1874, both remained emotionally close with Peabody (who would come to play a seminal role in Yaddo's establishment).

While Katrina indulged in the lavish lifestyle Spencer provided, inwardly she confided that she was never fully comfortable with the excess of the Trasks' wealth, and she frequently turned to personal writing to reconcile her sense of moral conflict: "Is it right for one person to own vast property whilst another has not where to lay his head?" In contrast, Spencer remained morally certain about the Trasks' financial circumstances, and despite Katrina's reservations, the Trasks thoroughly engaged the social opportunities their wealth offered. During the oppressive summer months, the Trasks often traveled to Saratoga where they circulated among racing society.

In 1875, Katrina gave birth to Alanson Trask, the first of the Trasks' four children. In what would become a tragically familiar experience for the new parents, in April of 1880 Alanson died suddenly at the Trasks' Brooklyn home. Believing that distance would help to alleviate Katrina's emotional loss, Spencer purchased a large estate in the already familiar surroundings of Saratoga Springs. This estate eventually became Yaddo.

During the 1880s, the Trasks transformed the mansion on the estate into a Queen Anne style residence and also reshaped the surrounding grounds. An extensive garden and dairy farm was added, and water was siphoned from surrounding lakes from which ice was cut in the winter and stored in a specially designed tower (later converted into a composers' studio).

Within Yaddo's secluded grounds the Trasks were free to express their dramatic sensibilities. They acted out a fantastical interest in the medieval and staged elaborate masques and pageants. In her privately printed volume, The Yaddo Chronicles, Katrina recalled her coronation as Queen of Yaddo in an elaborate ceremony.

Amid such elaborate pageantry and creative expression the Trasks' second child, Christina, arrived at a neologism that, according to her young imagination, provided opposition to the word shadow: Yaddo. Spencer and Katrina were convinced that Christina devised the word after hearing discussion that the Trasks' lives had been shadowed by the death of their first child. The word was quickly adopted. The shadows, however, returned.

In 1888, tragic misjudgment resulted in the deaths of the Trasks' second and third child, Christina and her younger brother Spencer Jr., when a doctor permitted both children to visit their mother who was suffering from diphtheria and believed terminal. Both children contracted the disease and died with two days of one another. Katrina recovered. One year later the Trasks final child, Katrina, died three days after birth.

In the spring of 1891, Spencer contracted a near fatal case of pneumonia. While he was lying near death in the Trasks' Brooklyn home, word was received that the mansion in Saratoga, which the Trasks had only recently finished renovating, was completely destroyed by fire. Since he was not able to visit Yaddo, Spencer had the ruins photographed. He wanted to see the damage and begin planning the rebuilding of the mansion.

The corner stone for a new mansion was laid less than four months after the fire, and the second mansion was completed in 1893. Spencer was adamant that the new mansion would provide final escape from successive tragedy. He commissioned Louis Comfort Tiffany to design a mosaic for the fireplace in the great hall depicting a phoenix rising from its ashes which bears the inscription, "Flammis Invicta Per Ignem Yaddo Resurgo Ad Pacem" (unconquered by flame Yaddo is reborn for peace). In the absence of her children, Katrina dedicated herself to creative development and Spencer made certain that the design of the new mansion took into account his wife's developing artistry, building her a tower as her workspace.

During the 1890s, the Trasks entertained, among others, James G. Blaine, Henry Van Dyke, Eastman Johnson, Lord Kelvin (who supervised the completion of the first trans-Atlantic cable), Senator Plum, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Booker T. Washington, and Victor Emmanuel of Italy.

Meanwhile, the Trasks gave consideration to how to bequeath their financial investments and their estate. Katrina in particular was adamant that Yaddo's future purpose would coordinate with the unique spirituality that she had always associated with its surrounding grounds.

In 1900, the Trasks co-authored a joint Testamentary Agreement (in box 197) that outlines their vision for Yaddo as an artistic community: "... we desire to found here a permanent home to which may come from time to time for rest and refreshment authors, painters, sculptures, musicians, and other artists both men and women few in number and chosen for creative gifts and besides and not less for the power and the [will] and the purpose to make these gifts useful to the world." In the winter of 1900, the trustees of Pine Garde -the corporation established as the legal and financial basis for Yaddo- gathered for their first meeting at Peabody's residence in New York City; the trustees included Spencer Trask, George Foster Peabody, Edward Morse Shepard, Henry van Dyke, Allena Pardee, and Katrina Trask.

However, before the Trasks' vision could be made economically and legally secure, shadows returned to Yaddo. On December 31, 1909, amid New Year's Eve celebrations at Yaddo, Spencer was called to New York on behalf of the Saratoga Reservation Commission. Near Croton, an express freight train ran through a red signal and collided with Spencer's New York bound train. Spencer's private car was crushed. Spencer was the only fatality.

Katrina retreated deeper into the isolation Yaddo provided, and she found solace in her creative work and in her life-long friend George Foster Peabody. Spencer's loss, however, was exacerbated when the Trasks' financial investments depreciated the following year, jeopardizing Yaddo's future. Katrina remained committed to her vision, and in an effort to economize, she closed the mansion in 1916. (During the winter the mansion required a ton of anthracite a day to heat.) "Then I decided to leave my home! I closed our beloved Yaddo, took this little old farm-house, reconstructed it, and came here to live, that I might conserve what was left of the endowment." Katrina lived the remaining years of her life in West House (originally the caretaker's house).

In 1921, Katrina's health failed dramatically. On February 5 of that year, Peabody and Katrina were married in West House. While it is certain that Peabody and Katrina shared a genuine love, the timing of their marriage suggests the practical consideration of assuring that following her death, the Trasks' vision for Yaddo would be legally vested in Peabody. Independent of legal considerations, their union marks a compelling closure to the intense relationship shared by Katrina, Peabody, and Spencer. Katrina privately referred to her marriage with Peabody as, "the romantic culmination of a rare triangular friendship." Katrina died at Yaddo on January 7, 1922.

Yaddo

Following Katrina's death, Peabody assumed the responsibility of providing for Yaddo's legal establishment as well as the more daunting challenge of overseeing Yaddo's practical inception. While Peabody's business experience provided a basic sense of how to proceed with legal and financial arrangements, implementing the Trasks' unprecedented vision proved more difficult.

By 1923 Marjorie Peabody Waite was living at Yaddo and working as a research assistant for George Foster Peabody. Waite was 18 years old and from Minnesota. Three years later Peabody legally adopted Waite, a practice not entirely foreign to the 19th century when it was generally used to justify indiscreet relationships. Also in 1923, Marjorie's sister, Elizabeth Ames, arrived at Yaddo. While the precise circumstances of Ames' arrival remain vague, her invitation was apparently related to an appointment to catalogue the contents of the Yaddo mansion. Ames engaged Peabody in discussions of American aesthetics, and her insights convinced Peabody that she was capable of administering the Trasks' estate. In 1924, Peabody appointed Ames to the position of Executive Director.

Between 1924 and 1926 Ames was occupied exclusively with preparing the estate for the arrival of the first group of artists who would benefit from the Trasks' unique legacy. She oversaw the preparation of the mansion and grounds, which included the renovation and conversion of outlying buildings to serve as artists' studios, and developed a process by which guests were recommended and invited to Yaddo.

Under Ames administrative control, Yaddo's integration into the intellectual and creative community was intentionally furtive. In order to maintain Yaddo's tradition of isolation and detached independence, Ames adamantly opposed publicly advertising Yaddo's purpose. Instead, she devised a process by which prospective candidates were invited to apply based on a confidential recommendation from a trusted member of the creative or academic community. Lewis Mumford played an important role during Yaddo's formative years by putting Ames in contact with members of an emerging intellectual community. In April of 1928, he wrote Ames in order to recommend Newton Arvin, a young professor from Smith College. Arvin arrived at Yaddo in June and spent two months developing his biography of Walt Whitman. He brought to Ames' attention Granville Hicks, another young member of the Smith faculty. Also in 1928, Irita van Doren wrote Ames to recommend that Malcolm Cowley be considered for Yaddo. Though he would not visit until 1932, Cowley provided important recommendations including one for a young John Cheever whose letter of application included, "Other than Malcolm's word and a few published stories, I have little to recommend me." (Cheever's letter is contained in his guest file located in box 235.) Finally, in 1928, Alfred Krymborg recommended that Aaron Copland apply for residency. Copland arrived in July of 1930 and took up residence in Stone Tower (the original icehouse). Like Arvin and Cowley, Copland provided Ames with important recommendations. (Copland's correspondence with Ames is contained in his guest file in box 208.)

By 1933 Newton Arvin, Aaron Copland, Carl van Doren, Malcolm Cowley, Granville Hicks, Simon Moselsio, and Lewis Mumford were all closely advising Ames. The intersection of Ames' administration of Yaddo's nebulous admissions process with the developing careers of these young creative thinkers provided for much of Yaddo's early success in fostering creative development. Throughout the 1930s, Ames remained firmly at the center of life at Yaddo, liberally extending offers of admissions and prolonging guests' stays independent of any administrative control. In the words of Malcolm Cowley, for Yaddo's first 25 years, "Elizabeth Ames was Yaddo."

During the 1930s the creative environment at Yaddo was also heavily influenced by the economic uncertainties of the depression. While the opportunity for immersion in sustained quiet free of economic concerns has always been conducive to creative development, during years of extreme want, acceptance at Yaddo often meant escape from deprivation. (Ames' repeated accommodation of Cheever during the hungry days of the early 1930s proved essential to his artistic development.) Economic uncertainties also made an impression on the creative environment. While political dissent was common to academic and creative communities throughout America, Yaddo's tradition of detached isolation encouraged the expression of radical sympathies. For some guests, the political environment was inhibiting. Dinner tables frequently divided according to political conviction and debate was often intense.

Though she was hindered by economic uncertainty and struggling to maintain Yaddo's tradition of political neutrality, Ames was determined to further establish Yaddo's influence. In 1932, Ames, in close collaboration with Copland, organized the first American Festival of Contemporary Music. For an interview with a Saratoga newspaper Ames explained the purpose of the conference: "Yaddo will try not only to present what is best and representative in authentic modern music, it will also try to create a public which will understand the what and why of modern music as well as having knowledge of it in a broader sense." Six of the nineteen pieces preformed at the inaugural festival were written specifically for the event and included, George Antheil's Sonatina for Piano, Marc Blitzstein's Serenade for String Quartet, and Paul Bowles' Six Songs. The festivals would continue, though intermittently, through 1952 and would leave an indelible impression on modern American music. (Administrative records for the music festivals are contained in boxes 362-372.)

By the 1940s, interpersonal and romantic entanglements replaced the political contentions of the decade before and Yaddo assumed a decidedly southern air. Carson McCullers and Katherine Anne Porter both spent protracted periods at Yaddo, and while their residencies provided for sustained work on The Member of the Wedding and Ship of Fools the two often acted with open hostility towards one another. In 1946, a young Truman Capote arrived at Yaddo with a partially completed manuscript of Other Voices, Other Rooms and developed an intimate relationship with Newton Arvin. The relationship would become, arguably, the most influential of their adult lives.

The 1940s also witnessed Yaddo's greatest crisis. On the morning of February 26, 1949, Robert Lowell, in collusion with fellow residents, Flannery O'Connor, Elizabeth Hardwick, and Edward Maisel, presented to Yaddo's board of directors allegations that in Lowell's words involved, "the entire of the institution of Yaddo and perhaps its survival." Lowell maintained that Elizabeth Ames was involved in communist activities, and that under her administrative control Yaddo had accommodated known communist agitators. Lowell's demands were emphatic, "that Mrs. Ames ... be fired; that this action be absolute, final and prompt; that pending a decision she be immediately suspended from all administrative functions."

Lowell's accusations were the result of an FBI inquiry into activities at Yaddo. Yaddo's association with radical politics during the 1930s was well-known to the FBI: the Albany office kept files on several Yaddo guests. During the 1940s, Ames allowed Agnes Smedley, known communist sympathizer and public supporter of the Chinese communists, to remain in residence at Yaddo for almost six years. When the New York Times reported that Douglas Macarthur accused Smedley of being a communist spy, the FBI's interest in Yaddo intensified. Ames' secretary served as an informant, and agents were dispatched to Saratoga. By the time FBI agents appeared at Yaddo and questioned Hardwick and Maisel, it was clear that Ames' protracted accommodation of Smedley had extended the reach of Yaddo's association with radical politics out of the 1930s and into the cultural hysteria that precipitated McCarthyism. The results for Yaddo, and especially Ames, were almost devastating. For two weeks Yaddo's board gave nervous consideration to the implications of Lowell's charges. While Yaddo's board ultimately decided to dismiss Lowell's accusations (and to severely censure Lowell) it was understood that In the context of a culture becoming increasingly uncertain about the threat of international communism, Lowell's accusations could prove explosive. (Records regarding the "Lowell affair" are in box 385.)

Despite the combined effects of the economic depression, global war, internal crisis, the dawn of the nuclear age and the cold war, as the world changed from decidedly modern to post-modern, Yaddo, for all intents and purposes, continued to foster creative development according to the principles the Trasks had intended. While Arvin, Cowley, Hicks, and Kazin continued to influence the guest list, though less emphatically than during Yaddo's first 25 years, it was Ames who seemingly undaunted remained thoroughly entrenched as the center of life at Yaddo until her retirement in 1968.

Prominent guests in the 1950s and 1960s included Newton Arvin, Milton Avery, James Baldwin, Saul Bellow, Leonard Bernstein, Elizabeth Bishop, Gwendolyn Brooks, Hortense Calisher, Malcolm Cowley, Babette Deutsch, Josephine Herbst, Granville Hicks, Ted Hughes, Philip Guston, Ulysses Kay, Jacob Lawrence, Dorothy Parker, Sylvia Plath, Mario Puzo, Theodore Roethke, Philip Roth, David Del Tredici, and William Carlos Williams.

After Ames' retirement, Newman E. Waite served as President of Corporation of Yaddo from 1969 until 1977, when Curtis Harnack assumed his position. However, despite administrative changes, life at Yaddo has remained, in its essence, unchanged. The Yaddo Cheever visited in the late 1970s remained familiar and recalled, in its most important respects, the Yaddo Cheever first visited in 1933. Despite the passing of more than one hundred years since Spencer and Katrina penned their collaborative agreement, Yaddo remains deeply rooted in the sensibilities of its founders. According to the Trasks' interest in fostering a broad range of creative development Yaddo guests list represents emerging artistic interests. During recent years, filmmakers and performance artists have begun to mingle with writers and composers amid Yaddo's secluded grounds.

Yaddo's dramatic origins also continue to shape its creative environment. Portraits of Spencer and Katrina, as well as their children, greet guests on the first floor of the mansion. Editions of works completed in whole or in part at Yaddo make up a sizable library which guests borrow from during their visits. Despite the passage of time, the Trasks' combined interests in community, quietism, and seclusion continue to provide the basis for Yaddo's creative culture

From the guide to the Yaddo records, 1870-1980, (The New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division.)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Harry Levin papers Houghton Library
referencedIn T. C. Wilson Papers, (1928-1947) Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Nell Blaine diaries and correspondence, ca. 1947-2002. Houghton Library
referencedIn Porter, Katherine Anne, 1890-1980. Papers. University of Maryland (College Park, Md.). Libraries
referencedIn Eugenie Gershoy papers Archives of American Art
referencedIn The Nation, records, 1879-1974 (inclusive), 1920-1955 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Lore Segal papers, 1897-2009, 1939-1990 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Richard McCann papers, 1920s–2008, 1978–2005 University of Delaware Library - Special Collections
referencedIn Leo Lerman Papers, 1893-2012, [Bulk Dates: 1937-1994] Columbia University. Rare Book an Manuscript Library
referencedIn Furman (Laura) Papers AR 2001-086, 2001-235, 2002-117, 2002-173., 1961-2001 Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
referencedIn Guide to the Charles Allan Madison Papers, 1918-1935 Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
creatorOf Yaddo records, 1870-1980 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn New Directions Publishing Corp. records, 1932-2005 Houghton Library
referencedIn Grace Hartigan Papers, 1942-2006 Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
referencedIn Doris Grumbach papers, 1938-2002 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Fromm Music Foundation scores and recordings, 1943-2011. Houghton Library
referencedIn Philip Reisman Papers, 1932-1993 Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
referencedIn Cowley, Malcolm, 1898-1989. Malcolm Cowley papers, 1911-1990. Newberry Library
referencedIn Gore Vidal papers, 1850-2020 (inclusive), 1936-2008 (bulk) Houghton Library
referencedIn John Cheever journals, ca. 1934-1982. Houghton Library
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
associatedWith Aakhus, Michael K. person
associatedWith Aaron, Chester person
associatedWith Abbot, Mary Squire person
associatedWith Abelew, Bernard person
associatedWith Abel, Hilde person
associatedWith Abel, Lionel person
associatedWith Abel, Meyer person
associatedWith Abolafia, Louis person
associatedWith Abrahams, Fay person
associatedWith Acken, Edgar person
associatedWith Ackerman, Harry Gregory person
associatedWith Acuno, Julio person
associatedWith Adamic, Louis person
associatedWith Adams, Bert person
associatedWith Adams, Betsy person
associatedWith Adams, James Truslow person
associatedWith Adams, Leone person
associatedWith Adams, Leonie person
associatedWith Adams, Pat person
associatedWith Adams, Valerie person
associatedWith Adkins, Geoffrey person
associatedWith Adler, Jack person
associatedWith Adler, Lawrence person
associatedWith Adler, Richard person
associatedWith Adomian, Lan person
associatedWith Adorjan, Carol person
associatedWith Agar, Eunice person
associatedWith Agee, James person
associatedWith Ageloff, Hilda person
associatedWith Aiken, Conrad person
associatedWith Aiken, David person
associatedWith Aiken, Hugh person
associatedWith Aiken, Janet-Ranken person
associatedWith Aiken, Robert person
associatedWith Akin, David person
associatedWith Alberta, Kinsey person
associatedWith Albert, Mimi person
associatedWith Aldan, Daisy person
associatedWith Alexander, Aimee person
associatedWith Alexander, Hartley-Burr person
associatedWith Alexander, Henry Martyn person
associatedWith Alexander, John W. person
associatedWith Alexander, Mary person
associatedWith Alexander, Sidney person
associatedWith Allanbrook, Wendy person
associatedWith Allen, Donald person
associatedWith Allen, Hervey person
associatedWith Allen, Jerry person
associatedWith Allen, Luther E. person
associatedWith Allen, Roberta person
associatedWith Allis, Marguerite person
associatedWith Allison, Brent Dow person
associatedWith Alman, David person
associatedWith Alpert, Augusta person
associatedWith Alpert, Hollis person
associatedWith Alston, Anderson person
associatedWith Alston, Charles person
associatedWith Althaus, Keith person
associatedWith Altman, Ellen person
associatedWith Amateau, Michele person
associatedWith Amdur, Judy person
associatedWith Amedon, Beluh person
associatedWith Ames, Dorothy person
associatedWith Ames, Elizabeth person
associatedWith Ames, Van Meter person
associatedWith Ames, William person
associatedWith Amino, Leo person
associatedWith Amster, Leonard person
associatedWith Analavage, Robert person
associatedWith Anderson, Arthur Jeffrey person
associatedWith Anderson, Forrest Clayton person
associatedWith Anderson, John Christian person
associatedWith Anderson, Mary Betts person
associatedWith Anderson, Tennessee person
associatedWith Anderson, Thomas person
associatedWith Anderson, T. J. Jr. person
associatedWith Anderson, Valborg person
associatedWith Anderson, Vivienne person
associatedWith Andrew, Jeanette person
associatedWith Andrews, Sperry person
associatedWith Annenberg, Marcia person
associatedWith Anshutz, Merdyth Woodward person
associatedWith Anthony, Joseph person
associatedWith Anthony, Katherine person
associatedWith Anthony, Susan person
associatedWith Appel, Benjamin person
associatedWith Appleman, Herbert person
associatedWith Appleman, Philip person
associatedWith Arendt, Hannah person
associatedWith Arkin, David person
associatedWith Arking, Linda person
associatedWith Arms, Adelaide person
associatedWith Armstrong, Eunice Taylor person
associatedWith Armstrong, Phyliss person
associatedWith Armstrong, R. L. person
associatedWith Armstrong, Susannah person
associatedWith Arnett, Hazel person
associatedWith Arnold, Aden person
associatedWith Arnold, Mildred person
associatedWith Aronowitz, Bernard person
associatedWith Arrowsmith, William person
associatedWith Arvin, Neil C. person
associatedWith Arvin, Newton, 1900-1963 person
associatedWith Aschaffenburg, Walter person
associatedWith Asch, Nathan person
associatedWith Asch, Solomon E. person
associatedWith Asmar, Alice person
associatedWith Astrachan, Sam person
associatedWith Atkin, John person
associatedWith Atkinson, Alica person
associatedWith Atlas, Leopold person
associatedWith Aucello, Silvatoro L. person
associatedWith Auden, W. H. person
associatedWith Augur, Helen person
associatedWith Aukema, Charles person
associatedWith Ault, Louise person
associatedWith Aumiller, Nicholas W. Jr. person
associatedWith Auslander, Joseph person
associatedWith Austin, Barbara person
associatedWith Auth, Robert R. person
associatedWith Avery, Francis person
associatedWith Avery, Ralph H. person
associatedWith Avshalomoff, Jacob person
associatedWith Axelrod, Dee person
associatedWith Axelrod, Dorothy person
associatedWith Ayers, Minny M. H. person
associatedWith Aziz, Barbara Nimri person
associatedWith Baber, Alice person
associatedWith Bach, Richard F. person
associatedWith Bacon, Glenn person
associatedWith Bacon, Helen person
associatedWith Bader, Evrian person
associatedWith Bader, Susan M. person
associatedWith Baer, Howard person
associatedWith Baer, T. person
associatedWith Bagelon, David T. person
associatedWith Bagley, Robert H. person
associatedWith Bailey, Malcolm person
associatedWith Baird, Thomas person
associatedWith Bakanowsky, Louis J. person
associatedWith Baker, Carlos person
associatedWith Bakshay, Alexander person
associatedWith Baks, Jackie person
associatedWith Baldridge, Richard person
associatedWith Baldwin, Dorothy person
associatedWith Baldwin, James person
associatedWith Balk, Christianne person
associatedWith Ballard, James person
associatedWith Ballou, Jenny person
associatedWith Balzoc, Fred person
associatedWith Bancroft, Jessie Hubbell person
associatedWith Baney, Katherine K. person
associatedWith Ban, Trudy person
associatedWith Baracks, Barbara person
associatedWith Barati, George person
associatedWith Barba, Harry person
associatedWith Barber, Thomas Jr. person
associatedWith Barbieri, Joseph person
associatedWith Barieri, Joseph person
associatedWith Barish, Sarah person
associatedWith Barkas, Janet person
associatedWith Barker, Kit person
associatedWith Barnard, Mary person
associatedWith Barnard, Michael person
associatedWith Barnes, Elizabeth person
associatedWith Barnes, Mildred person
associatedWith Barnett, Ella person
associatedWith Barolini, Antonio person
associatedWith Baron, Sylvia R. person
associatedWith Barr, Alfred H. person
associatedWith Barret, Maurice person
associatedWith Barrett, Evelyn person
associatedWith Barrett, O'Connor person
associatedWith Barrett, William person
associatedWith Barr, Victoria person
associatedWith Barsch, Wulf person
associatedWith Barth, John person
associatedWith Bartsch, Walter F. person
associatedWith Barues, Harry E. person
associatedWith Basart, Robert person
associatedWith Bass, George person
associatedWith Basso, Hamilton person
associatedWith Bass, Rochele person
associatedWith Bass, Thomas person
associatedWith Bates, Ernest Sutherland person
associatedWith Bates, Ralph person
associatedWith Batten, Karin person
associatedWith Battisti, James V. person
associatedWith Battles, Howard K. person
associatedWith Bauer, Catherine K. person
associatedWith Bauer, Marion person
associatedWith Baugh, Hansell person
associatedWith Baumann, Susan L. person
associatedWith Bayer, Ann person
associatedWith Bayer, Arlyne person
associatedWith Baytop, Adrianne person
associatedWith Bazelon, Cecile person
associatedWith Bazelon, David person
associatedWith Bazelon, Irwin person
associatedWith Beach, Beata person
associatedWith Beach, Jacuer Jouegly person
associatedWith Beach, Joseph Warren person
associatedWith Beach, Nelson M. person
associatedWith Beach, Stewart person
associatedWith Beach-Warren, Joseph (Mr. and Mrs.) person
associatedWith Beals, Carleton person
associatedWith Beard, Charles A. person
associatedWith Beardman, John person
associatedWith Beauchamp, Walter person
associatedWith Beaudoin, Rayne person
associatedWith Beaux, Cecelia person
associatedWith Beck, Charles F. person
associatedWith Becker, Beril person
associatedWith Becker, Frederick person
associatedWith Becker, Harry Don person
associatedWith Becker, Maurice person
associatedWith Becker, Robin person
associatedWith Beckham, Barry E. person
associatedWith Beckley, John C. person
associatedWith Beck, Rosemary person
associatedWith Beck, Warren person
associatedWith Bedrossian, Nevartte person
associatedWith Beerman, Herbert person
associatedWith Beerman, Miriam person
associatedWith Beer, Thomas person
associatedWith Behrendt, Walter Curt person
associatedWith Bein, Albert person
associatedWith Bein, Mary person
associatedWith Belitt, Ben person
associatedWith Belitt, Benjamin person
associatedWith Bell, Charles G. person
associatedWith Bellow, Saul person
associatedWith Bement, Alon person
associatedWith Benedict, Libbey person
associatedWith Benet, Laura person
associatedWith Benetois, Joan person
associatedWith Benglis, Linda person
associatedWith Benn, Ben person
associatedWith Bennet, Emma Sutton person
associatedWith Bennett, Dorothy person
associatedWith Bennett, Peggy person
associatedWith Benning, Della person
associatedWith Benton, Gene person
associatedWith Benton, Suzanne person
associatedWith Benton, Thomas H. person
associatedWith Benton, William E. person
associatedWith Berberova, Nina person
associatedWith Berdich, Vera person
associatedWith Berengolc, Milenka person
associatedWith Berezowsky, Nicolai T. person
associatedWith Berg, Christopher person
associatedWith Berg, David person
associatedWith Berge, Carol person
associatedWith Berger, Arthur V. person
associatedWith Berger, Susan person
associatedWith Berg, Louis person
associatedWith Berkman, Aaron person
associatedWith Berkman, Edward person
associatedWith Berkman, Sylvia person
associatedWith Berman, Ariane person
associatedWith Berman, Judi person
associatedWith Berman, Roberta person
associatedWith Berman, Sadye person
associatedWith Berman, Sara (and L.) person
associatedWith Bernard, Jacqueline person
associatedWith Berne, Mildred person
associatedWith Berne-Zekowski, Stanley person
associatedWith Bernstein, Abraham person
associatedWith Bernstein, Judith person
associatedWith Bernstein, Larry person
associatedWith Bernstein, Leonard person
associatedWith Bersch, Sister M. J. de Matha person
associatedWith Berstein, B. F. person
associatedWith Berstein, Meyer person
associatedWith Berstl, Julius person
associatedWith Berthot, John A. person
associatedWith Berthot, Virginia person
associatedWith Bessie, Alvah person
associatedWith Betak, Ann Mottershead person
associatedWith Betjeman, Paul person
associatedWith Bibb, James Kuchler person
associatedWith Bickel, William person
associatedWith Biddle, George person
associatedWith Biederman, James person
associatedWith Billups, Ann person
associatedWith Birkeland, Joran person
associatedWith Birkeland, Peggy person
associatedWith Birmingham, Anges V. person
associatedWith Birnkrant, Samuel person
associatedWith Birstein, Ann person
associatedWith Bishop, Alison Lurie person
associatedWith Bishop, Elizabeth person
associatedWith Bishop, Paul person
associatedWith Bishop, Wendy person
associatedWith Bissell, David person
associatedWith Bizinksy, H. Robert person
associatedWith Bjerregaard, Kevin person
associatedWith Blackfield, Edwin H. person
associatedWith Blackmur, R. P. person
associatedWith Blackshear, A. Laura person
associatedWith Blaine, Nell person
associatedWith Blair, Malcolm person
associatedWith Blaise, Clark person
associatedWith Blake, Ben person
associatedWith Blake, Charles person
associatedWith Blake, Howard person
associatedWith Blakemore, Sally person
associatedWith Blake, Patricia person
associatedWith Blake, Ran person
associatedWith Blake, Sally person
associatedWith Blake, William Dorsey person
associatedWith Blanchard, Linda Anne person
associatedWith Blanc, M. E. person
associatedWith Blanc, Suzanne person
associatedWith Blanker, Frederika person
associatedWith Blankman, Beatrice person
associatedWith Blanshaid, Julia person
associatedWith Blaustein, Florence G. person
associatedWith Blencowe, Margaret person
associatedWith Blitstein, Marc person
associatedWith Blitzstein, Marc person
associatedWith Bliven, Bruce person
associatedWith Bloch, Betram person
associatedWith Block, Ernest person
associatedWith Blok, Helaine person
associatedWith Blumenfeld, Harold person
associatedWith Blumenstiel, Helen A. person
associatedWith Blum, Etta person
associatedWith Bobco, Ann E. person
associatedWith Bock, Frederick person
associatedWith Bodehender, laura person
associatedWith Bodnarchuk, Raya person
associatedWith Boehler, Carl person
associatedWith Boelke, Walter F. person
associatedWith Bogan, Louise person
associatedWith Bogen, Karen Iris person
associatedWith Bohood, Aaron person
associatedWith Bois, Jules person
associatedWith Boland, Patrick person
associatedWith Bolithe, William person
associatedWith Bolotowsky, Elias person
associatedWith Bolotowsky, Iya person
associatedWith Bonagura, Joan person
associatedWith Bond, Beverly person
associatedWith Bond, C. M. person
associatedWith Bongartz, Roy person
associatedWith Boni, Albert person
associatedWith Bontemps, Arna person
associatedWith Booher, Wayne person
associatedWith Borgatta, Robert E. person
associatedWith Borges, G. A. person
associatedWith Borishansky, Elliot person
associatedWith Boris, Rosa person
associatedWith Borome, Joseph A. person
associatedWith Borowski, Wieslaw person
associatedWith Bossom, Naomi person
associatedWith Bostwick, Arthur E. person
associatedWith Botkin, B. A. person
associatedWith Botsford, Keith person
associatedWith Botts, Hugh person
associatedWith Boudin, Jean person
associatedWith Bowden, Ernest J. person
associatedWith Bowden, George C. person
associatedWith Bowdenhein, Maxwell person
associatedWith Bowen, Donna person
associatedWith Bowers, Claude G. person
associatedWith Bowers, John person
associatedWith Bowers, Julian person
associatedWith Bowers, L. B. person
associatedWith Bowles, Paul Frederick person
associatedWith Bowles, Stephen E. person
associatedWith Bowman, Heath person
associatedWith Boyden, Polly person
associatedWith Boyd, James person
associatedWith Boyd, Susan person
associatedWith Boyd, Thomas person
associatedWith Boyd, Tracy person
associatedWith Boyle, Kay person
associatedWith Boyton, Percy H. person
associatedWith Brachman, Srule person
associatedWith Brackett, James person
associatedWith Braden, James A. person
associatedWith Brady, J. Warren person
associatedWith Brady, William person
associatedWith Bragazzi, Olive L. person
associatedWith Bragin, Moe person
associatedWith Braguin, Simeon person
associatedWith Brainine, Balbina person
associatedWith Brake, Jamie person
associatedWith Branch, Anna Hempstead person
associatedWith Branch, Kristina person
associatedWith Brande, Dorothea person
associatedWith Brandeis, Justice person
associatedWith Brandel, Marc person
associatedWith Brandes, Rhoda person
associatedWith Brant, Harry person
associatedWith Braverman, Leona person
associatedWith Bray, Paul person
associatedWith Breathnack, Sarah Ban person
associatedWith Breitenbach, Joseph person
associatedWith Breit, Havey person
associatedWith Breitner, Susan person
associatedWith Brenner, Anita person
associatedWith Bressler, Martin person
associatedWith Brewer, Jan person
associatedWith Brewster, Dorothy person
associatedWith Briccetti, Thomas person
associatedWith Briggs, Judson person
associatedWith Brin, Douglas person
associatedWith Brinig, Myron person
associatedWith Brinley, Katherine Gordon person
associatedWith Brinley, Putnam D. person
associatedWith Brinnin, John Malcolm person
associatedWith Britt, Sean G. person
associatedWith Brocheooz, Fran person
associatedWith Broch, Herman person
associatedWith Brody, Lily person
associatedWith Brody, Ruth person
associatedWith Bromberg, Faith person
associatedWith Bromell, Henry person
associatedWith Broner, E. M. person
associatedWith Broner, Robert person
associatedWith Bronson, Steve person
associatedWith Brooks, Adele R. person
associatedWith Brooks, Alfred person
associatedWith Brooks, Cyrilla Mozenter person
associatedWith Brooks, Gladys person
associatedWith Brooks, Van Wyck person
associatedWith Brooks, Van Wyck (Mr. person
associatedWith Brower, Millicent person
associatedWith Brown, Anne Sherwood person
associatedWith Brown, Barbara McGahee person
associatedWith Brownell, Baker person
associatedWith Brown, Esther person
associatedWith Brown, Eve person
associatedWith Brown, Harold person
associatedWith Brown, Harry person
associatedWith Brown, Hilton E. person
associatedWith Browning, Colleen person
associatedWith Brown-Jenkins, Susan person
associatedWith Brown, John Mason person
associatedWith Brown, Kurt person
associatedWith Brown, Michael person
associatedWith Brown, Norman O. person
associatedWith Brown, Rosalie M. person
associatedWith Brown, Sterlip A. person
associatedWith Brown, Sue person
associatedWith Brown, William Slater person
associatedWith Bruce, Philip Alexander person
associatedWith Brumme, C. Ludwig person
associatedWith Bruner, Richard W. person
associatedWith Brunner, Miriam F. person
associatedWith Brusch, Paul person
associatedWith Brush, Daniel D. person
associatedWith Brush, Thomas person
associatedWith Brustein, Robert person
associatedWith Bucci, Marc person
associatedWith Buchanan, Cynthia D. person
associatedWith Buchanan, Mary L. person
associatedWith Bucklin, Margaret person
associatedWith Buckmaster, Henrietta person
associatedWith Buck, Pearl S. person
associatedWith Budenz, Julia person
associatedWith Buell, Raymond Leslie person
associatedWith Bullard, Albert M. person
associatedWith Bullard, Marion person
associatedWith Bullock, Norwell H. person
associatedWith Bumgarner, Richard person
associatedWith Buncamper, Richard person
associatedWith Bunch, Clarence person
associatedWith Burchenal, Elizabeth person
associatedWith Burchenal, Emma person
associatedWith Bures, Daniel person
associatedWith Burford, William person
associatedWith Burgess, Bria person
associatedWith Burgess, Charles person
associatedWith Burill, Edgar White person
associatedWith Burke, Kenneth person
associatedWith Burke, Selma person
associatedWith Burke, William M. person
associatedWith Burnett, Calvin person
associatedWith Burnett, Kathlene C. person
associatedWith Burnham, Linda person
associatedWith Burnshaw, Stanley person
associatedWith Burns, Skip person
associatedWith Burroughs, Gail person
associatedWith Burrows, Edwin G. person
associatedWith Burstine, Norman person
associatedWith Burton, Lillian T. person
associatedWith Burton, Stephen D. person
associatedWith Burwash, Nathaniel person
associatedWith Busa, Peter person
associatedWith Busby, Gerald person
associatedWith Busch, Paul person
associatedWith Bush-Brown, H. K. person
associatedWith Bush, Clare person
associatedWith Bush, Lucille person
associatedWith Bute, Mary Ellen person
associatedWith Butler, Frank A. person
associatedWith Butts, Walter E. person
associatedWith Byard, Dorothy R. person
associatedWith Byard, John Kenneth person
associatedWith Byer, Alexander person
associatedWith Byman, Isabelle person
associatedWith Bynner, Witter person
associatedWith Byrne, Jaqueline person
associatedWith Cady, Harriett person
associatedWith Caggiano, Margery person
associatedWith Cahill, Holger person
associatedWith Cahoon, Herbert person
correspondedWith Calapai, Letterio person
associatedWith Calas, Elena person
associatedWith Calas, Nicholas person
associatedWith Calcagno, Lawrence person
associatedWith Caldwell, Erskine person
associatedWith Calkins, Marion Clinch person
associatedWith Calkins, Ray S. person
associatedWith Callaghan, Sena person
associatedWith Callow, Noel person
associatedWith Calverton, V. F. person
associatedWith Cambon, Glauco person
associatedWith Cameron, Leslie person
associatedWith Campbell, Ann person
associatedWith Campbell, Ewing person
associatedWith Campbell, Isabella J. person
associatedWith Campbell, W. S. person
associatedWith Camp, James E. person
associatedWith Campo, Vincent person
associatedWith Canale, Orlando J. person
associatedWith Canavan, Pat