American Civil Liberties Union

Variant names

Founded in 1920 in New York City by Roger Baldwin and others; the ACLU was an outgrowth of the American Union Against Militarism's National Civil Liberties Bureau, which in 1920 changed its name to the American Civil Liberties Union.

From the description of Collection, 1917- (Swarthmore College, Peace Collection). WorldCat record id: 42740878

The Southern Women's Rights Project (SWRP) located in Richmond is affiliated with the American Civil Liberties Union. The project deals with issues of special concern for women. Topics include: abortion, employment discrimination, ERA, education discrimination, prisoner's rights, children's rights, sexual harrassment, and spouse abuse.

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union--Southern Women's Rights Project, 1976-1981, (Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University)

The Washington, D.C. Office of the American Civil Liberties Union was established in 1938 by the National Office, based in New York City. The ACLU is a leading defender of civil liberties in the United States. Founded in 1920, it has been the recipient of sharp criticism for its willingness to defend unpopular causes and has participated in a majority of the landmark cases to come before the Supreme Court in the twentieth century.

In the 1950s the office worked against abuses caused by McCarthyism, including loyalty and security concerns, powers of legislative investigating committees, and censorship of free speech and expression. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the office focused on civil rights issues and the defense of alternative means of self expression, including rights of conscientious objectors and protestors; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; and rights within the court system. The Washington Office was also deeply involved with defending the civil liberties of those associated with the federal government and its agencies.

From the description of American Civil Liberties Union Washington, D.C., office records, 1948-1970. (Princeton University Library). WorldCat record id: 80713111

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is the pre-eminent civil liberties organization in the United States, utilizing litigation, lobbying, and public education to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Since its inception in 1920, the ACLU has played a part in nearly every significant American social or political issue in the 20th and 21st centuries. Its primary aims have been the defense of the freedoms of speech and press, the separation of church and state, the free exercise of religion, due process of law, equal protection of the law, and privacy rights of all citizens.

The ACLU was established in 1920 to protect the constitutional freedoms granted in the Bill of Rights. It grew out of the Civil Liberties Bureau of the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM), which defended the rights of conscientious objectors and the free speech rights of war protesters. In October 1917, this group became an independent organization, the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB), led by Roger Baldwin and Crystal Eastman. They formed the ACLU on January 19, 1920 to address postwar civil liberties violations and to secure amnesty for wartime dissidents, with Baldwin serving as executive director.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, labor and political speech issues predominated, along with resisting all forms of censorship and working for amnesty and the repeal of criminal syndicalism laws. Its highest-profile case during this time was to challenge the Tennessee law forbidding the teaching of evolution by defending John T. Scopes in the famous Dayton, Tennessee “Monkey Trial.” Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, its focus returned to conscientious objection and freedom of speech during wartime, and to condemning the internment of Japanese aliens and Japanese-American citizens, and then to combating postwar attacks on civil liberties through the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), the Smith Act, state loyalty oaths, and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance. The ACLU also established committees to address racial discrimination and discrimination against women during this period.

Beginning in 1950, the ACLU experienced significant growth and change. Roger Baldwin, who fostered a small, centrally-controlled unit, retired as executive director in 1950 to take a more ambassadorial role. His successor, Patrick Murphy Malin, oversaw a change in the ACLU's structure to a strengthened network of affiliates at the state and regional levels, which monitor for civil liberties infringements and initiate cases in their geographic areas. Largely due to the stronger affiliates, the ACLU grew significantly and reached over 60,000 members by 1962, when John de J. Pemberton became executive director. During this period, the ACLU was also continuously renegotiating the scope and nature of its work, reconciling the multitude of views from affiliates and members. Starting with the civil rights movement, those that favored a broad definition of what constituted civil liberties work won out, as the organization took on cases involving abortion rights, women's rights, affirmative action, and other areas far from the basic principle of protecting First Amendment rights on which the ACLU was founded.

During the 1950s, the ACLU came to the defense of Communists as it challenged the actions of McCarthy and HUAC on the tenet that only peoples' acts, not their beliefs, should be penalized; anything less infringed on First Amendment principles. A related battle was fought over censorship and freedom of speech, as national security concerns led to the desire to protect people from materials that promoted Communism or were perceived to erode community morals. The ACLU challenged any censorship attempts as a fundamental attack on free speech and accepted no infringement in any form. This absolutist stance resulted in one of its most controversial cases, defending the right of American Nazis to parade through Skokie, Illinois, home to many Holocaust survivors, in 1977. The ACLU won the court case but lost a large portion of its membership who resigned in protest. Executive director Aryeh Neier, who had assumed the post in 1970, stepped down and was replaced by Ira Glasser, who stabilized the organization through an emergency appeal to supporters that raised over $500,000.

Another significant, and sometimes controversial, area of work for the ACLU in the 1950s was its efforts to enforce the separation of church and state. Working to end state-sanctioned forms of religion, the ACLU sought to abolish school prayer, various government subsidies for religious education, teaching religious concepts such as creationism or intelligent design in public school science classes, and other connections between government and religious activity. By the late 1960s, changes in public attitude toward church/state issues cemented the organization's gains, although fundamentalist religions continue challenging the laws.

Most of the ACLU's work from the 1950s onward involves the more ambiguous and complex realm of civil rights, helping secure the rights or expanding the concept of those same rights for those who had been denied them in the past such as African-Americans, women, students, homosexuals, children, the mentally-ill, prisoners, and the accused. Projects were established to address each issue through changing the law, educating the public, and raising their own funds. The ACLU participated in all the major civil rights cases, arguing for freedom of speech and association rights that allowed the sit-ins, freedom rides, and other methods employed by the movement, and won many important cases before the Supreme Court.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the ACLU faced a shift in public sentiment against its views, to the point that ACLU membership was identified as out-of-the-mainstream, and it became more difficult to secure Supreme Court victories. The ACLU re-fought a number of battles over such issues as censorship, school prayer, creationism, and abortion rights. In 2001, Anthony D. Romero succeeded Glasser as executive director. As of 2012, the ACLU continues its program of litigation, lobbying, and public education to protect Americans' Constitutional rights, focusing on First Amendment rights, equal protection under the law, due process, and privacy, and working to extend rights to minorities that have traditionally been denied them. The ACLU handles close to 6,000 cases annually and appears before the United States Supreme Court more than any other organization except the U.S. Department of Justice.

The ACLU has been responsible for what historian Samuel Walker has called “a revolution of law and public attitudes toward individual liberty.” Walker estimates that modern constitutional law has been shaped in no small measure by the ACLU, with the organization involved in some 80% of the landmark cases in the twentieth century. The ACLU has fostered the growth of tolerance, fought to end racial discrimination, promoted a legal definition of privacy rights, and defended the rights of the unpopular, the powerless, and the despised.

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Organizational Matters Series, 1919-2006, 1970-2000, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Printed and Audiovisual Materials Series, 1918-2006, 1978-2006, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, 1864-2006, 1970-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was established in 1920 to protect the specific constitutional freedoms in the Bill of Rights. In 1915 the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM) was formed to prevent United States involvement in World War I with Crystal Eastman serving as executive secretary. Roger Baldwin became executive director in 1917. Immediately upon United States entry in World War I, the AUAM was inundated with requests for aid to protect free speech, assembly and press which were threatened with political restriction imposed upon U.S. entry into the war and to defend the rights of conscientious objectors. A separate organization was needed to safeguard these rights, and thus the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB) was established in the autumn of 1917 with Roger Baldwin as director.

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

The forty years between 1950 and 1990 were a time of significant growth for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Membership increased twenty-five times, and the Union's impact on the legal landscape was broad and deep. One historian decreed that the decade after 1954 witnessed “the greatest advances in civil liberties in American history,” with significant gains for African-Americans, women, students, the mentally-ill, prisoners, and others previously denied the full protection afforded by the U.S. Constitution. This period also saw the end to much censorship and the decoupling of church/state activity. The ACLU's boom was not without the threat of bust, however. The organization restructured itself several times as it wrestled to reflect internally the principles it espoused publicly. Its expansion into new areas of civil rights along with its firm stand on the First Amendment produced episodes that threatened the ACLU's viability.

Organizational Expansion

In the years immediately following World War II, younger, non-founding members of the ACLU Board pressed for and eventually achieved a structural reorganization that led to the Union's present configuration. In 1950, Roger Baldwin's role changed from administrator to ambassador, in which he toured, lectured, and wrote on civil liberties issues. While at the helm of the ACLU, Baldwin preferred that the ACLU remain a small, centrally-controlled unit with himself at the helm, something that changed under the administration of his successor, Patrick Murphy Malin. A Swarthmore economist, Malin lacked Baldwin's charm and speaking skills, but he was a successful administrator who oversaw the growth of the organization from 9,000 members in 1950 to over 60,000 by the time of his departure in 1962.

Much of this growth can be attributed to the expansion of local affiliates at the state and regional level that had their own boards and acted upon local civil liberties issues. Many served as watchdogs--ensuring that civil rights victories won by the national ACLU in the high courts were enforced at the local level--while other affiliates were active in initiating cases, often with more absolutist positions than the national office. Though the affiliates had a voice in deciding the national chapter's direction and policy since 1954, the organizational mechanism by which this was accomplished was cumbersome, changing several times. A workable method was found in 1967 with the creation of an 80-member board of directors comprised of representatives from all the affiliates and thirty at-large members. In addition, starting in 1959 and continuing to the present, the ACLU held biennial conferences to inform membership on pertinent topics, and to gather their views on civil liberties issues.

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Historian Samuel Walker divides the ACLU's area of activity between 1950-1990 into four broad areas: Cold War issues, censorship, church/state, and civil rights. The beginning of the Cold War, the rise of Joseph McCarthy and the re-emergence of the House Committee on Un- American Activities (HUAC) created an atmosphere of intolerance and suspicion that not only posed a threat to individual civil liberties, but also destroyed the lives of many caught in the web spun by the Wisconsin Senator and his minions. The ACLU challenged the actions of McCarthy and HUAC on the tenet that only peoples' acts, not their beliefs, should be penalized; anything less infringed on First Amendment principle.

While the ACLU had not always lived up to these same principles (in 1940 it ousted board member Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for her membership in the Communist Party), by the early 1950s the ACLU did not hesitate to aid in the publication of Merle Miller's The Judges and the Judged . The book detailed HUAC's and McCarthy's red-baiting tactics, such as the prevalent use of unnamed (and hence unreliable or unanswerable) sources, guilt by association or exercise of one's Fifth Amendment rights, and other questionable means that resulted in blacklistings and firings of many in unions, the film industry, and the teaching profession. The ACLU called for the abolition of HUAC, attacked any measure that punished Communist Party members or denied them rights based solely on party membership ( Kent v. Dulles, for example), and sought fair and open investigations for the accused. In testament to its strict adherence to principle, the ACLU reminded the United States Senate of its obligation to provide McCarthy a fair hearing when it began censure proceedings against him in 1954.

The ACLU may have stood up for the rights of the accused more readily in 1950 than it did in 1940 because Roger Baldwin had developed a quid pro quo with J. Edgar Hoover in which the ACLU did not publicize FBI civil rights violations, and high-level Union officers cooperated with the Bureau. Baldwin and others thought that this cooperation, in conjunction with the Flynn resolution, inoculated the Union against attack as a Communist-front organization, freeing it to spend its energies defending constitutional principle, not itself. This arrangement, shocking when revealed in later years, did not prevent the FBI from continuing its massive surveillance of the ACLU and its members.

Red hunters cited national security as the basis for their actions, a justification that the government would continue to invoke and one that the ACLU contested in such cases as the Pentagon Papers ( U.S. v. New York Times ), Watergate ( U.S. v. Nixon ), and Iran-Contra. In 1969, 13 years after Joseph McCarthy's death, the ACLU's vigilance bore the ultimate fruit in Brandenburg v. Ohio in which the Supreme Court ruled that the government only could punish direct incitement to lawless action, thereby invalidating the Smith Act and all state sedition laws that restricted radical political thought.

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

The cousin to McCarthyism's national security cause was the drive to protect people from printed materials and movies that promoted Communism or were perceived to erode community morals. Censorship attempts were, from the ACLU's point of view, a fundamental attack on free speech, and over the course of three decades, the Union came to adopt an absolutist position, suffering no infringement in any form. Beginning with a 1952 Supreme Court victory in Burstyn v. Wilson/McCaffrey in which the high court declared that states cannot prohibit the screening of films based on state-based standards, the ACLU rang up a string of court victories. These, combined with changing market pressures, brought a complete end to many common censorship practices by the 1960s ( Jacobellis v. Ohio ), including the sharp curtailment of post office censorship ( Hannegan v. Esquire ).

In a related decision, the Supreme Court gave a boost to freedom of the press in New York Times v. Sullivan which declared that public officials could not sue for defamation unless they proved “actual malice,” thereby providing the media with heretofore unknown freedom to report critically. Freedom of speech was extended, with the ACLU's assistance, by placing it above property rights in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, with the high court deciding that a shopping center could not forbid the distribution of political pamphlets on its premises.

Perhaps the most famous free speech issue of the ACLU's history, and certainly one that had the greatest impact on the organization, was the pitched battle over American Nazis' right to parade through Skokie, Illinois in 1977. Half the town's 70,000 citizens were Jewish, and about 1,000 were Holocaust survivors, but this did not dissuade the ACLU (then headed by Aryeh Neier who was Jewish) from taking on the Nazis' cause in what the ACLU considered a “classic First Amendment case.”

What the Union did not count on was a vigorous counter-argument by the Jewish Defense League, nor the loss of the support of its long-time ally, the American Jewish Congress. The ACLU won the court case, though the Nazis never marched in Skokie (ultimately parading at a site in downtown Chicago), but the highly-publicized case caused a backlash resulting in a large drop in membership. Neier, who had assumed the executive director's post after the departure of John de J. Pemberton in 1970 and was accustomed to growing membership rolls and increasing budgets, found himself unable to reconcile the organization's activities with available funds and resigned. His successor, Ira Glasser, initiated an emergency appeal to supporters and raised over $500,000, allowing him to re-structure organizationally and financially, placing the ACLU back in the black and ready for the looming trials of the Reagan Revolution.

Church/State

The ACLU earned the enmity of many for its efforts in enforcing the separation of church and state. Working to end state-sanctioned forms of religion, predominantly mainstream Protestantism, the ACLU sought to abolish school prayer, various government subsidies for religious education, and other connections between government and religious activity. Starting in 1947 with Everson v. Board of Education, the court delineated the Establishment Clause and the ACLU began to challenge long-entrenched government support for religious activity. Assailing school prayer, the ACLU won high court decisions to end it ( Engel v. Vitale and Abingdon School District v. Schempp ). It also re-fought the Scopes trial ( Epperson v. Arkansas ) in Arkansas which had required the teaching of creationism as well as evolution.

Frequently working in conjunction with Protestants United for the Separation of Church and State (later Americans United…) and the American Jewish Congress, the ACLU repeatedly clashed with the desires of the Roman Catholic Church on issues such as censorship, birth control, or school aid, often with the ACLU the victor. By the late 1960s, changes in public attitude toward church/state issues cemented the organization's gains, as many mainstream churches accepted the delineation. However, fundamentalist religions continued challenging laws on public prayer issues into the 1990s, with little effect ( Wallace v. Jaffree ). Often, the affiliates bore the brunt of enforcement on church/state separation, acting to check sometimes frequent local infringements, thus proving Roger Baldwin's assertion that “no victory ever stays won.”

Civil Rights

The First Amendment clearly delineates free speech protection and church/state separation, and it was easy for the ACLU to pick up the banner for these causes. However, most of the ACLU's work from the 1950s onward involved the more ambiguous and complex realm of civil rights, helping secure the rights or expanding the concept of those same rights for those who had been denied them in the past such as African-Americans, women, homosexuals, children, the mentally-ill, prisoners, and the accused. In this multifaceted arena, the ACLU found itself embroiled both internally and externally, as the national organization sought to define its mission even as state affiliates and regional offices acted on their own accord, usually pushing further and harder than the national organization planned to go.

For example, during the Vietnam War ACLU moderates clashed with anti-war activists over the issue of representing Dr. Benjamin Spock, the famous pediatrician and prominent anti-war activist accused of interfering with the functions of government when he organized a “Stop the Draft” Week in 1968. Legal director Melvin Wulf first announced that the ACLU would represent Spock, only to be overruled by the national board, prompting the Massachusetts affiliate to take up Spock's cause. Though ultimately the government would drop its case, pro- Spock members saw the case as an opportunity to raise questions about the Vietnam War's legitimacy (as well as freedom of speech), while moderates viewed that issue as outside the ACLU's scope. It also brought to the fore a long-simmering debate over whether the ACLU should participate directly in lawsuits or contribute amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs to other cases. After reviewing its most recent past activity, the Union decided that they had de facto become directly involved in cases and would continue as such.

Despite the organizational turmoil, a discussion of the ACLU's legal success under the civil rights rubric threatens to become a numbing list of historic Supreme Court decisions. Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and tolled the end of government-endorsed segregation was one of many cases in which the ACLU worked together with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to win rights for African-Americans. The ACLU participated in all the major civil rights cases, arguing for freedom of speech and association rights that allowed the sit-ins, freedom rides, and other methods employed by the movement.

Other famous high court cases in which the ACLU partook include: Griswold v. Connecticut, which recognized a right to privacy, thereby laying the foundation for future abortion rights decisions; Tinker v. Des Moines and In re Gault, two cases recognizing that minors enjoyed some Constitutional protection, especially in regard to freedom of speech and due process; and Miranda v. Arizona, Mapp v. Ohio, Escobedo v. Illinois, and Gideon v. Wainwright, all of which expanded the rights of the accused, mandating an explanation of their rights and access to counsel, and placing limits on police action. (While these last cases caused many police groups to view the ACLU with hostility, the Union also defended a police officer's right to belong to conservative political organizations such as the John Birch Society.)

As the concept of civil rights expanded, the ACLU started several special projects designed to focus solely on specific topics, including the Mental Health Law Project, the Project on Amnesty, the Privacy Project, the Women's Rights Project, the Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, and Prisoners' Rights Project. Each project worked not only to change the law, but to educate the public and raise their own funds.

Expansion Issues

The Children's Rights Project is an example of how the ACLU changed itself from a small, centrally-controlled organization to an expansive confederacy of groups working to advance the goal of civil liberties. With its roots in the 1970s and located at the national organization's office in New York City, it was one of the focused projects financially seeded by the national organization. In 1995, it had become successful enough to incorporate itself and separate from the ACLU organizationally, physically, and financially. Another sign of growth was the start of the regional offices. In addition to the Washington, D.C. office (established 1938) the Southern Regional Office in Atlanta was organized in 1964 and the Mountain States Regional Office in Denver a few years later. Each handled cases particular to their geographic areas, as well as the usual range of cases that interested the ACLU. This led to varying interpretations of ACLU policy which resulted in the creation of the ACLU's official policy guides, issued first in 1966 and revised periodically. These represented the ACLU's attempt to coordinate and control the types of cases the Union would take on and to shepherd resources along coordinated lines.

Unfortunately, the national organization had trouble determining what path to take, as many individuals within the organization pulled in different directions. Exacerbating this problem was the ACLU's re-structuring which attempted to reconcile the many voices in the civil liberties debate. After the first re-organization which opened up policy making to affiliates in 1954, the ACLU re-organized again in 1964, establishing a two-tiered system of governance in which affiliate representatives met twice a year and the board of directors in between. The dichotomy did not provide any stability and three years later, the Union re-organized once again, establishing its one-body 80-member board. Throughout this time, the ACLU continued its board committees--some standing, others ad hoc--which focused on particular issues such as academic freedom or due process. In later years, the rise of the special projects would overtake some of the committees' work and the role of the committees would be reduced, though not eliminated.

The establishment of the Roger N. Baldwin/ACLU Foundation in 1967 was another major organizational change for the ACLU. The Union created the charitable fund-raising arm to pay attorneys to work on the ACLU's behalf, signalling the end of the national organization's long- standing reliance on volunteer lawyers. Though volunteer attorneys continued to play a significant role in many of the affiliates, even there some groups, such as the New York and Southern California affiliates, had a history of paying for legal representation. The Foundation's purpose was to solicit funds from, among other places, other foundations, and during its early years much of its resources supported civil rights work in the South. In later years, it would provide initial funds for many of the special projects, gather any legal fees won by the project lawyers, applying the funds against the project's overhead costs.

These changes reflected not only the organization's growth, but also its expanding interpretation of what constituted civil liberties work. Starting with the civil rights movement and continuing on through the Vietnam War and Watergate, the ACLU fought internally, often bitterly, over the scope and nature of its work. In this battle, the broad interpreters of the Union's mission won out, as the organization took on cases involving abortion rights, women's rights, affirmative action, and other areas, far from the basic principle of protecting First Amendment rights on which the Union was founded.

The 1980s and early 1990s

The ACLU emerged from the 1970s a victor of many legal battles and organizationally strong. However, despite its track record and strength, the ACLU would not ring up a string of Supreme Court victories in the 1980s and 1990s as it had in the previous two decades. Public sentiment, long an ally in many areas, had shifted against the organization, to the point that ACLU membership was identified as out-of-the-mainstream. In the 1988 presidential election, GOP candidate George Bush, willfully unaware of nearly fifty years of Supreme Court decisions, echoed the phrase of Joseph McCarthy in calling his opponent, Michael Dukakis, a “card- carrying member of the ACLU” for his opposition to a flag-salute requirement. The Bush accusation reflected the state of public awareness of civil liberties in the 1980s as the ACLU re- fought a number of battles over such issues as censorship, school prayer, creationism, and abortion rights. In the area of censorship, the Union withstood challenges from both right and left, the latter trying to censor publications under the rubric of protecting women. However, the ACLU stood firm in its belief in the absolute freedom of speech.

The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights were written to guarantee that the rights of the minority would not be infringed upon by the majority; the ACLU's accomplishments during the twentieth century helped to ensure that unpopular views would be tolerated, and indirectly, to remind people that it is an uncommon nation that commonly tolerates challenges to the majority view.

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Organizational Matters Series, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

The ACLU is the pre-eminent civil liberties organization in the United States. The ACLU describes itself as "our nation’s guardian of liberty, working daily in courts, legislatures and communities to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country." Since its inception in 1920, the ACLU has played a part in nearly every significant American social or political issue in the 20th century. This includes important work in the areas of civil rights, children and women’s rights, freedom of speech (and all First Amendment questions), and due process, among many others.

For a more detailed history of the ACLU, please see the history in the finding aid for the processed portion of the records.

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 4, 1933-2002, 1970-2000, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

Organizational Expansion

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

Church/State

Civil Rights

Expansion Issues

The 1980s and early 1990s

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Legal Case Files Series, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

Organizational Expansion

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

Church/State

Civil Rights

Expansion Issues

The 1980s and early 1990s

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Audiovisual Materials Series, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records, 1864-2011, 1917-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

Organizational Expansion

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

Church/State

Civil Rights

Expansion Issues

The 1980s and early 1990s

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Subject Files Series, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

Organizational Expansion

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

Church/State

Civil Rights

Expansion Issues

The 1980s and early 1990s

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Legal Case Files Series, 1864-2001, 1965-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

Organizational Expansion

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

Church/State

Civil Rights

Expansion Issues

The 1980s and early 1990s

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Project Files Series, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

Organizational Expansion

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

Church/State

Civil Rights

Expansion Issues

The 1980s and early 1990s

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Printed Materials Series, 1947-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Subject Files Series, 1969-1996, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections)

The ACLU During the Baldwin Years, 1917-1950

The American Civil Liberties Union has for the last seventy-five years been the principal defender of the rights that citizens can assert against government. Its primary aims have been the defense of the freedoms of speech and press, the separation of church and state, the free exercise of religion, due process of law, equal protection of the law and privacy rights of all citizens. The organization has been responsible for what historian Samuel Walker has called “a revolution of law and public attitudes toward individual liberty.” Walker estimates that modern constitutional law has been shaped in no small measure by the ACLU, with the organization involved in some 80% of the landmark cases in the twentieth century. The ACLU has fostered the growth of tolerance, fought to end racial discrimination, promoted a legal definition of privacy rights, and defended the rights of the unpopular, the powerless and the despised.

Origins of the ACLU

The ACLU began as a part of the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM) which had been formed in New York in 1914 to oppose American entry into World War I. Following the declaration of war in 1917, Crystal Eastman, AUAM's Executive Secretary, and Roger Baldwin, a social worker involved in juvenile justice, established a Bureau of Conscientious Objectors to oppose the new draft law and to advise conscientious objectors. On July 1, 1917, the AUAM created a Civil Liberties Bureau that became an independent organization known as the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB) on October 1, 1917. Once Eastman and Baldwin took their efforts to this new organization, the AUAM quickly folded.

The NCLB had two main tasks: to defend the rights of conscientious objectors imprisoned in camps around the country and to fight the increasing suppression of free speech by both government officials and conservative patriotic societies. Its leadership came from a mix of social workers like Baldwin and Eastman, Protestant clergy (Norman Thomas, Harry F. Ward and John Haynes Holmes) and lawyers (Walter Nelles, Albert DeSilver, L. Hollingsworth Wood and Clarence Darrow).

The NCLB sponsored three tests of free speech rights during wartime, all of which ended in failure for the organization. Socialist Party leader Charles T. Schenck was denied the right to mail antiwar and anti-draft literature in a case which established Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes' “clear and present danger” test. Also upheld were convictions of Eugene Debs for condemning war and capitalism in a speech and Jacob Abrams for distributing leaflets opposing the American intervention in Russia.

By late 1918 Roger Baldwin had come to lead the organization due to Eastman's ill health. Baldwin was gifted with the ability to build an organization due to his effectiveness as a publicist, fundraiser and administrator. While Baldwin favored public education and reasoning with public officials, he soon became a target. The NCLB's defense of the Industrial Workers of the World led to investigations by army intelligence and the Bureau of Investigation and to phone taps. On August 31, 1918, federal agents seized the NCLB's files which were eventually to be used by New York State's Lusk Committee prior to their return to the NCLB.

When Congress extended the draft to age 35 late in the war, Baldwin notified his draft board he would refuse induction. Imprisoned in November 1918, Baldwin used the time until his release the following July to read, write, create a prisoners' self-help group, issue a mimeographed newsletter on life in prison and organize the NCLB's records.

The postwar Red Scare, the Palmer raids, new laws on criminal syndicalism and use of red flags, and the need to repeal the Espionage Act and to secure amnesty for wartime dissidents led to calls for a permanent organization after the war. On January 19, 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union received its charter in New York.

ACLU During the 1920s

The ACLU started its career with a bang, issuing a Report upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice written by twelve prominent lawyers, including Zechariah Chaffee and Felix Frankfurter. In these early years, Baldwin generally favored working for the cause of labor as a more effective means for obtaining desired changes in society. The failure of litigation efforts during the war probably influenced this early course. Thus during the 1920s the ACLU was substantially involved in efforts to strengthen the labor movement. The ACLU also continued to work for amnesty, to repeal criminal syndicalism laws, to oppose compulsory military training on campuses, and to ward off attacks by right wing groups. It fought book bans by the Customs Service and Post Office. It promoted racial justice while also defending the Ku Klux Klan's right to march and opposing NAACP attempt to ban Birth of a Nation . It defended the rights of Communists to free speech and applied the same standard to Henry Ford's anti-Semitic works.

The ACLU remained a relatively small organization throughout this period with 2500 members in 1930 and a budget of only $25,000 annually. While there was a National Committee--a letterhead group of sixty persons which met annually--decisions were made by a small Executive Committee that met weekly and by a governing Board. The heart of the leadership consisted of Baldwin and his fellow pacifists--Norman Thomas, John Haynes Holmes, L. Hollingsworth Wood and John Nevin Sayre. Baldwin tended to be an autocrat who did not easily share power. Only three of the twenty executive committee members were lawyers and the position of General Counsel was not created until 1929. The organization did not seek a broad constituency and found recruiting labor leaders and conservatives to its board a difficult task. Baldwin recruited most local correspondents during his annual tours around the country. During the 1920s most financial support came from Albert DeSilver (and his widow following his death) and from the American Fund for Public Service (generally known as the Garland Fund), a private foundation to support social reform which the ACLU basically administered until it failed during the stock market crash.

Throughout the 1920s labor and political speech issues predominated. The organization remained silent on such issues as the Volstead Act, the Olmstead wiretapping case, and other due process or privacy law questions. ACLU's greatest claim to fame during this decade was its offer to defend anyone willing to challenge the Tennessee law forbidding teaching the theory of evolution. Clarence Darrow and Arthur Hays, backed by the ACLU, defended John T. Scopes in the famous Dayton, Tennessee “Monkey Trial.” Live radio coverage and an enormous press cadre (led by five Baltimore Sun reporters, including H. L. Mencken) made the public aware of the ACLU and helped the organization raise funds.

Other major activities prior to the New Deal included a defense of picketing by laborers in Paterson, New Jersey, establishment of the principle of the incorporation of free speech and press freedoms under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment in Gitlow v. U.S., the unsuccessful appeal of Charlotte Whitney's conviction for organizing on behalf of the Communist Labor Party in California, a reversal of Harold Fiske's conviction as an Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) organizer in Kansas, and foundation of the right to counsel in capital cases in the “Scottsboro Boys” appeals.

In the area of censorship, the ACLU led a march to protest a Boston ban of Mencken's American Mercury, defended Margaret Sanger's right to deliver a speech on birth control, stopped a Post Office ban on Mary Ware Dennett's pamphlet The Sex Side of Life, supported a case that ended a Customs Service prohibition on the importation of James Joyce's Ulysses, aided Yetta Sternberg in a California case banning display of a red flag and established limits on prior restraint of the press in the Near v. Minnesota case.

In 1929 Baldwin proposed a broad expansion plan for the organization to include increased interest in civil rights, Native Americans, police brutality, and alien rights; opposition to compulsory military training and censorship; and extension of civil liberties efforts to the international arena. The result was an increase in subject committees (for instance Labor Injunctions and Indian Civil Rights) and a larger network of regional affiliate organizations.

Baldwin continued to try to work from within the government. The Wickersham Commission hired Walter Pollak, Zechariah Chaffee and Carl Stern on Baldwin's recommendation, and its report Lawlessness in Law Enforcement was a major bombshell. The Indian Civil Rights Committee held a day-long conference in 1933 which helped to shape the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. In 1931 the ACLU published Black Justice and Morris Ernst as chair of the Garland Fund's Committee on Negro Work issued the Margold Report suggesting the need for a legal attack on segregation.

Throughout these years and later, the ACLU was by no means monolithic and vigorous debates raged over many of the policy decisions within the organization. For example, the religious element in the organization was not unalterably opposed to Bible reading and release time in schools. While some favored turning to the courts to effect changes, others believed public education, strikes and working for legislative and administrative change would prove more effective. Some preferred broad legal challenges while others wanted narrower tests designed to achieve the desired result in particular cases. The debates in the records of committee and board meetings provide lively and rich documentation of the activities and struggles of the organization.

The New Deal

Given its history of opposition to government power, the ACLU viewed Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal with misgivings. The economic situation had led to increased repression of labor, lynchings and deportations, but the notion of granting more power to the same government that had been the cause of repression during World War I did not sit well with many in the organization.

Throughout the 1930s the ACLU continued to defend free expression, asserting the rights of the German-American Bund in Shall We Defend Free Speech for Nazis in America (1934) and commissioning two studies of Nazis in America ( Shirts! ) and of the effects of anti-Fascist laws in Europe. The ACLU opposed Catholic efforts to censor printed works, movies and information on contraception, leading to the resignation of Rev. John Ryan from the National Committee in 1934. Baldwin also appeared regularly on a CBS radio program, “Let Freedom Ring,” during the 1930s. Other important activities included opposition to Boss Frank Hague's limits on union activities in Jersey City, cases to extend free speech rights to Communists, a series of Jehovah's Witnesses cases involving flag salutes and permits for literature distribution, and the National Labor Relations Board's attacks on Henry Ford's free speech rights.

The most difficult aspect of the New Deal years for the ACLU was its relationship to the Communist Party. The ACLU's bail fund had been seriously affected when five Communist Party members jumped bail and fled to the Soviet Union in 1930. Yet the two organizations had worked together on Scottsboro, the DeJonge and Herndon free speech cases, and in the International Juridical Association. Thus when the Popular Front was organized by the Communist Party in the 1930s, ACLU and Baldwin joined the effort since he was ever a coalition builder. Opponents continued to allege that the ACLU was a Communist front, especially since Harry Ward chaired both the ACLU and the American League for Peace and Democracy, the largest of the Popular Front organizations.

Communist Party attacks on a Socialist Party rally in Madison Square Garden in 1934 led Norman Thomas and John Haynes Holmes to call for banning Communists from ACLU leadership. In this same decade, the Dies Committee (the House Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as HUAC) concluded after its first hearings that one could not say with certainty whether or not the ACLU was a Communist organization. The ACLU responded by leading efforts to abolish the Dies Committee, assigning Abraham Isserman to write the first systematic analysis of the rights of witnesses before investigative committees (a report which Baldwin suppressed, perhaps in an agreement with HUAC) and working to clear the ACLU name. HUAC raids beginning in 1939, passage of the Smith Act in 1940 and state laws banning the Communist Party from the ballot served to increase concern about totalitarian organizations. In response to these growing concerns, the ACLU in 1940 adopted a policy barring Communist Party members from official positions in the organization, leading to the ouster of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn from the board and to the resignations of several others, including Harry Ward.

The 1930s witnessed an expansion of ACLU affiliates to St. Louis, San Francisco, Seattle, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Iowa, Indiana and Texas. By 1939 five affiliates had paid staff. At the New York headquarters, the ACLU hired its first staff counsel in 1941.

Civil Liberties During Wartime

Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, the ACLU organized a conference on Civil Liberties in the National Emergency which was keynoted by Attorney General Frank Murphy. Lucille Milner wrote popular articles on conscientious objection and freedom of speech during wartime which carried the ACLU message to the general public. When war came in 1941, President Roosevelt pledged to continue constitutional freedoms even in a state of war, a policy generally followed except for one glaring exception.

Immediately after Pearl Harbor Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 which created military zones to be run by the War Relocation Authority to intern Japanese aliens and Japanese-American citizens. The ACLU denounced the order as contrary to liberty and due process and as racially-motivated since it applied only to Japanese.

While western affiliates sought test cases, an activity made difficult by Japanese acquiescence, the ACLU split on the question of what were the limits of government power during wartime. A resolution approved the President's order in principle, but provided four technical bases for bringing challenges to the order. Similarly the ACLU voted not to oppose a peacetime draft that included good protections for conscientious objectors (although the law did not provide political grounds for objection) and adopted the Seymour resolution not to defend individuals charged with sedition when no due process violations were involved. The national organization's willingness to compromise on civil liberties issues during wartime led to considerable opposition from affiliates, especially those on the West Coast. Eventually the ACLU handled two leading cases involving the internment camps, Korematsu and Hirabayashi .

The ACLU also created new committees during the war, a National Committee on Conscientious Objectors headed by Ernest Angell who met with President Roosevelt on the matter, a Committee Against Racial Discrimination chaired by Pearl Buck, and a Committee on Discrimination Against Women led by Dorothy Kenyon. ACLU's strong support for civil rights led to a split with some of its old labor allies. ACLU supported a bill of rights for union members and the growing movement for democracy in trade unions. The ACLU also aided the NAACP in cases that overthrew the white primary and restrictive covenants, and even took on a test of the segregated draft in the Winfred Lynn case which the NAACP would not accept.

Post-War Problems

The ACLU's long-standing debate regarding its relationship to the Communist Party in many ways limited its response to the Cold War anti-Communist crusade that followed the war. One faction on the board, led by Norman Thomas and Morris Ernst, was strongly anti-Communist. Others, led by Arthur Garfield Hays, Osmond Fraenkel and Walter Gellhorn, opposed any attempt to restrict political beliefs and associations.

The basic elements of the post-war attack on civil liberties were already in place even before the war began: HUAC, the Smith Act, state loyalty oaths and FBI surveillance of individuals and organizations. When President Truman issued E.O. 9835 establishing the federal loyalty program, the ACLU opted for quiet court tests and lobbying of Attorney General Tom Clark instead of a public opposition to the basic tenets of the order.

Baldwin, an activist throughout his life, had associations with many of the organizations found on the Attorney General's list of Communist Party affiliates, so he protected himself by regular attacks on the Communist Party which only served to limit his ability to oppose the internal security crusade. The ACLU sought to protect the rights of HUAC witnesses rather than take on HUAC itself.

The Smith Act cases which Judge Harold Medina presided over in New York led to convictions of the defendants for membership in the Communist Party. Moveover, Medina's contempt citations put a chill on lawyers who might have defended clients. When the Supreme Court's Dennis decision sustained the Smith Act, a dissident group of ACLU members, led by Corliss Lamont, left to form an Emergency Civil Liberties Committee to pay more attention to trial-level support rather than waiting for the appeals process which had been ACLU's forte. The ACLU also refused to pursue allegations of FBI abuse, often providing an active apology for the Bureau.

Even in this era, the ACLU remained a small organization with a membership of fewer than 10,000. Of its affiliates, only Boston, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles had paid staff. In response to the need for a stronger national organization, to the criticism of the Lamont faction, and to the perception that the ACLU had not responded effectively to the attacks of the anti-Communist crusade, in 1948 a Special Committee on Policy Planning under Walter Gellhorn urged that the ACLU become less involved in litigation and provide more public education. The Committee named civil rights and the fight against censorship as the key issues for the future and downplayed old causes like church-state questions and defense of minority parties. Finally, the Committee recommended that Roger Baldwin be relieved from executive responsibilities and given an ambassadorial role of speaking, writing and maintaining relations with other organizations. As a result of this recommendation, Roger Baldwin retired as executive director in 1950, at the close of the organization's first thirty years which is the period covered by this microfilm edition.

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 1, The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1950, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, labor and political speech issues predominated, along with resisting all forms of censorship and working for amnesty and the repeal of criminal syndicalism laws. Its highest-profile case during this time was to challenge the Tennessee law forbidding the teaching of evolution by defending John T. Scopes in the famous Dayton, Tennessee “Monkey Trial." Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, its focus returned to conscientious objection and freedom of speech during wartime, and to condemning the internment of Japanese aliens and Japanese-American citizens, and then to combating postwar attacks on civil liberties through the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), the Smith Act, state loyalty oaths, and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance. The ACLU also established committees to address racial discrimination and discrimination against women during this period.

The ACLU has been responsible for what historian Samuel Walker has called “a revolution of law and public attitudes toward individual liberty." Walker estimates that modern constitutional law has been shaped in no small measure by the ACLU, with the organization involved in some 80% of the landmark cases in the twentieth century. The ACLU has fostered the growth of tolerance, fought to end racial discrimination, promoted a legal definition of privacy rights, and defended the rights of the unpopular, the powerless, and the despised.

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Project Files Series, 1877-2000, 1970-1995, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

From the guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Regional Offices Files Series, 1894-2005, 1970-1990, (Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.)

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referencedIn	Allen, Rowland (William Rowland), 1897-1973. Papers, 1830-1972.	Indiana Historical Society Library
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referencedIn	National Conference on Organized Resistance Collection., 2001-2003	Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Center.
referencedIn	Anson Phelps Stokes family papers, 1761-1960, 1892-1958	Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn	Heide, Wilma Scott, 1921-1985. Papers, 1968-1985 (inclusive).	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Eastwood, Mary O., 1930-. Papers, 1915-1982 (inclusive), 1945-1982 (bulk).	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Organizational Matters Series, 1919-2006, 1970-2000	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, 1922-1944	University of Minnesota Libraries. Immigration History Research Center [ihrc]
referencedIn	Klein, David Y., 1933-. David Y. Klein papers, 1960-1970, bulk 1960-1965.	Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn	Industrial Workers of the World. Industrial Workers of the World. Series 4. Miscellaneous documents, 1909-1971.	Cornell University Library
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referencedIn	Guide to the Communist Party of the United States of America Records, 1892-2009	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
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referencedIn	Membership lists for the Charlottesville Fair Housing Committee and the Charlottesville Democratic [Committee?], 1966.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	Earl Browder Papers, 1879-1990	Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
referencedIn	National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing, Inc. records. 1945-1974	Tulane University, Amistad Research Center
referencedIn	Arlin Turner Papers, 1927-1980	David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library
referencedIn	Harvey O'Connor Civil Liberties collection, O'Connor (Harvey) Civil Liberties Collection, between 1966 and 1972	John Hay Library, Special Collections
referencedIn	Ruth Bader Ginsburg papers, 1897-2005	Library of Congress
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union impeachment campaign : file of clippings and miscellanea.	Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
referencedIn	Gilbert A. Harrison Papers, 1902-1978, (bulk 1960-1975)	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn	Felix Frankfurter papers	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn	Floyd B. McKissick Papers, 1940s-1980s	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Library. Southern Historical Collection
referencedIn	Harold C. Fleming Papers, 1950-1993, (bulk 1961-1987)	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn	Congress of Racial Equality, Seattle Chapter, records, 1961-1970	University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
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referencedIn	Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley. Papers, 1922-1944.	University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Legal Case Files Series, 1947-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
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referencedIn	Dos Passos, John, 1896-1970. Papers of John Dos Passos [manuscript], 1896-1970.	University of Virginia. Library
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referencedIn	Carl Cohen papers, 1950-2007	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Legal Profession in Indiana, 1976-1980	Indiana University, Bloomington. Center for the Study of History and Memory
referencedIn	Woodbridge Bingham Papers, 1876-1986	Bancroft Library
referencedIn	Cowen, Richard W. Richard W. and Constance Cowen papers, 1975.	Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn	Rebecca Shelley Papers, 1890-1984	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Monserrat, Joseph 1921-. Papers, 1953-1993 ; bulk: 1969-1973.	Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. Collected records, 1937-1975.	Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn	Rasmussen, Jeri. Jeri Rasmussen papers, 1962-1987.	Minnesota Historical Society, Division of Archives and Manuscripts
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creatorOf	George Gund Foundation. George Gund Foundation records, series II, 1966-1998.	Western Reserve Historical Society, Research Library
referencedIn	MacLean, Daniel. Files relating to California Committee on Un-American Activities.	California historical society
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referencedIn	Jessica Mitford Papers TXRC91-A11., 1949-73	Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
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referencedIn	American Foundations Oral History Project, 1989-1993	Indiana University, Bloomington. Center for the Study of History and Memory
referencedIn	United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Records, 1919-1926.	University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
referencedIn	Herman Wolf Papers, undated, 1926-1981.	Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Center.
referencedIn	Monserrat, Joseph, 1921-. Papers, 1953-1993; bulk: 1969-1973.	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn	Papers of Mary Ware Dennett	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Murray, Pauli, 1910-1985. Papers: Series II, 1935-1984 (inclusive).	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Pitzele, Merlyn S., 1911-. Papers, 1932-1971.	Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. Correspondence, 1940-1978, from Lewis and Sophia Mumford.	University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn	Denenfeld, Philip S. (Philip Stanley), 1924-2000. Philip S. Denenfeld collection, 1942-1999.	Western Michigan University, Dwight B. Waldo Library
creatorOf	Caughey, John Walton, 1902-1995. John and LaRee Caughey collection, 1962-1989.	California State University, Northridge
referencedIn	Hays, Arthur Garfield, 1881-1954. Arthur Garfield Hays papers, 1915-1955 (bulk 1920-1952)	Princeton University Library
referencedIn	Circuit Riders, Inc. Circuit Riders, Inc. publications and research files, 1928-1975.	University of Oregon Libraries
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. Correspondence with Theodore Dreiser, 1917-1940.	University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn	Pilpel, Harriet F. Papers, 1913-1981 (bulk 1966-1981).	Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn	McDonald, Laughlin,. Reminiscences of Laughlin McDonald : oral history, 1999.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Cohen, Carl, 1931-. Carl Cohen papers, 1950-2006.	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Texas Civil Liberties Union Records AR287., 1957-1984	Special Collections, The University of Texas at Arlington Library
referencedIn	Mencken, H. L. (Henry Louis), 1880-1956. Papers, 1909-1956.	Dartmouth College Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Regional Offices Files Series, 1894-2005, 1970-1990	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	National Committee Against Repressive Legislation. Records, 1948-2003.	Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
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referencedIn	Donner, Frank J. Frank J. Donner papers, 1897-1992 (inclusive).	Yale University Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. North Dakota Chapter. Records, 1989-1991.	University of North Dakota, Chester Fritz Library
creatorOf	Spivak, John Louis, 1897- . Papers, 1929-1948 (bulk 1929-1933).	Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
referencedIn	Prisoner's Rights Council. Records, 1969-1983.	Temple University Libraries, Paley Library
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referencedIn	Gellhorn, Walter, 1906-1995. Reminiscences of Walter Gellhorn : oral history, 1977.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records, 1864-2011, 1917-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Luther Evans Papers, 1952-1970	Columbia University. Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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referencedIn	Rutgers University. Office of the Provost and Vice President. Records of the Rutgers University Provost and Vice President (Richard Schlatter), 1945-1972.	Rutgers University
referencedIn	Mitford, Jessica, 1917-1996. Papers, 1949-1973 (bulk 1961-1973).	Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Audiovisual Materials Series, 1947-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Alabama. Legislature. Commission to Preserve the Peace. Records, 1962-1975.	Alabama Department of Archives and History
referencedIn	J. B. Matthews Papers, 1862-1986 and undated	David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library
referencedIn	History of Indiana, 1971-1980	Indiana University, Bloomington. Center for the Study of History and Memory
referencedIn	Roscoe Pound Papers	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Van Kleeck, Mary, 1883-1972. Papers, 1883-1972	Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn	Printed Ephemera Collection on Organizations, 1886-	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
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referencedIn	Papers, 1894-1942.	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn	Maury Maverick Jr. Papers 83-288; 83-317; 83-390; 84-61; 84-84; 85-220; 86-10; 86-97; 87-113; 89-282; 93-212; 95-142; 93-176; 95-223; 95-264; 96-320; 96-351; 97-264; 2000-008; 2003-169; 2006-271; 2011-086. 21398758., [ca. 1835-2000]	Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 1, The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1950	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	O'Hare, Rolland R., 1925-. Rolland O'Hare papers, 1957-1977, (bulk 1972-1976).	Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn	Norman Thomas papers, 1904-1967, 1933-1967	New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn	Texas Civil Liberties Union Records AR121., 1959-1975	Special Collections, The University of Texas at Arlington Library
referencedIn	Silver, Alan, 1914-1988. Alan Silver Papers, 1934-1987.	Rutgers University
referencedIn	Goldman, Emma, 1869-1940. Papers, 1924-1940.	Churchill County Museum
referencedIn	Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix. Paul Felix Lazarsfeld Papers, [ca. 1930]-1976.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Foster Gunnison, Jr. Papers., undated, 1945-1994.	Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Center.
referencedIn	Granville Hicks Papers, 1906-1980	Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California records, ca. 1935-	University of California, Los Angeles. Library Special Collections.
referencedIn	Brown, Herman LaRue. Herman LaRue Brown papers. 1890-1969	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Kenyon Houchins Collection MSS 174., 1935-1983, 1948-1977	Houston Metropolitan Research Center, Houston Public Libary
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, 1864-2006, 1970-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Guide to the Howard Zinn Papers, 1901-2010	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Guide to the Barbara Kopple Collection on the Peekskill Riots, 1925-1999	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Borchard, Edwin Montefiore, 1884-1951. Edwin Montefiore Borchard papers, 1910-1950 (inclusive).	Yale University Library
referencedIn	Membership lists for the Charlottesville Fair Housing Committee and the Charlottesville Democratic [Committee?] [manuscript], 1966.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina. American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina records, 1960-2005 and undated.	Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
referencedIn	Baldwin, Roger N. (Roger Nash), 1884-1981. Reminiscences of Roger Nash Baldwin : oral history, 1954.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Baldwin, Roger N. (Roger Nash), 1884-1981. Reminiscences of Roger Nash Baldwin : oral history, 1961.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Diekmann, Annetta, 1888-1974. Papers, 1928-1973.	University of Illinois at Chicago Library, UIC
referencedIn	James Paradise papers, 1953-1979, 1950-1979	University of Cincinnati, Archives and Rare Books Library
referencedIn	Fine, Alvin I., 1916-. Alvin I. Fine papers, 1848-1962.	Judah L. Magnes Memorial Museum, Rabbi Morris Goldstein Library
referencedIn	Crane, Henry Hitt, 1890-1977. Henry Hitt Crane papers, 1902-1977 (bulk 1938-1958).	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California records, 1900-2000, bulk 1934-2000	California historical society
referencedIn	Stokes, Anson Phelps, 1874-1958. Anson Phelps Stokes family papers, 1761-1960 (inclusive), 1892-1958 (bulk).	Yale University Library
referencedIn	New York Times Company records. A.M. Rosenthal papers, 1955-1994, 1967-1986	New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union of Washington records, circa 1942-1996	University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
referencedIn	Walsh, Jerome K, 1903-1971. Papers, 1931-1966.	Harry S. Truman Library
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referencedIn	Swan, Thomas Walter, 1877-1975. Thomas Walter Swan papers, 1918-1976 (inclusive).	Yale University Library
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia. Records, primarily office files, 1965-1969.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	American Fund for Public Service records, 1922-1941	New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn	Papers, 1934-1986.	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn	Loren Miller papers, 1876-2003, 1932-1966	Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery
referencedIn	Fraenkel, Osmond K. (Osmond Kessler), 1888-1983. Osmond K. Fraenkel diaries, 1933-1968.	Princeton University Library
referencedIn	Balter, Michael S., 1947-. Reminiscences of Michael S. Balter : oral history, 1986.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Papers, 1968-1985	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union Washington, D.C., office records, 1948-1970.	Princeton University Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. [Selected papers. 1917-1946] [microform].	University of Washington. Libraries
creatorOf	Marshall, George, 1904-2000. George Marshall papers, 1933-1955.	New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn	Circuit Riders, Inc. records, 1928-1975	University of Oregon Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn	Jonas, Gilbert. Gilbert Jonas papers, 1852-1972.	Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union Biennial conference, 1968 : file of clippings and miscellanea.	Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
referencedIn	Luscomb, Florence, 1887-. Additional papers of Florence Luscomb, 1888-1988 (inclusive).	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Subject Files Series, 1969-1996	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union archives [microform].	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Irving Brant papers, 1910-1977	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf	American Fund for Public Service. American Fund for Public Service records, 1922-1941.	New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn	Piven, Frances Fox. Papers 1957-1999.	Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn	Bingham, Alfred M. (Alfred Mitchell), 1905-. Alfred Mitchell Bingham and the Common Sense collection, 1905-1979 (inclusive).	Yale University Library
referencedIn	Seaver, Edwin, 1900-. Reminiscences of Edwin Seaver : oral history, 1976.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Guide to the Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, 1896-1964	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	International Committee for Political Prisoners records, 1918-1942, 1924-1938	New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn	John L. Spivak Papers TXRC93-A6., 1929-1948	Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union--Southern Women's Rights Project, 1976-1981	Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library
referencedIn	Columbia University Oral History Collection. Collection. 1952-1960.	Tulane University, Amistad Research Center
referencedIn	Papers of Bernice Resnick Sandler, 1963-2008	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Mark M. Litchman papers, 1901-1965	University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
referencedIn	Hudson, Manley Ottmer, 1886-1960. Papers, 1894-1960	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Gaines, Martha Wren, 1939-1987. Papers, 1962-1987.	Emory University. Special Collections and Archives
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. Letters, 1940-1941, to Lewis Mumford.	University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn	B. W. Huebsch Papers, 1893-1964	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn	Civil Rights Congress records, 1946-1955.	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn	Franklyn S. Haiman Papers, 1927-2003	Northwestern University Archives
referencedIn	Fort Worth Civil Liberties Union. Records, 1957-1974.	University of Texas at Arlington, Central Library
creatorOf	Bryant, Louise Stevens, 1885-1956. Mary Ware Dennett Case Collection, 1919-1930 (bulk 1927-1930)	New York Academy of Medicine
referencedIn	Gerson, T. Perceval (Theodore Perceval), 1872- . Papers of T. Perceval Gerson, 1901-1938 (bulk 1934-1937).	Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn	Evans, Luther Harris, 1902-1981. Luther Harris Evans papers, 1952-1970.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Consumers' Research, Inc. Labor general files--Consumers' Research strike records, 1933-1953.	Rutgers University
referencedIn	Harriet F. Pilpel Papers MS 311., 1913-1981	Sophia Smith Collection
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Philadelphia Branch book production files for "Lesbians and Gay Men: The Law in Pennsylvania", Bulk, 1980-1981, 1973-1981	John J. Wilcox Jr. GLBT Archives of Philadelphia
referencedIn	Papers of Bruce McKinney, 1900-2008	University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library Kanas Collection
referencedIn	Shapiro, Steven R.,. Reminiscences of Steven R. Shapiro : oral history, 2002.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Frisch, Ephraim, 1880-1957. Papers, 1905-1958.	The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives
referencedIn	United States Immigration and Naturalization Service Records, 1919-1926	University of Minnesota Libraries. Immigration History Research Center [ihrc]
referencedIn	Edelstein, Julius C. C. (Julius Caius Caesar), 1912-2005. Julius Edelstein papers, 1917-1961 [Bulk Dates: 1948-1958].	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Hart, Henry Melvin, 1904-1969. Papers, 1927-1969	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Robert Beverley Herbert papers, 1879-2009.	University of South Carolina, System Library Service, University Libraries
referencedIn	Hogan, Charles A., 1906-1981. Reminiscences of Charles A. Hogan : oral history, 1977.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Presidential Papers, American Unitarian Association, 1936-1958.	Andover-Harvard Theological Library
referencedIn	MCLU records., 1940-1999 (bulk 1951-1996).	Minnesota Historical Society
referencedIn	Guide to the Arnold Johnson Papers, 1926-1989	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Huebsch, B. W. (Benjamin W.), 1876-1964. Reminiscences of Ben W. Huebsch : oral history, 1955.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Papers, 1914-1968.	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
creatorOf	Baldwin, Roger Nash, 1884-. Letter, 1922 May 18, New York, to Ralph Chaplin, Leavenworth, Kans.	University of Michigan
referencedIn	Minnesota Civil Liberties Union. MCLU records, 1940-1999 (bulk 1951-1996).	Minnesota Historical Society, Division of Archives and Manuscripts
referencedIn	Papers of Elizabeth Glendower Evans, 1859-1944 (inclusive), 1882-1944 (bulk)	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Papers, 1923-1974, 1932-1974 (bulk)	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn	Benson, Naomi Achenbach. Naomi Achenbach Benson papers, 1895-1961 (bulk 1935-1961).	University of Washington. Libraries
referencedIn	Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003. Strom Thurmond legislative assistant. 1901-, 1970-1986.	Clemson University Libraries, Robert Muldrow Cooper Library
creatorOf	Herndon, Booton. Papers of Booton Herndon, 1939-1986.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	Tauber, Stephen J.,. Civil liberties publications, 1952-1957.	Cornell University Library
referencedIn	Yvonne Brathwaite Burke papers: California State Assembly, U.S. Congress, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, and California Attorney General campaign, Bulk, 1966-1980, 1959-1980	USC Libraries Special Collections
referencedIn	Brown, Herman LaRue. Herman LaRue Brown papers. 1890-1969	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Dennett, Mary Ware, 1872-1947. Papers: Series V, 1913-1945 (inclusive).	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Nancy Wey Papers, 1850-1994 (bulk 1973-1983	University of California, Berkeley. The Ethnic Studies Library.
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union. Archives. Voting rights 1941-1975 [microform].	California State University San Marcos Library, CSUSM Library
referencedIn	Papers of Zelda Nordlinger, 1969 (1970-1977) 1998	Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary
creatorOf	Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965. Papers, 1885-1965.	Atlanta History Center, Kenan Research Center / Cherokee Garden Library
referencedIn	Elston, Gerhard. Papers, 1849-1992.	Swarthmore College, Peace Collection, SCPC
referencedIn	American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. Records, ca. 1935-	University of California, Los Angeles
referencedIn	Biddle, Francis, 1886-1968. Francis B. Biddle papers, 1912-1968 (bulk 1940-1966).	Georgetown University, Joseph Mark Lauinger Memorial Library
referencedIn	Baldwin, Roger N. (Roger Nash), 1884-1981. Roger N. Baldwin papers, 1885-1991 (bulk 1911-1981)	Princeton University Library
referencedIn	Radical Pamphlets Collection, 1899-1973	The University of New Mexico, University Libraries, Center for SouthwestResearch
referencedIn	Dorothy Kenyon Papers MS 85., 1850 - 1998	Sophia Smith Collection
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Project Files Series, 1877-2000, 1970-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 4, 1933-2002, 1970-2000	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Jensen, Vernon H.,. Series 4. Harlow Pease files, 1911-1938.	Cornell University Library
referencedIn	Guide to the Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, 1896-1964	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Max D. Movsovitz papers, 1980-2000	University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library Kanas Collection
referencedIn	McNamara, Francis J. Francis J. McNamara papers, 1928-1997.	George Mason University, Fenwick Library
referencedIn	Butler, Allan Macy. Papers, 1930-1969.	Harvard University, Medical School, Countway Library
referencedIn	Papers, 1921-1948.	Ukrainian Research Institute Library, Harvard University
referencedIn	Eleanor Taft Tilton Papers., 1939-1976.	Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Center.
referencedIn	Paul Blanshard Papers, 1912-1979	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Cable, Chester H., 1906-1994. Chester H. Cable papers, 1965-1983, (bulk 1971-1983).	Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn	George I. Sánchez Papers 1983-30. 23866736., 1919-1986	Benson Latin American Collection, General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin
referencedIn	McClure, Michael. Michael McClure papers, circa 1963-1975.	UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 3, Printed and Audiovisual Materials Series, 1918-2006, 1978-2006	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Papers, 1909, 1940, 1968-90	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Cornell Law School,. Civil liberties material,[ca. 1950s].	Cornell University Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Project Files Series, 1947-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Monterey Public Library. California History Room. Organizations-American Civil Liberties Union clippings 1978-1993	Monterey Public Library
referencedIn	Cohen, Carl, 1931-. Carl Cohen papers, 1966-1974, (bulk 1971-1974).	Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn	Brown University. American Civil Liberties Union. Brown University ACLU records, 1998-2001.	Brown University, Brown University Library
creatorOf	Miller, Loren. Papers of Loren Miller, 1876-2003 (bulk dates 1932-1966)	Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn	Roger William Riis Papers, 1903-1990, (bulk 1921-1952)	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia. American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia records, 1964-1994 (bulk 1966-1969).
referencedIn	Congress of Racial Equality. Seattle Chapter. Congress of Racial Equality, Seattle Chapter, records, 1961-1970.	ND Univ of Washington Libraries (OCLC Worldshare ILL Beta)
referencedIn	Norman, Dorothy, 1905-1997. Papers, 1923-1978.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Faulkner, Leesha. Faulkner (Leesha) civil rights collection, 1932-1995 (bulk 1960-1970).	University of Southern Mississippi, Regional Campus, Joseph Anderson Cook Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, 1947-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Schary, Dore. Papers, 1920-1980.	Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn	Lanner, Ronald. American Civil Liberties Union Versus the Logan School District Collection.	Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
referencedIn	Charren, Peggy. [Interview with Peggy Charren] [sound recording] / Peggy Charren ; [interviewed by] David Marc, ACT Library of Gutman Library, Harvard University, 5/5/98.	Syracuse University
referencedIn	O'Connor, Harvey, 1897-1987. Harvey O'Connor Civil Liberties Collection, 1966-1972.	Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn	Leonard Schroeter papers, 1940-1997	University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
referencedIn	Ring, Benjamin A., 1925-1992. Papers, 1951-1992	University of North Dakota, Chester Fritz Library
referencedIn	Shelley, Rebecca, 1887-1984. Rebecca Shelley papers, 1890-1984.	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Mazey, Ernest, 1919-1979. Ernest Mazey papers, 1942-1979.	Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn	Sesit, Michael. Papers, 1968-1973. 1970-1971 (bulk).	Churchill County Museum
referencedIn	McKinney, Bruce (Bruce A.), 1953-. [Papers of Bruce McKinney]	University of Kansas Archives / MSS / Rare Books, Kenneth Spencer Research Library
referencedIn	Tilton, Eleanor Taft, 1909-1984. Papers, 1947-1975.	EO Smith High School
referencedIn	Baldwin, Roger Nash, 1884-. The reminiscences of Roger Nash Baldwin, 1953-1954 ; 1963 [microform].	Yale University Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union,. American Civil Liberties Union collection, 1969-to date.	Western Michigan University, Dwight B. Waldo Library
creatorOf	Paul Blanshard Papers, 1912-1979	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Bedau, Hugo Adam. Hugo A. Bedau papers, 1957-2003.	University at Albany, University Libraries
referencedIn	Kellogg, Paul Underwood, 1879-1958,. Paul U. Kellogg collection, 1899-1907.	Western Michigan University, Dwight B. Waldo Library
referencedIn	National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council Records, undated, 1940-1994	American Jewish Historical Society
creatorOf	Inglis, Agnes, 1870-1952. Correspondence, with Roger Baldwin and the American Civil Liberties Union, 1921-1949.	University of Michigan
referencedIn	Fort Worth Civil Liberties Union Records AR108., 1957-1974	Special Collections, The University of Texas at Arlington Library
referencedIn	Movsovitz, Max D. [Max D. Movsovitz papers]	University of Kansas Archives / MSS / Rare Books, Kenneth Spencer Research Library
referencedIn	Learned Hand papers	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Paterson, Donald G. (Donald Gildersleeve), 1892-1961. Donald G. Paterson papers, 1915-1961.	University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
referencedIn	Robert N. Giaimo Papers., undated, 1956-1981.	Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Center.
referencedIn	Brooks, Lawrence Graham, 1881-1981. Papers, 1897-1981.	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Crane, Henry Hitt, 1890-1977. Henry Hitt Crane papers, 1902-1969 (bulk 1938-1958).	Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn	Alan Barth papers, 1937-1981	Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn	Burlingham, Charles Culp, 1858-1959. Papers, 1876-1960	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Brown, Tomlin E., 1914-1994. Tomlin E. Brown papers, 1963-1983 (bulk July-August, 1970).	Concord Free Public Library, Special Collection
referencedIn	Industrial Workers of the World. Industrial Workers of the World. Series 3. Publications, 1905-1960, bulk 1917-1927.	Cornell University Library
referencedIn	Lawrence Graham Brooks papers, 1897-1981	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Maverick, Maury, 1921-2003. Maverick, Maury, Jr., papers, 1921-	University of Texas Libraries
referencedIn	Paul A. Freund papers	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Benjamin E. Youngdahl Papers, 1916-1968, (bulk 1940s-1962)	University of Minnesota Libraries. Social Welfare History Archives
referencedIn	Burnet, David. Politics and ideology underlying the transition to coeducation at the University of Virginia [manuscript], 1998 January.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	Sayre, John Nevin, 1884-1977. Papers, 1885-1982 1922-1967 (bulk).	Swarthmore College, Peace Collection, SCPC
referencedIn	New York (State). Legislature. Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities. National Civil Liberties Bureau subpoenaed files, 1917-1919.	New York State Archives
referencedIn	Buenfil, Mavret. Social Movements Collection ca. 1953-1980.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	Guide to the Labor Research Association Records, 1914-2009	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Lamont, Corliss, 1902-1995. Reminiscences of Corliss Lamont : oral history, 1960.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Kenyon, Dorothy, 1888-1972. Dorothy Kenyon papers, 1850-1998 (bulk 1888-1971).	Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn	The Nation, records, 1879-1974 (inclusive), 1920-1955 (bulk).	Houghton Library
referencedIn	Guide to the Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Photographs, 1895-1967	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Hastie, William. William Hastie papers. 1916-1976.	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Green, Richard G. Reminiscences of Richard G. Green : oral history, 1983.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Coe, John Moreno. John Moreno Coe papers, 1919-1973.	Emory University. Special Collections and Archives
referencedIn	Evans, Luther Harris, 1902-1981. Reminiscences of Luther Harris Evans : oral history, 1965.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Milton Caniff Collection, 1805-2007, 1910-1988	The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
referencedIn	Fuller, Lon L. Lon L. Fuller papers. 1926-1977.	Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
referencedIn	Leonard, George B., 1872-1956. George B. Leonard papers, 1876-1957.	Minnesota Historical Society, Division of Archives and Manuscripts
referencedIn	Gropius, Walter, 1883-1969. Papers, 1925-1969 (bulk: 1937-1969)	Houghton Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union : file of clippings and miscellanea.	Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
creatorOf	Heyman, Gertrude, 1878?-1958. Gertrude Heyman papers, 1864-1957, bulk (1928-1952).	New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn	John Haynes Holmes Papers, 1899-1983, (bulk 1935-1964)	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn	Felix Frankfurter papers	Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Organizational Matters Series, 1947-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Arthur Garfield Hays Papers, 1915-1955	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.
referencedIn	Papers, 1892-1990	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Whitney, Mary E., 1932-. Women and the University [manuscript], 2000.	University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn	Lamson, Peggy, 1912-. Peggy Lamson collection on Roger N. Baldwin, 1917-1976 (bulk 1973-1976)	Princeton University Library
referencedIn	Ascher, Charles S. (Charles Stern), 1899-1980. Oral history interview with Charles Stern Ascher, 1972.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Pauley, Frances F. (Frances Emma Freeborn), b. 1902,. Frances F. Pauley oral history interviews, 1988 Apr. 11 and May 3.	Georgia State University
creatorOf	Thomas, Norman, 1884-1968. Norman Thomas papers, 1904-1967, bulk (1933-1967).	New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn	Industrial Workers of the World. Industrial Workers of the World series 1. Central organization files, 1905-1971.	Cornell University Library
creatorOf	Weidhaas, Ernest R., 1888-1974. Ernest Weidhaas anti-war collection, 1917-1953.	Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn	Emerson, Thomas I. (Thomas Irwin), 1907-1991. Reminiscences of Thomas Irwin Emerson : oral history, 1955.	Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn	Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 1968 -1983	Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn	Records of the Project on the Status and Education of Women (Association of American Colleges), (inclusive), (bulk), 1969-1991, 1971-1985	Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn	Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965. Papers, 1885-1965.	Atlanta History Center, Kenan Research Center / Cherokee Garden Library
referencedIn	Guide to the Arnold Johnson Papers, 1926-1989	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn	Guide to the Arnold Johnson Papers, 1926-1989	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
creatorOf	Chase, Russel N., 1900-1980. Papers, 1927-1964.	Western Reserve Historical Society, Research Library
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union. Institutional file.	Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives
referencedIn	Norman Dorsen Papers, 1953-2006	Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
creatorOf	International Committee for Political Prisoners records, 1918-1942, bulk (1924-1938).	New York State Historical Documents Inventory
creatorOf	American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 2, Printed Materials Series, 1947-1995	Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections.Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. Public Policy Papers.

Bibliographic and Digital Archival Resources

Role	Title	Holding Repository

Filters:

Relation	Name
associatedWith	4079856, 1906-1995.	person
associatedWith	Adelson Siegel, Shirley	person
associatedWith	Alabama. Legislature. Commission to Preserve the Peace.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Alexander, Elizabeth	person
associatedWith	Allen, Rowland (William Rowland), 1897-1973.	person
associatedWith	American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Broadcasting Company	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Affiliate Communications and Marketing	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Affiliates.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. AIDS Task Force.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Archives.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Archives.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Archives.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Archives.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Archives.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Arts Censorship Project	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Biennial Conference.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Children's Rights Project	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Constitutional Convention.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Cornell University Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Development Department	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Educational Equity Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Executive Director	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union Foundation. Project on Amnesty.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Greater Philadelphia Branch.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties union. Immigrant Rights Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Immigrants' Rights Project	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union Kalamazoo Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Legal Department	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Legal Director	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender/AIDS Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Rights/AIDS Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Mountain States Regional Office.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. National Board of Directors	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. National Prison Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. New Jersey Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. North Dakota Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio. Cleveland Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania. Greater Philadelphia Branch.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Southern Califoria.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California Lesbian & Gay Rights Chapter	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Washington	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Washington - Whatcom County Chapter	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union of Washington. Whatcom County Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Policy Director	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Press Office	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Production	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Reproductive Freedom Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Southern Regional Office.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union Southwest Michigan Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Washington Legislative Office	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Washington Office.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Liberties Union. Women's Rights Project.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Civil Libertion Union. Development Department.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Fund for Public Service.	corporateBody
associatedWith	American Union Against Militarism.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Ascher, Charles S. (Charles Stern), 1899-1980.	person
associatedWith	Ayres, Clarence Edwin, 1891-1972	person
associatedWith	Bailey, Forrest.	person
associatedWith	Balaban, Eric	person
associatedWith	Baldwin, Roger Nash, 1884-	person
associatedWith	Balter, Michael S., 1947-	person
associatedWith	Barth, Alan.	person
associatedWith	Baskin, Alex.	person
associatedWith	Baur, Edward Jackson, 1913-	corporateBody
associatedWith	Bedau, Hugo Adam.	person
associatedWith	Beffel, John Nicholas.	person
associatedWith	Benda, Susan	person
associatedWith	Bendiner, Robert.	person
associatedWith	Benson, Naomi Achenbach	person
associatedWith	Benson, Naomi Achenbach.	person
associatedWith	Bernice Resnick Sandler	person
associatedWith	Bernstein, Barbara	person
associatedWith	Biddle, Francis, 1886-1968.	person
associatedWith	Bingham, Alfred M. (Alfred Mitchell), 1905-	person
associatedWith	Bingham, Woodbridge.	person
associatedWith	Black, Algernon D. (Algernon David), 1900-1993.	person
associatedWith	Blanshard, Paul, 1892-1980.	person
associatedWith	Bond, Julian, 1940-	person
associatedWith	Booth, Philip.	person
associatedWith	Borchard, Edwin Montefiore, 1884-1951.	person
associatedWith	Bork, Robert H.	person
correspondedWith	Brannin, Carl, 1888-1985.	person
correspondedWith	Brannin, Carl P., 1888-1985	person
associatedWith	Brant, Irving, 1885-1976.	person
correspondedWith	Bratush, James D., 1893-1982	person
associatedWith	Bricker, John W. 1893-1936	person
associatedWith	Bronstein, Alvin J.	person
associatedWith	Brooks, Lawrence Graham, 1881-1981.	person
associatedWith	Browder, Earl, 1891-1973	person
associatedWith	Brown, Herman LaRue, 1883-1969.	person
associatedWith	Brown, Tomlin E., 1914-1994.	person
associatedWith	Brown University. American Civil Liberties Union.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Bulley, Julian E.	person
associatedWith	Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite	person
associatedWith	Burlingham, Charles Culp, 1858-1959	person
associatedWith	Burnet, David.	person
associatedWith	Butler, Allan Macy.	person
associatedWith	Buttenwieser, Helen L.	person
associatedWith	Cable, Chester H., 1906-1994.	person
associatedWith	Calderone, Mary Steichen, 1904-1998	person
associatedWith	Califa, Antonio	person
associatedWith	Callen, Michael, 1955-1993	person
associatedWith	Casso, Ramiro Raul, 1922-	person
associatedWith	Castillo, Leonel (Leonel J.),	person
associatedWith	Caughey, John Walton, 1902-1995.	person
associatedWith	Center for Disease Control.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Chafee, Zechariah, 1885-1957.	person
associatedWith	Charren, Peggy.	person
associatedWith	Chase, Russel N., 1900-1980.	person
associatedWith	Church Educational System (1970- )	corporateBody
associatedWith	Cianfaglione, Ronald	person
associatedWith	Circuit Riders, Inc.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Civil Rights Congress of Michigan.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Civil Rights Congress (U.S.)	corporateBody
associatedWith	Coe, John Moreno.	person
associatedWith	Cohen, Carl, 1931-	person
associatedWith	Columbia University Oral History Collection.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Common Cause Louisiana. 1972-1991.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Communist Party of the United States of America.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Congress of Racial Equality. Seattle Chapter.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Consumers' Research, Inc.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Coody, Archibald Stinson, b. 1883.	person
associatedWith	Cornell Law School,	person
associatedWith	Couchis, James.	person
associatedWith	Cowen, Richard W.	person
associatedWith	Crane, Henry Hitt, 1890-1977.	person
associatedWith	Crockett, Judy	person
associatedWith	Daughters of the American Revolution.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Davis, Helen Gordon.	person
associatedWith	Delince, Karen	person
associatedWith	Delince, Karen	person
associatedWith	Denenfeld, Paul.	person
associatedWith	Denenfeld, Philip S. 1924-2000.	person
associatedWith	Dennett, Mary Ware, 1872-1947.	person
associatedWith	Dennis, Lawrence, 1893-	person
associatedWith	Diekmann, Annetta, 1888-1974.	person
associatedWith	Dombrowsky, James A.	person
associatedWith	Donner, Frank J.	person
associatedWith	Dorsen, Norman	person
associatedWith	Dos Passos, John, 1896-1970.	person
associatedWith	Dulles, John Foster, 1888-1959	person
associatedWith	Eastwood, Mary O., 1930-	person
associatedWith	Edelstein, Julius C. C. (Julius Caius Caesar), 1912-2005.	person
associatedWith	Eliot, Frederick May, 1889-1958	person
associatedWith	ELIZABETH GLENDOWER (GARDINER) EVANS, 1856-1937	person
associatedWith	Elliott, John Lovejoy, 1868-1942.	person
correspondedWith	Ellman, Erwin B.	person
associatedWith	El Rescate Legal Services.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Elston, Gerhard.	person
associatedWith	Emerson, Thomas I. (Thomas Irwin), 1907-1991.	person
associatedWith	Ennis, Bruce J., 1941-	person
associatedWith	Epperson, Susan	person
associatedWith	Erikson, Erik H. (Erik Homburger), 1902-1994	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Escobedo, Danny	person
associatedWith	Evans, Elizabeth Glendower, 1856-1937.	person
associatedWith	Evans, Luther Harris, 1902-1981.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Everson, Arch R.	person
associatedWith	Farquharson, Mary U.	person
associatedWith	Faulkner, Leesha.	person
associatedWith	Feldblum, Chai R.	person
associatedWith	Ferman, Irving	person
associatedWith	Fetter, Frank Whitson, 1899-1991	person
associatedWith	Fine, Alvin I., 1916-	person
associatedWith	Finerty, John Frederick, 1885-1967	person
associatedWith	Fleck, John.	person
associatedWith	Fleming, Harold C.	person
associatedWith	Fleming, Harold C.	person
associatedWith	Fly, James Lawrence, 1898-1966.	person
associatedWith	Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley.	person
associatedWith	Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley.	person
associatedWith	Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley.	person
associatedWith	Foreign Policy Association.	corporateBody
correspondedWith	Fort Worth Civil Liberties Union.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Fraenkel, Osmond Kessler, 1888-	person
associatedWith	Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.	person
associatedWith	Frank, Walter, 1882-1969.	person
associatedWith	Frisch, Ephraim, 1880-1957.	person
associatedWith	Fuller, Lon L., 1902-	person
associatedWith	Gaines, Martha Wren, 1939-1987.	person
associatedWith	Gault, Gerald Francis, 1949 or 50-	person
associatedWith	Gellhorn, Walter, 1906-1995.	person
associatedWith	George Gund Foundation.	corporateBody
associatedWith	George, Stine,	person
associatedWith	German American League for Culture.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Gerson, T. Perceval (Theodore Perceval), 1872- .	person
associatedWith	Giaimo, Robert N.	person
associatedWith	Gideon, Clarence Earl	person
associatedWith	Ginsberg, Allen, 1926-1997	person
associatedWith	Ginsburg, Ruth Bader.	person
associatedWith	Glasser, Ira.	person
associatedWith	Glueck, Sheldon, 1896-	person
associatedWith	Godwin, Richard.	person
associatedWith	Goldman, Emma, 1869-1940.	person
associatedWith	Goldman, Janlori	person
associatedWith	Goodwin, Dorothy C.	person
associatedWith	Green, Paul, 1894-1981	person
associatedWith	Green, Richard G.	person
associatedWith	Griswold, Estelle	person
correspondedWith	Gropius, Walter, 1883-1969	person
associatedWith	Gunnison, Foster.	person
associatedWith	Gutis, Philip	person
associatedWith	Gutman, Jeremiah	person
associatedWith	Gutmann, James, b. 1897.	person
associatedWith	Guttentag, Lucas.	person
associatedWith	Haiman, Franklyn Saul	person
associatedWith	Half, Marilyn	person
associatedWith	Hall, Burton	person
associatedWith	Hall, Burton, 1929-	person
associatedWith	Hames, Margie Pitts.	person
associatedWith	Hand, Learned, 1872-1961	person
associatedWith	Harrison, Gilbert A.	person
associatedWith	Harrison, Gilbert A.	person
associatedWith	Hart, Henry Melvin.	person
associatedWith	Hartney, Joseph.	person
associatedWith	Hastie, William.	person
associatedWith	Hays, Arthur Garfield, 1881-1954.	person
associatedWith	Heide, Wilma Scott, 1921-1985.	person
associatedWith	Heins, Margie.	person
associatedWith	HELEN (LEHMAN) BUTTENWIESER, 1905-1989	person
associatedWith	Henderson, Wade	person
associatedWith	Herbert, Robert Beverley, b. 1879.	person
associatedWith	Herndon, Booton.	person
associatedWith	Heyman, Gertrude, 1878? -1958	person
associatedWith	Hicks, Granville, 1901-1982	person
correspondedWith	Hocking, William Ernest, 1873-1966	person
associatedWith	Hogan, Charles A., 1906-1981.	person
associatedWith	Holmes, John Haynes, 1879-1964.	person
associatedWith	Holtzman, Elizabeth	person
associatedWith	Hopkins, Sarah	person
associatedWith	Houchins, Kenyon, 1915-1983	person
associatedWith	Howe, Mark De Wolfe, 1906-1967	person
associatedWith	Hudson, Manley Ottmer, 1886-	person
associatedWith	Huebsch, B. W. 1876-1964.	person
associatedWith	Huebsch, B. W. (Benjamin W.), 1876-1964.	person
associatedWith	Hunter, Nan D.	person
associatedWith	Impeach Nixon Committee (Evanston, Ill.)	corporateBody
associatedWith	Indiana University Center for the Study of History and Memory	corporateBody
associatedWith	Industrial Workers of the World.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Inglis, Agnes, 1870-1952.	person
associatedWith	International Committee for Political Prisoners	corporateBody
associatedWith	International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation	corporateBody
associatedWith	International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Isserman, A. J.	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobellis, Nico	person
associatedWith	Jacobs, Sophia Yarnall, 1902-	person
associatedWith	Jelinek, Donald A.	person
associatedWith	Jensen, Vernon H.,	person
associatedWith	Johnson, Arnold 1904-1989. Arnold Samuel.	person
associatedWith	Johnson, Arnold (Arnold Samuel), 1904-1989	person
associatedWith	Johnson, Arnold Samuel, 1904-1989.	person
associatedWith	Joint Amnesty Committee.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Jonas, Gilbert.	person
associatedWith	JUSTINE (WISE) POLIER, 1903-1987	person
associatedWith	Keenan, Kevin	person
associatedWith	Kellogg, Paul Underwood, 1879-1958,	person
associatedWith	Kenyon, Dorothy, 1888-1972	person
associatedWith	King, George, IV collector.	person
associatedWith	Klein, David Y., 1933-	person
associatedWith	Kohler, Max J. (Max James), 1871-1934	person
associatedWith	Kopple, Barbara.	person
associatedWith	Ku Klux Klan (1915- )	corporateBody
associatedWith	Kytle, Calvin.	person
associatedWith	Labor Research Association (U.S.)	corporateBody
associatedWith	Lamont, Corliss, 1902-1995.	person
associatedWith	Lamson, Peggy, 1912-	person
associatedWith	Lapidus, Lenora M.	person
associatedWith	Lasswell, Harold D. (Harold Dwight), 1902-1978.	person
associatedWith	Lattimore, Owen, 1900-1989.	person
associatedWith	Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix.	person
associatedWith	Lee, Alfred McClung.	person
associatedWith	Lefcourt, Gerald B	person
associatedWith	Leonard, George B., 1872-1956.	person
associatedWith	Levy, Herbert Monte, 1923-	person
associatedWith	Lewis, Austin, 1865?-1944.	person
associatedWith	Liberation News Service (New York, N.Y.).	corporateBody
associatedWith	Litchman, Mark, 1925-	person
associatedWith	Lofton, John.	person
associatedWith	Luscomb, Florence, 1887-	person
associatedWith	Lutzai, George.	person
associatedWith	Lynn, Barry W.	person
associatedWith	MacCracken, H. N. (Henry Noble), b. 1880.	person
associatedWith	MacLean, Daniel.	person
associatedWith	Malin, Patrick Murphy, 1903-1964	person
associatedWith	Marin, Laurie	person
associatedWith	Marovich, Milton.	person
associatedWith	Marshall Civil Liberties Trust Fund.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Marshall, George, 1904-2000.	person
associatedWith	Marx, Guido H. (Guido Hugo), b. 1871.	person
associatedWith	MARY (WARE) DENNETT	person
associatedWith	Matson, J. Warren, 1905-1983.	person
associatedWith	Matthews, J. B. (Joseph Brown), 1894-1966	person
associatedWith	Maverick, Maury, 1921-2003	person
associatedWith	Mazey, Ernest.	person
associatedWith	McClure, Michael.	person
associatedWith	McDonald, Laughlin,	person
associatedWith	McKinney, Bruce (Bruce A.), 1953-	person
correspondedWith	McKissick, Floyd B. (Floyd Bixler), 1922-	person
associatedWith	McNamara, Francis J.	person
associatedWith	Meiklejohn, Alexander, 1872-1964.	person
associatedWith	Mencken, H. L. (Henry Louis), 1880-1956.	person
associatedWith	Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund	corporateBody
associatedWith	Michie, Thomas Johnson, 1896-1973.	person
associatedWith	Michigan State University. Library. American Radicalism Collection.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Miller, Henry, 1891-	person
associatedWith	Miller, Loren	person
associatedWith	Miller, Loren.	person
associatedWith	Milner, Lucille Bernheimer, 1888-	person
associatedWith	Milton Caniff	person
associatedWith	Minnesota Civil Liberties Union.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Miranda, Ernesto	person
associatedWith	Mississippi University for Women.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Mitchell, Broadus, 1892-1988.	person
associatedWith	Mitford, Jessica, 1917-	person
associatedWith	Monserrat, Joseph, 1921-	person
associatedWith	Monterey Public Library. California History Room.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Monterey Public Library. California History Room.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Movsovitz, Max D.	person
associatedWith	Movsovitz, Max D.	person
associatedWith	Muehleisen, Vesta	person
associatedWith	Murphy, Laura W.	person
associatedWith	Murray, Pauli, 1910-1985.	person
associatedWith	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Philadelphia Branch (Pa.)	corporateBody
associatedWith	National Civil Liberties Bureau (U.S.)	corporateBody
associatedWith	National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing.	corporateBody
associatedWith	National Committee Against Repressive Legislation.	corporateBody
associatedWith	National Committee on Conscientious Objectors.	corporateBody
associatedWith	National Endowment for the Arts.	corporateBody
associatedWith	National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council	corporateBody
correspondedWith	Nation (New York, N.Y. : 1865).	corporateBody
associatedWith	Neier, Aryeh, 1937	person
associatedWith	Nelles, Walter, 1883-1937.	person
associatedWith	Neuborne, Burt, 1941-	person
correspondedWith	New Directions Publishing Corp.	corporateBody
associatedWith	New Jersey Civil Liberties Union	corporateBody
associatedWith	New York Bureau of Legal Advice.	corporateBody
associatedWith	New York Civil Liberties Union	corporateBody
associatedWith	New York (State). Legislature. Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities.	corporateBody
associatedWith	New York Times Company	corporateBody
associatedWith	Nixon, Richard M. 1913-1994	person
associatedWith	Nordlinger, Zelda.	person
associatedWith	Norman, Dorothy, 1905-1997.	person
associatedWith	Norris, Harold.	person
associatedWith	Novik, Jack	person
associatedWith	Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).	corporateBody
associatedWith	O'Connor, Harvey, 1897-1987.	person
associatedWith	O'Hare, Rolland R., 1925-	person
associatedWith	Olmsted, Allen S. (Allen Seymour), 1888-1977.	person
associatedWith	Owen, Mickey.	person
associatedWith	Packard, Emmy Lou, 1914-	person
associatedWith	Pan American World Airways, Inc.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Paradise, James C.	person
associatedWith	Parker, Kristi	person
associatedWith	Parsons, Edward Lambe, b. 1868.	person
associatedWith	Paterson, Donald G. (Donald Gildersleeve), 1892-1961.	person
associatedWith	Paul A. Freund	person
associatedWith	Pauley, Frances F. (Frances Emma Freeborn), b. 1902,	person
associatedWith	Pauli Murray, 1910-1985	person
associatedWith	Pemberton, John de J.	person
associatedWith	Pennsylvania Fair Employment Practice Commission.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Eastern Region. Labor and Wage Bureau.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Perry, Richard L.	person
associatedWith	Pilpel, Harriet F.	person
associatedWith	Pinzler, Isabelle Katz.	person
associatedWith	Pitchersky, Carol.	person
associatedWith	Pitzele, Merlyn S., 1911-	person
associatedWith	Piven, Frances Fox	person
associatedWith	Piven, Frances Fox.	person
associatedWith	Planned Parenthood Federation of America.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Portland League for Peace and Freedom.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Pound, Ezra, 1885-1972	person
correspondedWith	Pound, Roscoe, 1870-1964	person
associatedWith	Powell, John A. (John Anthony)	person
associatedWith	Prisoner's Rights Council.	corporateBody
correspondedWith	Project on the Status and Education of Women (Association of American Colleges)	person
associatedWith	Rabinovitz, Judy.	person
associatedWith	Raoul family.	family
associatedWith	Rasmussen, Jeri.	person
associatedWith	Reitman, Alan	person
associatedWith	Reitman, Alan	person
associatedWith	Reuben, William A.	person
associatedWith	Rifkin, Marjorie	person
associatedWith	Riis, Roger William, b. 1894.	person
associatedWith	Ring, Benjamin A., 1925-1992.	person
associatedWith	Robert W. Whitaker	person
associatedWith	Romero, Anthony D.,	person
associatedWith	Roosevelt, Anna, 1906-1975.	person
associatedWith	Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962.	person
correspondedWith	Roper, Elmo, 1900-1971	person
associatedWith	Rosenthal, A. M. (Abraham Michael), 1922-2006	person
associatedWith	Ross, Edward Alsworth, 1866-1951.	person
associatedWith	Rubenstein, Bill	person
associatedWith	Rubenstein, William B.	person
associatedWith	Rust-Tierney, Diann Y.	person
associatedWith	Rutgers University. Board of Trustees.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Rutgers University. Office of the Provost and Vice President.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Ruth Teitlebaum	person
associatedWith	Ruthven, Alexander Grant, 1882-	person
associatedWith	Salinger, Noel	person
associatedWith	Salmon, Benjamin.	person
associatedWith	Sánchez, George I., 1906-1972	person
associatedWith	Sayre, John Nevin, 1884-1977.	person
associatedWith	Schary, Dore.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schempp, Edward L.	person
associatedWith	Schroeter, Leonard	person
associatedWith	Schwarzschild, Henry	person
associatedWith	Schwimmer, Rosika, 1877-1948.	person
associatedWith	Scopes, John Thomas	person
associatedWith	Scopes, John Thomas, 1900-1970	person
associatedWith	Seaver, Edwin, 1900-	person
associatedWith	Seeger, Daniel A.	person
associatedWith	Selby, Carla, 1937-,	person
associatedWith	Sesit, Michael.	person
associatedWith	Shapiro, Steven R.,	person
associatedWith	Shelley, Rebecca, 1887-1984.	person
associatedWith	Sherman, Wendy	person
associatedWith	Silver, Alan	person
associatedWith	Silver, Alan, 1914-1988.	person
associatedWith	Sims, Charles S.	person
associatedWith	Smith, McNeill.	person
associatedWith	Southern Christian Leadership Conference.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Southern Regional Council.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Speiser, Lawrence, 1923-1991	person
associatedWith	Spingarn, Jerome H., 1914-	person
associatedWith	Spivak, John L., 1897-1981	person
associatedWith	Spivak, John Louis, 1897- .	person
associatedWith	Stein, Bruce.	person
associatedWith	Steinhardt, Barry	person
associatedWith	Stephens, Max.	person
associatedWith	Stokes, Anson Phelps, 1874-1958.	person
associatedWith	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.). Atlanta Office.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Swan, Thomas Walter, 1877-1975.	person
associatedWith	Swarthmore College. Peace Collection.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Sweet, Ossian Haven, 1895-1960.	person
associatedWith	Tamiment Library.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Tauber, Stephen J.,	person
associatedWith	Teitelbaum, Ruth J.	person
correspondedWith	Texas Civil Liberties Union.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Thomas, Norman, 1884-1968.	person
associatedWith	Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003.	person
associatedWith	Tilton, Eleanor Taft, 1909-1984.	person
associatedWith	Tinker, John Frederick	person
associatedWith	Tobin, Kay,	person
associatedWith	Turner, Arlin	person
associatedWith	Unitarian Universalist Association. Beacon Press.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States. Constitution. 1st-10th Amendments.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States. Dept. of Justice.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States. Federal Communications Commission.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States. National Labor Relations Board.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United States. Navy.	corporateBody
associatedWith	United Steelworkers of America. Office of the Housing Consultant.	corporateBody
associatedWith	University of Connecticut. Vice President for Academic Affairs Office.	corporateBody
associatedWith	University of New Mexico. Center for Southwest Research.	corporateBody
associatedWith	van Kleeck, Mary	person
associatedWith	Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States.	corporateBody
correspondedWith	Vidal, Gore, 1925-	person
associatedWith	Villard, Oswald Garrison, 1872-1949.	person
associatedWith	Waite, Edward F. (Edward Foote), 1860-1958.	person
associatedWith	Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965.	person
associatedWith	Walsh, Jerome K, 1903-1971.	person
associatedWith	Warden, Rob	person
associatedWith	Ward, Harry Frederick, 1873-1966.	person
associatedWith	Warne, Colston E. (Colston Estey), 1900-1987.	person
associatedWith	Weaver, John C., 1896-1985.	person
associatedWith	Weidhaas, Ernest R., 1888-1974.	person
associatedWith	Weinberger, Harry, 1888-	person
associatedWith	Werby, Elisabeth	person
associatedWith	Wey, Nancy	person
associatedWith	Whitney, Alexander Fell, 1873-1949.	person
associatedWith	Whitney, Mary E., 1932-	person
associatedWith	Wilma Scott Heide, 1921-1985	person
associatedWith	Wirin, A. L.	person
associatedWith	Wisconsin Civil Liberties Union.	corporateBody
associatedWith	Wolf, Herman.	person
associatedWith	Wolfson, Theresa, 1897-1972.	person
associatedWith	Woods, Jeanne M.	person
associatedWith	Wright, Marion A. (Marion Allan), 1894-1983.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Wulf, Melvin A.	person
associatedWith	Youngdahl, Benjamin E. (Benjamin Emanual), 1897-1970	person
associatedWith	Zinn, Howard, 1922-2010	person

	Place Name	Admin Code	Country
	United States
	United States
	United States
	United States
	Michigan--Kalamazoo
	United States
	United States
	United States
	United States
	California
	United States
	United States
	United States
	United States
	United States
	United States

Subject
Suffrage
United States
Abortion
Academic freedom
African Americans
African Americans
African Americans
African Americans
Aliens
Aliens
Aliens
American Civil Liberties Union
American history/20th century
American politics and government
Amnesty
Amnesty
Anti-communist movements
Anti-communist movements
Apportionment (Election law)
Arts
Assembly, Right of
Assembly, Right of
Assemby, Right of
Birth control
Capital punishment
Capital punishment
Capital punishment
Censorship
Censorship
Censorship
Children
Children's rights
Church and state
Church and state
Citizen suits (Civil procedure)
Citizen suits (Civil procedure)
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights
Civil rights movements
Civil rights movements
Civil rights workers
Communism
Communists
Conscientious objectors
Conscientious objectors
Conscientious objectors
Constitutional law
Deportation
Discrimination
Discrimination
Discrimination
Discrimination against the homeless
Discrimination in employment
Discrimination in employment
Draft resisters
Draft resistors
Drug abuse
Due process of law
Due process of law
Due process of law
Emigration and immigration law
Equality before the law
Equality before the law
Freedom of association
Freedom of association
Freedom of information
Freedom of information
Freedom of movement
Freedom of movement
Freedom of movement
Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech
Freedom of the press
Gay rights
Government accountability
Homosexuality
Indians of North America
Insanity
Internal security
Japanese Americans
Jews
Labor laws and legislation
Law
Law
Lawyers
Legal aid
Legal history
Legal services
Legislation
Loyalty oaths
Loyalty oaths
Loyalty oaths
Lynching
Mental health laws
Mentally ill
Minorities
Monopolies
National security
National security
Police power
Police power
Political questions and judicial power
Political refugees
Political rights
Political rights
Political rights
Political rights, Loss of
Privacy, Right of
Privacy, Right of
Privacy, Right of
Public policy/20th century
Public schools
Race discrimination
Race discrimination
Records
Records
Reproductive rights
Right to health
Sacco
Scottsboro Trial, Scottsboro, Ala., 1931
Sedition
Sex discrimination
Sex discrimination against women
Sex discrimination against women
Strikes and lockouts
Strikes and lockouts
Strikes and lockouts
Subversive activities
Subversive activities
United States. Supreme Court
Teaching, Freedom of
Television in politics
Textile workers
Trials
Vietnam War, 1961-1975
Wiretapping
Women's rights
Women's rights
World War I
World War II

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Active 1989

Active 1991

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American Civil Liberties Union

American Civil Liberties Union	Title

American Civil Liberties Union

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