Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875

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Henry Wilson (born Jeremiah Jones Colbath; February 16, 1812 – November 22, 1875) was the 18th vice president of the United States (1873–75) and a senator from Massachusetts (1855–73). Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and a strong opponent of slavery. Wilson devoted his energies to the destruction of the "Slave Power" – the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country.

Originally a Whig, Wilson was a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848. He served as the party chairman before and during the 1852 presidential election. Wilson worked diligently to build an anti-slavery coalition, which came to include the Free Soil Party, anti-slavery Democrats, New York Barnburners, the Liberty Party, anti-slavery members of the Native American Party (Know Nothings), and anti-slavery Whigs (called Conscience Whigs). When the Free Soil party dissolved in the mid-1850s, Wilson joined the Republican Party, which he helped found, and which was organized largely in line with the anti-slavery coalition he had nurtured in the 1840s and 1850s.

While a Senator during the Civil War, Wilson was considered a "Radical Republican", and his experience as a militia general, organizer and commander of a Union Army regiment, and chairman of the Senate military committees enabled him to assist the Abraham Lincoln administration in the organization and oversight of the Union Army and Union Navy. Wilson successfully authored bills that outlawed slavery in Washington, D.C., and incorporated African Americans in the Union Civil War effort in 1862.

After the Civil War, he supported the Radical Republican program for Reconstruction. In 1872, Wilson was elected Vice President as the running mate of Ulysses S. Grant, the incumbent President of the United States, who was running for a second term. The Grant and Wilson ticket was successful, and Wilson served as Vice President from March 4, 1873, until his death on November 22, 1875. Wilson's effectiveness as Vice President was limited after he suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1873, and his health continued to decline until he was the victim of a fatal stroke while working in the United States Capitol in late 1875.

Throughout his career, Wilson was known for championing causes that were at times unpopular, including workers' rights for both blacks and whites and the abolition of slavery. Massachusetts politician George F. Hoar, who served in the United States House of Representatives while Wilson was a Senator, and later served in the Senate himself, believed Wilson to be the most skilled political organizer in the country. However, Wilson's reputation for personal integrity and principled politics was somewhat damaged late in his Senate career by his involvement in the Crédit Mobilier scandal.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Clarke, James Freeman, 1810-1888. Additional correspondence, 1787-1886 Houghton Library
referencedIn Thomas Wentworth Higginson correspondence Houghton Library
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Autograph letter signed : Senate Chamber, to Kennedy Furlong, 1856 Feb. 23. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Childs, George William, 1829-1894. George William Childs papers [manuscript], 1882-1892. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Letter : Washington, D.C., to Col. E.S. Parker, [Washington, D.C.], 1867 Jan. 28. Newberry Library
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Library. Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. 1668-1983. American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Jones Family Papers, 1801-1932 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Library. Southern Historical Collection
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Autograph File, C Houghton Library
referencedIn Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874. Correspondence, 1829-1874 Houghton Library
referencedIn Houghton Mifflin Company contracts, 1831-1979 (inclusive) 1880-1940 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn May, Samuel J. (Samuel Joseph), 1797-1871. Samuel J. May diary, 1870. Cornell University Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Brainard, Charles Henry, 1817-1885. Papers, 1795-1884 and undated Houghton Library
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Henry Wilson collection, ca. 1840-2002. Natick Historical Society
referencedIn James McCormick Dalzell Collection, 1867-1919 University of Virginia. Library. Special Collections Dept.
referencedIn Ulysses S. Grant letter to H. Wilson, 1867 February 20 Oregon Historical Society Research Library
referencedIn Palfrey family papers, 1713-1915 Houghton Library
creatorOf Curry, J. L. M. (Jabez Lamar Monroe), 1825-1903. Civil War archives, [18--]-[19--]. Hyde Park Historical Society (Massachusetts)
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Henry Wilson papers 1829-1858. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
creatorOf Louis Jean Rodolph Agassiz papers, 1833-1873, 1833-1873 1833-1873 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Carter, Robert, 1819-1879,. Letters from various correspondents, 1851-1898 (inclusive), 1851-1862 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part III: The Civil War: The Union, 1804-1915. Houghton Library
referencedIn Reconstruction Scrapbook. Reconstruction Scrapbook, 1865-1880 University of Texas Libraries
referencedIn Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Ulysses S. Grant letter to H. Wilson [manuscript], 1867 February 20. Oregon Historical Society Research Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Choules, John Overton, 1801-1856. Letter [manuscript] : Newport, R.I., to Daniel Webster, Washington, D.C., 1850 March 18. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Weymouth, Harrison G. O. (Harrison Gray Otis), b. ca. 1840. Papers, 1861-1885. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Note : [Washington, D.C.], to Miss Gifford, 1864 Mar. 23. University of Chicago Library
referencedIn Hawes, Josiah Johnson, 1808-1901,. Members of the Massachusetts Free Soil Party [photograph], 1850. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Letter : Washington, D.C., to William Henry Seward, n.p., 1861 Apr. 1. University of Chicago Library
referencedIn John Overton Choules Collection, 1850 University of Virginia. Library. Special Collections Dept.
creatorOf Andrew, John A. (John Albion), 1818-1867. John A. Andrew papers, 1772-1895. Massachusetts Historical Society
referencedIn Agassiz, Louis, 1807-1873. Papers, 1833-1873. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Autograph File, L, 1641-1976. Houghton Library
referencedIn Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part I: The Revolution and the Administration, 1669-1958. Houghton Library
referencedIn Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896,. United States Senate photograph album, 1862. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn W. C. Crosby Autograph Collection, 1856-1868 Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
referencedIn Clara Barton Papers, 1805-1958, (bulk 1861-1912) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Webster, Daniel, 1782-1852. Letter, 1848 June 3, Washington, to Henry Wilson. Dartmouth College Library
referencedIn John Fries Frazer papers, 1834-1871, 1834-1871 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Robert M. (Robert Maskell) Patterson papers, 1775-1853, 1775-1853 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Letters, 1846-1870. Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Papers of Henry Wilson, 1851-1875. Library of Congress
referencedIn Autograph album: Abraham Lincoln, his cabinet, and senators, 1864 and undated. Houghton Library
creatorOf Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Papers, 1864 Jan. 13 and 1872 Jan. 22. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Henry Wilson bills, 1864. Maine Historical Society Library
referencedIn Beecher family. Beecher-Stowe family papers, 1798-1956 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Cartes-de-visite album and biographies, ca. 1875-1876. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Woods, John R., fl. 1867. Correspondence, 1862-1867. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Letters from various correspondents, 1850-1895 (inclusive), 1852-1878 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882. Mary Lincoln letter to Henry Wilson, 1867 January 3. Western Reserve Historical Society, Research Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn George B. McClellan letter to H. Wilson and F. P. Blair, 1862 May 15 Oregon Historical Society Research Library
referencedIn Phillips, Wendell, 1811-1884. Papers, 1555-1882 (bulk: 1833-1881) Houghton Library
referencedIn Child, Lydia Maria, 1802-1880. Correspondence, 1842-1867 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Letter : Natick, Mass., to unknown person, [18--] Apr. 28. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Republican Party (Minn.). State Central Committee. Miscellaneous party papers, 1857-1956. Minnesota Historical Society Library
referencedIn General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Note : [Washington, D.C.], to Miss Gifford, 1864 Mar. 23. Texas Christian University
referencedIn Pickard-Whittier papers, 1815-1915. Houghton Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Autograph File, H Houghton Library
referencedIn Books from the library of Amos Bronson Alcott, 1579-1893. Houghton Library
creatorOf Cogswell, William, 1838-1895. Autograph letter signed : Boston, to Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson, 1870 Apr. 6. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Bowles, Samuel, 1826-1878. Samuel Bowles papers, 1852-1893 (inclusive). Yale University Library
creatorOf Douglass, Ebenezer. Ebenezer Douglass papers, 1790-1873. Minnesota Historical Society, Division of Archives and Manuscripts
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Letter : to Charles Allen, Worchester, Mass., 1872? UNH Durham, Dimond Library
creatorOf Gordon, George H. (George Henry), 1825?-1886. Papers, 1842-1885, bulk: 1861-1865. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Letter : Washington, D.C., to William Henry Seward, n.p., 1861 Apr. 1. Texas Christian University
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Whiting Griswold Correspondence, 1843-1874 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Autograph letter signed : Boston, to William Pitt Fessenden, 1855 Oct. 20. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875. Presidential and gubernatorial documents, 1864-1866. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn James Freeman Clarke correspondence, 1845-1872. Houghton Library
referencedIn Hamilton, Gail, 1833-1896. Papers of Gail Hamilton [manuscript] 1862-1895. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874. Autographs, [not after 1874]. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. Henry Wilson Papers, 1851-1875. Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
referencedIn Choules, John Overton, 1801-1856. Letter : Newport, R.I., to Daniel Webster, Washington, D.C., 1850 March 18. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Salmon P. Chase Papers Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Papers concerning the 1872 resolution of condemnation against Charles Sumner, 1862-1873. Houghton Library
creatorOf Brooks-Keyes family papers, 1761-1908 Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Schouler, William, 1814-1872. William Schouler papers, 1840-1872. Massachusetts Historical Society
referencedIn Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984. Amnesty Papers, 1865 - 1867 National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration
referencedIn Elizabeth Oakes Smith Collection, 1843-1883 University of Virginia. Library. Special Collections Dept.
referencedIn Lewis Eller Asher autograph collection, 1757-1925. Library of Congress
referencedIn Chandler, William E. (William Eaton), 1835-1917. William E. Chandler papers, 1829-1917. New Hampshire Historical Society Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Autograph File, N, 1686-1975. Houghton Library
referencedIn Massachusetts Volunteer Militia Records, 1861 East Carolina University. J.Y. Joyner Library
creatorOf Faxon, William, 1822-1883. Letter, undated draft, to Henry Wilson. Connecticut Historical Society
referencedIn Hoar, George Frisbie, 1826-1904. Letter : Worcester, Mass., to Ernest Dressel North, 1899 Apr. 15. University of Chicago Library
creatorOf Pierce, Edward Lillie, 1829-1897,. Letters from various correspondents, 1850-1895 (inclusive), 1852-1878 (bulk). Houghton Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Robert Carter letters from various correspondents, 1851-1898 (inclusive), 1851-1862 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Correspondence and other papers, 1831-1891. Houghton Library
referencedIn Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866. Jared Sparks collection of American manuscripts, 1582-1843 Houghton Library
referencedIn Cartland family papers, 1823-1913. Houghton Library
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the State of Massachusetts Civil War collection, 1724-1933 (inclusive); 1861-1912 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Hayes, Edgar S., 1845-1899. Natick Historical Society photograph collection, 1858-2007. Natick Historical Society
referencedIn Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874. Letter, 1851 April 25, Cambridge [Mass.] to [Henry] Wilson, [Boston, Mass.]. New England Historic Genealogical Society
referencedIn Barton, Clara, 1821-1912. Clara Barton papers, 1805-1958 (bulk 1861-1912). Library of Congress
referencedIn Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 - 2009. Certificates of Electors of the Electoral College for Massachusetts, 1840 - 1964 National Archives at Boston
referencedIn Autograph File, A, 1518-2002. Houghton Library
referencedIn General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Notation Concerning Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Isaac Leeser, papers, undated, 1811-1919 American Jewish Historical Society
creatorOf Wilson, Henry, 1812-1875. [Letter] 1864 February 12, Washington, [D.C.] / H. Wilson. Texas Tech University Libraries, Academic Library
referencedIn Billings/Tyler family papers, 1834-1911. Vermont Historical Society
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Harvard University. Autograph File, G. 1641-2009. Houghton Library
referencedIn Letters to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1761-1904 (inclusive), 1820-1888 (bulk) Houghton Library
referencedIn Reconstruction Scrapbook, 1865-1880 Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
referencedIn Bird, Francis William, 1809-1894. Papers, 1826-1924; bulk: 1847-1889 Houghton Library
referencedIn Autographs of American politicians, [ca. 1780-1915]. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
referencedIn McClellan, George Brinton, 1826-1885. George B. McClellan letter to H. Wilson and F. P. Blair [manuscript], 1862 May 15. Oregon Historical Society Research Library
referencedIn Clapp, William Warland, Jr., 1826-1891. Correspondence, 1790-1891 (bulk 1840-1891) Houghton Library
referencedIn Stowe, C. E. (Calvin Ellis), 1802-1886. Letters, 1846-1878 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letters from Henry Wilson to Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Love Letter from Henry Wilson to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
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correspondedWith Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885 person
correspondedWith Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. person
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correspondedWith Griswold, Whiting, 1814-1874. person
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associatedWith Wilson, Henry Hamilton, d. 1866. person
associatedWith Winsor, Justin, 1831-1897 person
associatedWith Woods, John R., fl. 1867. person
associatedWith Yates, Richard. person
associatedWith Yates, Richard, 1815-1873. person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Boston MA US
Natick MA US
Washington, D. C. DC US
Farmington NH US
Subject
Slavery
Religion
Abolitionists
Education
African American soldiers
Ships
Bills, Legislative
Debates and debating societies, etc
Decedents' estates
Fossils
Geology
Indians of North America
Legislators
Legislators
Manuscripts, American
Mexican War, 1846-1848
Mineralogy
Monterrey, Battle of, Monterrey, Mexico, 1846
Natural history
Natural history museums
Naturalists
Patronage, Political
Politics
Real property
Reconstruction
Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)
Science and technology
Scientific expeditions
Senators, U.S. Congress
Shoe industry
Slavery in the United States
Soldiers
Spies
Underground railroad
Vice
Women
Women spies
Zoological museums
Zoology
Occupation
Teachers
Historians
Legislators
Senators, U.S. Congress
Shoemakers
Soldiers
Vice presidents
Activity

Person

Birth 1812-02-16

Death 1875-11-22

Male

Americans

English

Related Descriptions
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