Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895

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Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1818. He barely knew his mother, who lived on a different plantation and died when he was a young child and never discovered the identity of his father. When he turned eight years old, his slaveowner hired him out to work as a body servant in Baltimore. At an early age, Frederick realized there was a connection between literacy and freedom. Not allowed to attend school, he taught himself to read and write in the streets of Baltimore.

When Frederick was fifteen, his slaveowner sent him back to the Eastern Shore to labor as a fieldhand. Frederick rebelled intensely. He educated other slaves, physically fought back against a "slave-breaker," and plotted an unsuccessful escape. Frustrated, his slaveowner returned him to Baltimore. This time, Frederick met a young free black woman named Anna Murray, who agreed to help him escape.

On September 3, 1838, he disguised himself as a sailor and boarded a northbound train, using money from Anna to pay for his ticket. In less than 24 hours, Frederick arrived in New York City and declared himself free; he had successfully escaped from slavery.

After escaping from slavery, Frederick married Anna. They settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts. There, they adopted the last name "Douglass" and started their family, which would eventually grow to include five children: Rosetta, Lewis, Frederick, Charles, and Annie. After finding employment as a laborer, Douglass began to attend abolitionist meetings and speak about his experiences in slavery. He soon gained a reputation as an orator, landing a job as an agent for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. The job took him on speaking tours across the North and Midwest.

After relocating to Rochester, New York, Rochester, Douglass took his work in new directions. He embraced the women's rights movement, helped people on the Underground Railroad, and supported anti-slavery political parties. Douglass bought a printing press and ran his own newspaper, The North Star.

Frederick Douglass worked tirelessly to make sure that emancipation would be one of the Civil War's outcomes. He recruited African-American men to fight in the U.S. Army, including two of his own sons, who served in the famous 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. When black troops protested they were not receiving pay and treatment equal to that of white troops, Douglass met with President Abraham Lincoln to advocate on their behalf.

In 1872, the Douglasses moved to Washington, D.C. A widely known public figure by the time of Reconstruction, Douglass started to hold prestigious offices, including assistant secretary of the Santo Domingo Commission, legislative council member of the D.C. Territorial Government, board member of Howard University, and president of the Freedman's Bank. After the fall of Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass managed to retain high-ranking federal appointments. He served under five presidents as U.S. Marshal for D.C. (1877-1881), Recorder of Deeds for D.C. (1881-1886), and Minister Resident and Consul General to Haiti (1889-1891). Significantly, he held these positions at a time when violence and fraud severely restricted African-American political activism. On top of his federal work, Douglass kept a vigorous speaking tour schedule. His speeches continued to agitate for racial equality and women's rights. In 1881, Douglass published his third autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, which took a long view of his life's work, the nation's progress, and the work left to do.

On February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a meeting for the National Council of Women. When he returned home he suffered a heart attack and passed away. Douglass was 77.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
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referencedIn Davis, Grace. Grace Davis collection, 1948-1969 Western Michigan University, Dwight B. Waldo Library
referencedIn Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1862-1931. Papers, 1884-1976 (inclusive). Texas Christian University
creatorOf Kurt Fisher Haitian collection, 1727-1958. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Louis T. Michener Papers, 1880-1927 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Severance, Caroline M. Seymour (Caroline Maria Seymour), 1820-1914. Papers, 1830-1980 The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department
referencedIn African American History collection 1729-1970 1800-1865 African American history collection William L. Clements Library
creatorOf Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895. Frederick Douglass letter to Passmore Williamson, 1856 May 1. Dartmouth College Library
referencedIn Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Papers, 1843-1969 (bulk 1843-1908) Library of Congress
referencedIn Whittier, John Greenleaf, 1807-1892. Letter, 1888, February 23, Danvers, Mass., to John Wesley Cromwell. Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn Butler-Gunsaulus. Collection, 1527-1915 Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library,
referencedIn Black, James Wallace, 1825-1896,. 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment carte de visite album, ca. 1863-1865. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895. Letters of Frederick Douglass, 1856-1894. New Hampshire Historical Society Library
creatorOf Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895. Letter : Rochester, N.Y., to Mr. Mills, 1868 Oct. 20. University of Chicago Library
creatorOf Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895. Note, 1866 April 9. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Phillips, Wendell, 1811-1884. Papers, 1555-1882 (bulk: 1833-1881) Houghton Library
creatorOf Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895. Frederick Douglass letter to George W. Curtis, 1872 September 20. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Miscellaneous slavery collection, 1700-1885. Princeton University Library
referencedIn Coates, William M., 1845-1937. Papers, 1731-1860. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association Records, 1900-1990, (bulk 1950-1980) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Dugdale, Joseph A., 1810-1896. Papers, 1841-1873. Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College
Role Title Holding Repository

Filters:

Connection Graph Radial Graph
Relation Name
associatedWith Adams, Charles. person
associatedWith Adams, John, 1735-1826 person
associatedWith Adams, Robert. person
associatedWith Aldrich, James Franklin, 1853-1933. person
associatedWith Allen, Nathaniel T. (Nathaniel Topliff), 1823-1903. person
associatedWith American Missionary Association. corporateBody
associatedWith American Negro Historical Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Anderson, Martin Brewer, 1815-1890. person
associatedWith Ann Maria Davison, 1783- person
associatedWith Anthony, Alfred Williams, 1860- person
associatedWith Anthony, Susan B. (Susan Brownell), 1820-1906. person
associatedWith Assing, Ottilia person
associatedWith Atlanta Life Insurance Company. corporateBody
associatedWith Bailey, Harriet A. person
associatedWith Bassett, Ebenezer D., 1833-1908 person
associatedWith Bigelow, John, 1854-1936 person
correspondedWith Bird, F. W. (Francis William), 1809-1894 person
associatedWith Blackwell family. family
associatedWith BLACKWELL FAMILY family
associatedWith Blaine, James Gillespie, 1830-1893 person
associatedWith Blair, Henry W. (Henry William), 1834-1920 person
associatedWith Bond, Julian, 1940- person
associatedWith Booth, Edwin, 1833-1893 person
correspondedWith Bowen, Sayles Jenks, 1813-1896. person
correspondedWith Boyd, Crosby Noyes, 1903- person
associatedWith Braithwaite, William Stanley, 1878-1962. person
associatedWith Brown family. family
associatedWith Brown, Hallie Q. (Hallie Quinn), d. 1949. person
correspondedWith Brown, John, 1800-1859. person
associatedWith Brown, John, Jr., 1821-1895. person
associatedWith Brown, William Wells, 1814?-1884. person
associatedWith Bruce, Blanche Kelso, 1841-1898 person
associatedWith Butcher, Philip, 1918- person
associatedWith Butler-Gunsaulus Collection (University of Chicago. Library) corporateBody
correspondedWith Carpenter, Frances, 1890-1972 person
associatedWith Carpenter, Frank G. (Frank George), 1855-1924. person
associatedWith Carpenter, Mary Browne, fl. 1862-1894 person
associatedWith Carpenter, Russell Lant, 1816-1892 person
associatedWith Chandler, William E. (William Eaton), 1835-1917 person
associatedWith Clapp, Henry Austin, 1841-1904. person
associatedWith Clapp, William Warland, 1826-1891 person
associatedWith Clark, George L. person
associatedWith Clarkson, James Sullivan, 1842-1918 person
associatedWith Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 1810-1903. person
associatedWith Clay, Henry, 1777-1852. person
associatedWith Cleveland, Grover, 1837-1908 person
associatedWith Clinton, DeWitt, 1769-1828 person
associatedWith Coates, William M., 1845-1937. person
associatedWith Coke, Jacob T. person
associatedWith Crain, Charles E., fl. 1876. person
associatedWith Curry, J. L. M. (Jabez Lamar Monroe), 1825-1903. person
associatedWith Curtis, George William, 1824-1892, person
associatedWith Curtis, William Eleroy, 1850-1911 person
associatedWith Dalven, Rae. person
associatedWith Dalzell, James L., person
associatedWith Dalzell, James McCormick, 1838-1924, person
associatedWith Dalzell, James McCormick, 1838-1924. person
associatedWith Davis, Grace. person
associatedWith Davis, John P. (John Preston), 1905-1973. person
associatedWith Davison, Ann Maria, 1783- person
associatedWith Dickens, Charles, 1812-1870. person
correspondedWith Dickinson, Anna E. (Anna Elizabeth), 1842-1932 person
associatedWith Douglas family. family
associatedWith Douglass, Anna Murray, d. 1882. person
associatedWith Douglass, Ebenezer. person
associatedWith Douglass family. family
associatedWith Douglass, Helen, 1838-1903. person
associatedWith Douglass, Joseph H. person
associatedWith Douglass, Lewis, b. 1840 person
associatedWith Douglass, Rosetta. person
associatedWith Downing, George T. (George Thomas), 1819-1903 person
associatedWith Draz, Rosine Ame person
associatedWith Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 1906-1977. person
associatedWith Dugdale, Joseph A., 1810-1896. person
associatedWith Dumas, Alexandre, 1802-1870. person
associatedWith Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 1872-1906 person
correspondedWith Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1803-1882 person
associatedWith Ezell, Mary Jane, person
associatedWith Feinstone, Sol, 1888-1980, person
associatedWith Fisher, Abigail. person
associatedWith Fisher, Kurt A., 1908- person
associatedWith Fortune, Timothy Thomas, 1856-1928 person
associatedWith Franklin, Viola Price person
associatedWith Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association. corporateBody
associatedWith Freeland, Benjamin. person
associatedWith Freeland, Benjamin. person
associatedWith French, Mansfield Joseph, b. 1872 person
associatedWith Frost, Edwin Collins, 1867-1956. person
associatedWith Frost, William G. (William Goodell), 1854-1938 person
associatedWith Frost, William Henry, 1863-1902, person
associatedWith Fuller, Sue Elizabeth. person
associatedWith Gage, Matilda Electa Josyln, 1826-1898. person
associatedWith Gamble, Thomas, 1858-1945. person
associatedWith Garfield, James A. (James Abram), 1831-1881. person
associatedWith Garnet, Henry Highland, 1815-1882 person
correspondedWith Garrison family. family
associatedWith Garrison, William Lloyd, 1805-1879 person
associatedWith Gillette, William, 1853-1937. person
correspondedWith Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. person
correspondedWith Grant, U. S. (Ulysses S.), 1881-1968 person
associatedWith Greene, Martha W. person
associatedWith Griffiths, Julia, d. 1895 person
associatedWith Gumby, L. S. Alexander, 1885-1961, person
associatedWith Haiti (Republic). Bureau of Emigration, Boston (Mass.) corporateBody
correspondedWith Halford, Elijah Walker, 1843-1938. person
associatedWith Hardacre, Paul, 1915- person
associatedWith Harlan, John Marshall, 1833-1911 person
associatedWith Harper's Ferry, New York. corporateBody
associatedWith Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901 person
associatedWith Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 1804-1864 person
associatedWith Heartman, Charles F. (Charles Frederick), 1883-1953, person
associatedWith Heslip-Ruffin Family. person
associatedWith Hillyer, Amey M., person
associatedWith Hoar, George Frisbie, 1826-1904 person
associatedWith Hodges, Danforth Comstock, b. 1831. person
associatedWith Holt family. family
associatedWith HOLT-MESSER FAMILY family
associatedWith Hunter, Charles N., ca. 1851-1931. person
associatedWith Husbands, J. D., person
associatedWith Indiana Association of Colored Men. corporateBody
associatedWith Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875. person
associatedWith Koehler, S. R. (Sylvester Rosa), 1837-1900 person
associatedWith Kohns, Lee, 1864-1927 person
associatedWith Kohns, Lee, d. 1927, person
correspondedWith Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 1807-1882 person
associatedWith Martin, J. Sella (John Sella), b. 1832 person
associatedWith Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. corporateBody
associatedWith MATILDA (JOSLYN) GAGE, 1826-1898 person
associatedWith Mauley, J. R. person
associatedWith Maximilien, Eugene person
associatedWith Maxmilien, Eugene, person
associatedWith May, Samuel J. (Samuel Joseph), 1797-1871. person
associatedWith May, Samuel J. (Samuel Joseph), 1797-1871. person
associatedWith McAllister, John A. (John Allister), 1822-1896, person
associatedWith Melville, Herman, 1819-1891 person
associatedWith Mencken, H. L. (Henry Louis), 1880-1956 person
associatedWith Metropolitan A.M.E. Church (Washington, D.C.) corporateBody
associatedWith Michener, Louis T. (Louis Theodore), 1848-1928. person
associatedWith Moore, Ensley, 1846-1929. person
associatedWith Morgan, Matthew Somerville, 1839-1890. person
associatedWith Morris, Ralph, collector. person
associatedWith Mosby, John Singleton, 1833-1916. person
associatedWith Nast, Thomas, 1840-1902. person
associatedWith Ocean House (Hotel : Old Orchard, Me.) person
associatedWith Park, Maud Wood, 1871-1955 person
associatedWith Perry, Eugene A. (Eugene Ashton), 1864-1948. person
associatedWith Phillips, Wendell, 1811-1884 person
correspondedWith Phillips, Wendell, 1811-1884 person
associatedWith Pillsbury, Parker, 1809-1898 person
associatedWith Pinchback, Pinkney Benton Stewart, 1837-1921, person
correspondedWith Portland Anti-Slavery Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Rankin, Jeremiah Eames, 1828-1904 person
associatedWith Richardson family family
correspondedWith Richardson family family
correspondedWith Richardson family family
associatedWith Ritchie, Barbara. person
associatedWith Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Rogers, Nathaniel P. person
associatedWith Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945 person
associatedWith Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919 person
associatedWith Rzewski, Frederic. person
associatedWith Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 1848-1907 person
associatedWith Sanger, Margaret, 1879-1966 person
associatedWith Savage, W. Sherman (William Sherman). person
associatedWith Scarborough, W. S. (William Sanders), 1854?-1926. person
associatedWith Schoelcher, Victor, 1804-1893. person
associatedWith Schuyler, Philip John, 1733-1804 person
associatedWith Sears, Louis Martin, 1885- person
associatedWith Settle, Josiah Thomas, 1850-1915. person
associatedWith Severance, Caroline M. Seymour (Caroline Maria Seymour), 1820-1914. person
associatedWith SHIRLEY GRAHAM DU BOIS, 1896-1977 person
associatedWith Slack, Charles W. (Charles Wesley), 1825-1885. person
associatedWith Slaughter, Henry P., person
associatedWith Smalls, Robert, 1839-1915 person
associatedWith Smith, Gerrit, 1797-1874 person
associatedWith Smith, Lucretia. person
associatedWith Smyth, Thomas, 1808-1873. person
associatedWith Smyth, William D. person
correspondedWith Sprague, Rosetta Douglass person
associatedWith Spring, Rebecca. person
associatedWith Stanton, Edwin McMasters, 1814-1869. person
correspondedWith Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1815-1902. person
associatedWith Still, William, 1821-1902. person
associatedWith Stone, Lucy, 1818-1893 person
associatedWith Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1811-1896. person
correspondedWith Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874 person
associatedWith Talbert family. family
associatedWith Tanner, Henry Ossawa, 1859-1937 person
correspondedWith Tappan, Lewis, 1788-1873. person
associatedWith Texas Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History corporateBody
associatedWith Tilton, Theodore, 1835-1907 person
associatedWith Tilton, Theodore, 1835-1907, person
associatedWith Tilton, Theodore, 1835-1907. person
associatedWith Toner, Joseph M. (Joseph Meredith), 1825-1896, person
associatedWith Tracy, Gilbert A. (Gilbert Avery), b. 1835. person
correspondedWith Tubman, Harriet, 1822-1913 person
associatedWith Twain, Mark, 1835-1910. person
associatedWith Underwood, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1839-1914. person
associatedWith United States corporateBody
correspondedWith United States. American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission. corporateBody
associatedWith Van Voorhis, John, 1826-1905 person
associatedWith Vassar College. corporateBody
associatedWith Villard, Oswald Garrison, 1872-1949, person
associatedWith Wade, Melvin person
associatedWith Wagoner, Henry O. person
correspondedWith Wallingford, Alta person
associatedWith Wallingford, Zimri Scates, 1816-1886. person
associatedWith Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915. person
correspondedWith Webb family family
associatedWith Webb family family
correspondedWith Webb family family
associatedWith Webster, Daniel, 1782-1852 person
associatedWith Wedemeyer, William W. (William Walter), 1873-1913. person
associatedWith Weed, Thurlow, 1797-1882. person
associatedWith Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1862-1931 person
associatedWith Western Anti-slavery Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Whittier, John Greenleaf, 1807-1892. person
associatedWith William L. Clements Library. corporateBody
correspondedWith Williamson, Passmore person
associatedWith Wilson, John, 1922 Apr. 14- person
associatedWith Wolf, Simon, 1836-1923. person
associatedWith Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950. person
associatedWith World's Columbian Exposition (1893 : Chicago, Ill.) corporateBody
associatedWith Wright, W. Lloyd (William Lloyd), 1876-1950, person
associatedWith Zisman, Milton person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Talbot County MD US
United States 00 US
Washington, D. C. DC US
Republic of Haiti 00 HT
Subject
Slavery
Abolitionists
African American abolitionists
African American newspapers
African Americans
American newspapers
Antislavery movements
Bankruptcy
Political cartoons
Civil rights
Civil rights movement
Debtor and creditor
Deeds
Diplomatic and consular service, American
Educational change
Exhibitions
Families
Freedmen
Fugitive slave law of 1850
Interest
Journalism
Madrigal comedians
Navy-yards and naval stations, American
Newspapers
Presidents
Real property
Racism
Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)
Segregation in education
Slaves
Social problems
Women abolitionists
Women's rights
Occupation
Abolitionists
African American abolitionists
Authors
Authors, Black
Civil rights workers
Diplomats
Editors
Journalists
Orators
Reformers
Slaves
Social reformers
Statesmen
United States marshals
Activity

Person

Birth 1818

Death 1895-02-20

Americans

English

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