Perkins, Frances, 1880-1965
Variant namesFrances Perkins (born Fannie Coralie Perkins; April 10, 1880 – May 14, 1965) was an American sociologist and workers-rights advocate who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes were the only original members of the Roosevelt cabinet to remain in office for his entire presidency.
Perkins graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1902 and for some years taught school and served as a social worker. She worked briefly with Jane Addams at Hull House in Chicago and then resumed her studies, first at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce of the University of Pennsylvania and then at Columbia University, where she took an M.A. in social economics in 1910. From that year until 1912 she was executive secretary of the Consumers’ League of New York. In that position she lobbied successfully for improved wages and working conditions, especially for women and children. From 1912 to 1917 she was executive secretary of the New York Committee on Safety and from 1917 to 1919 executive director of the New York Council of Organization for War Service. She was appointed in 1919 to New York’s State Industrial Commission by Governor Alfred E. Smith, and in 1923 she was named to the State Industrial Board, of which she became chairman in 1926. Smith’s successor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed Perkins state industrial commissioner in 1929. She was, both before and after the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s, a strong advocate of unemployment insurance and close government supervision of fiscal policy.
When Roosevelt entered the presidency in 1933 he named Perkins secretary of labor, making her the first woman to serve in a cabinet position. After the initial controversy of her appointment died away she settled into a 12-year term of effective administration of her department. She pushed for a minimum wage and maximum workweek, a limit on employment of children under 16, creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and unemployment compensation—all of which were enacted. She helped draft the Social Security Act and supervised the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). When the focus of labour activity shifted in the late 1930s from government to unions, Perkins played a less visible role. Her most important work was then the building up of the Department of Labor, particularly the strengthening of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Two months after Roosevelt’s death, Perkins resigned from the Cabinet, but she remained in government as a U.S. civil service commissioner until 1953. From then until her death, she lectured on the problems of labour and industry. In 1934 she published People at Work, and The Roosevelt I Knew, a record of her association with the late president, appeared in 1946.
Archival Resources
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| creatorOf | Perkins, Frances, 1880-1965. Papers, 1937-1961 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | John Adams Kingsbury papers, 1841-1966, (bulk 1906-1939) | Library of Congress. Manuscript Division | |
| referencedIn | Labor Leaders and Subjects. Photographs, 1900-1999 | Cornell University Library | |
| referencedIn | Newman, Pauline. Papers, 1903-1982 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Dwight Macdonald papers, 1865-1984 (bulk 1920-1978) | Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Elizabeth Glendower Evans, 1859-1944 (inclusive), 1882-1944 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Papers, 1913-1963, 1931-1952 (bulk) | New York State Historical Documents Inventory | |
| referencedIn | Anderson, James R. Frances Perkins. Interviews. | Cornell University Library | |
| referencedIn | Wilbraham & Monson Academy. Monson Academy collection, 1806-1971 (bulk 1840-1904). | Monson Free Library and Reading Room | |
| referencedIn | Littledale, Clara Savage, 1891-1956. Papers, 1903-1982 (inclusive), 1903-1956 (bulk). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Records of The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, 1942-2011 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Garman, Phillips L. Phillips L. Garman papers, 1907-1946, (bulk 1930-1946). | Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs | |
| referencedIn | Leiserson, William M. William M. Leiserson papers, 1901-1959. | Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project | |
| creatorOf | Frances Perkins. Letter, 1948. | Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives | |
| referencedIn | Van Waters, Miriam, 1887-1974. Papers, 1861-1971 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Elizabeth Glendower Evans, 1859-1944 (inclusive), 1882-1944 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| creatorOf | Sandburg, Carl, 1878-1967. Letters of tribute to Carl Sandburg [manuscript], 1951-1952. | University of Virginia. Library | |
| referencedIn | Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part I: The Revolution and the Administration, 1669-1958. | Houghton Library | |
| referencedIn | Calvert Coggeshall Papers | Archives of American Art | |
| referencedIn | Max James Kohler Papers, 1765-1963 (bulk 1888-1935) | American Jewish Historical Society | |
| referencedIn | Papers, 1940-1953 (scattered), 1955-1961 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Tamiment Library. Tamiment Library manuscript files collection relating to individuals and organizations associated with radicalism, the labor movement, and progressive social action in the United States, 1950-2001 (bulk 1910-1965). | Churchill County Museum | |
| referencedIn | Records, 1927-1950 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Nash, Ruth Cowan, 1901-. Papers: Series V-VII, 1935-1979 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Robinson, Elmer E., 1894-1982,. Americana, 1765-1969. | Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives | |
| referencedIn | Lillian D. Wald Papers, 1889-1957 | New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division | |
| referencedIn | Louis Carlisle Walker papers, 1881-1963 | Bentley Historical Library | |
| referencedIn | Roland and Emily Elkus Crangle scrapbooks | Cornell University Library | |
| referencedIn | Central Committee on Friendship Dinners. Records, 1927-1950 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America records, 1914-1980, 1920-1950 (bulk) | Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives | |
| referencedIn | National Consumers' League Records, 1882-1986, (bulk 1920-1950) | Library of Congress. Manuscript Division | |
| referencedIn | Lillian D. Wald Papers, 1895-1936 | Columbia University. Rare Book and Manuscript Library | |
| referencedIn | Caylor, George Nathan, 1885-1973. Papers, 1903-1973. | Churchill County Museum | |
| referencedIn | Hart, Henry Melvin, 1904-1969. Papers, 1927-1969 | Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138 | |
| referencedIn | Lovett, Robert Morss, 1870-1956. Papers, 1876-1950 (inclusive). | University of Chicago Library | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Martha May Eliot, 1898-1975 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers, 1877-1983 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Interviews, 1973-1977 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | American Association for Social Security. American Association for Social Security. Series 1. Correspondence, 1927-1944, bulk 1931-1944. | Cornell University Library | |
| referencedIn | Hawkins, Hugh. Frances Perkins Collection, ca. 1933- 1976- | Mount Holyoke College, Williston & Miles-Smith Library | |
| referencedIn | Wilbraham & Monson Academy. Monson Academy collection, 1806-1971 (bulk 1840-1904). | Central/Western Massachusetts Automated Resource Sharing | |
| referencedIn | Papers, 1910-1972 (inclusive), 1959-1972 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Mary E. (Mary Elisabeth) Dreier, 1797-1968 (inclusive), 1897-1968 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| creatorOf | Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 1900-1980. Papers, 1922-1980, bulk 1940-1951. | University of Oklahoma, Bizzell Memorial Library | |
| creatorOf | Papers, 1932-1944. | New York State Historical Documents Inventory | |
| referencedIn | Barker, James M., 1886-1974. James M. Barker papers, 1825-1975, bulk 1920-1970. | Newberry Library | |
| referencedIn | Albums of Molly Dewson, 1861-1962 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| creatorOf | Perkins, Frances, 1880-1965. Frances Perkins. Letter, 1948. | Cornell University Library | |
| referencedIn | McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers, 1877-1983 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Meloney, Marie Mattingly, 1883-1943. Papers, 1891-1943. | Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries |
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