White, Walter Francis, 1893-1955

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Executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

From the description of Correspondence with Johan Thorsten Sellin, 1935. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 243854199

Walter Francis White (1893-1955), was an African American civil rights activist and leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1931-1955. Walter White married Leah Gladys Powell (1893-1979) in 1922, and they had two children, Jane (1922-) and Walter Carl Darrow (1927-1975). Gladys Powell White worked as a stenographer in the NAACP offices in New York City, and also performed on stage, most notably in the Broadway production Deep River, in 1926. In 1948, Walter and Gladys White divorced, and shortly after Walter White married Poppy Cannon, a magazine editor. Jane became an actress and performed in the theater, and on television and film, from the 1940s through the 1990s. Jane White married Alfredo Viazzi in 1962. He died in 1977 of a heart attack. Walter Carl Darrow was also an actor, and lived in Germany for the majority of his life.

From the description of Walter and Gladys Powell White family papers, 1890-2010. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 699124409

Walter White was one of the most important civil rights leaders of the twentieth century.

From 1931 to 1955 he served as the executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). White established the Atlanta chapter of the NAACP, and came to the attention of James Weldon Johnson, the executive secretary of the national NAACP, who hired him in 1918 as the assistant executive secretary.

In his thirty-seven year career with the NAACP White played a leadership role in the national effort to achieve political, economic and social rights for African Americans. He led the fight for anti-lynching legislation, as well as several legal campaigns to end white primaries, poll taxes and segregated housing and education. He was the author of nine books, including two novels, "Fire in the Flint" (1924) and "Flight" (1926), and "Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch" (1929), which was an study of lynching, and an autobiography "A Man called White," which was published in 1948.

From the description of Walter White papers, 1921-1938. (New York Public Library). WorldCat record id: 122626195

Walter White (1893-1955) was an American civil rights leader and writer. He served as one of the Associate Secretaries (1918 to1929) and Secretary (1929-1955) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. White's writings include journalism for the New York Post and Chicago Defender as well as an exposé of lynching (Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch) and several novels. He married Poppy Cannon in 1949.

Poppy Cannon (1905-1975) was a writer and editor. She published a number of cookbooks and was a food editor for Ladies' Home Journal, House Beautiful, Town and Country, and Mademoiselle. She also worked as a publicity consultant for the Haitian government. In 1949 she married Walter F. White.

From the description of Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon papers, circa 1910-1958. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 702135977

Walter White was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 1, 1893. He was one of the seven children (he had five sisters and one brother) of George White, a Post Office employee, and his wife Madeline Harrison White. He completed high school in 1912 and entered Atlanta University, from which he graduated in 1916. While an undergraduate he had a variety of part-time jobs and was at one time a hotel porter. He later became an insurance salesman for the black-owned, Atlanta-based Standard Life Insurance Company. After graduation, White became a full-time clerk with that company. White was an active and energetic member of the Atlanta branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.), which he served as secretary. Through his work for that organization he became acquainted with James Weldon Johnson, then Field Secretary and National Organizer for the Association. It was on Johnson's recommendation and at his urging that White consented to become one of the Associate Secretaries of the N.A.A.C.P. He served in this capacity from 1918 to 1929. White married one of the Association's office secretaries, Leah Gladys Powell, in 1922. During the twenties White became famous for his first-hand investigations of lynching, which he conducted by posing as a white man. He also published two novels, Fire in the Flint (1924) and Flight (1926), and an exposé of lynching, Rope and Faggot, A Biography of Judge Lynch (1928).

When James Weldon Johnson left the N.A.A.C.P., Walter White was made acting Secretary. With Johnson's final resignation, White succeeded to the permanent position in 1931. During his tenure as Secretary, from 1929 to 1955, White led the campaign against the confirmation of John J. Parker to the Supreme Court, directed the Association's activities in the Scottsboro case, and directed activities designed to thwart communist influence in the organization. He also consolidated the powers of the Secretary by exercising strong personal control over the national staff. From 1943 to 1945 White served as a war correspondent for the New York Post . He visited most of the major war areas and as a result of his experiences wrote A Rising Wind (1945). Later he expanded his public writings by producing an editorial column for several newspapers, including the Chicago Defender . In 1948 he published his autobiography, A Man Called White .

The years 1949 and 1950 were very active years for White. It was at this time that he carried out his plans to divorce Gladys Powell and marry Poppy Cannon, a white woman. Just prior to his marriage, he submitted his resignation to the N.A.A.C.P., but his letter of resignation was filed without being acted upon, though he was granted a year's leave of absence. There may have been a connection between his impending marriage and his attempted resignation, as he had kept his marriage plans a secret from the Association. Later White withdrew his resignation. While on leave of absence White married, participated in the 'Round the World Town Hall Meeting, and entered on an extensive lecture tour. During his leave there were two developments within the Association that were to face White on his return. The first was a feeling that the communists had again gained an undue influence in some branches of the Association. The second internal difficulty involved White himself. Many members of the local branches and of the national staff felt that White exercised too much power, and there was an attempt to oust him. Though he thwarted this attempt and retained the secretaryship, the office was stripped of some of its power. During the last five years of his life White increased those of his activities not related to the N.A.A.C.P. and the field of race relations. He became particularly interested in Haiti and the Caribbean, and sometimes acted as an unofficial spokesman for the interests of that area. White was likewise active on behalf of India and interested himself in its economic and political development. He cultivated the friendship of "Nan" Pandit, Nehru's sister, and made arrangements for Nehru to meet black leaders when he visited the United States. During the 1950's White was in declining health as the result of a heart ailment. He died of a heart attack on March 21, 1955.

Members of Walter White's Immediate Family:

George White - father

Madeline White - mother

George White - brother

Madeline White - sister

Alice White Glenn - sister

Helen Martin - sister

*Olive White - sister

Leah Gladys Powell White - first wife

*Walter Carl Darrow White - son called "Pidge" for le petit pigeon

Jane White - daughter

Poppy Cannon White - second wife

Cynthia Cannon - second Mrs. White's child

Alf Askland - second Mrs. White's child

Claudia Philippe - second Mrs. White's child

Charles Claudius Philippe - second Mrs. White's third husband

* No material in collection

Poppy Cannon was born Lillian Gruskin in Cape Town, South Africa, on August 2, 1905, the eldest of four children of Robert and Henrietta Gruskin. She came with her parents to the United States in 1908 and settled in Kittening, Pennsylvania, where her father ran a store. She won a scholarship to Vassar College and eventually became a journalist, food editor of Ladies’ Home Journal, House Beautiful, Town and Country, and Mademoiselle, and the author of several cookbooks, including The Can Opener Cookbook, The Bride’s Cookbook, The Presidents’ Cookbook, Aromas and Flavors of the Past and Present (with Alice B. Toklas), and a memoir of her fourth husband, A Gentle Knight: My Husband Walter White . She first married Carl L. Cannon, who became Acquisitions Librarian at Yale in 1931, and bore a daughter Cynthia. Her second husband, the Norway-born Alf E. Askland, an investment counselor and the father of her only son, Jon Alf., died in 1939. In 1941 she married Charles Claudius Philippe, an executive at the Waldorf Hotel, whom she divorced in 1949 and with whom she had a daughter, Claudia. She married Walter F. White in 1949. She died in New York in April, 1975.

From the guide to the Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon papers, circa 1910-1956, (Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
creatorOf White, Walter Francis, 1893-1955. Correspondence with Johan Thorsten Sellin, 1935. University of Pennsylvania Library
referencedIn Robert C. Weaver papers 1869-1970 [bulk 1923-1970] New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. Sidney Hillman papers, 1930-1946 (bulk 1935-1945) Cornell University Library
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referencedIn Prentiss Marsh Brown Papers, 1902-1973 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Polier, Justine Wise, 1903-1987. Papers, 1892-1990 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records 1920-1968 (bulk 1950-1968) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Stokes, Anson Phelps, 1874-1958. Anson Phelps Stokes family papers, 1761-1960 (inclusive), 1892-1958 (bulk). Yale University Library
referencedIn John Haynes Holmes Papers, 1899-1983, (bulk 1935-1964) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Philadelphia Branch Records, 1943-2016, bulk 1943-1991 Temple University Libraries Special Collections Research Center
creatorOf Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon papers, circa 1910-1956 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
creatorOf Curtis, Austin W., 1911-. Austin W. Curtis papers, 1896-1971. Bentley Historical Library
creatorOf White, Walter Francis, 1893-1955. Walter and Gladys Powell White family papers, 1890-2010. Emory University. Special Collections and Archives
referencedIn Arna Bontemps Papers, 1927-1968 Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
referencedIn Jane White Papers MS 262., 1924-2001 (ongoing) Sophia Smith Collection
referencedIn Smith, Edward B., b. 1897. Attention Democrats of South Carolina [ca. 1939] ; [broadside] shall Walter White, a former Negro Republican, be allowed to disrupt white unity and Democratic solidarity in South Carolina local, and state affairs???. University of South Carolina, System Library Service, University Libraries
referencedIn Freedom House (U.S.). Freedom House archives, 1936-1997. Princeton University Library
creatorOf Miller, Loren. Papers of Loren Miller, 1876-2003 (bulk dates 1932-1966) Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Moorfield Storey Papers, 1876-1929 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
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referencedIn Richardson, Harry V. (Harry VanBuren), 1901-1990,. Harry V. Richardson oral history interview, [ca. 1979]. Georgia State University
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referencedIn Pickens, William, 1881-1954. William Pickens papers, 1906-1954. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Clarence Darrow Papers, 1894-1941, (bulk 1910-1935) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Pendergrast, Nan,. Nan Pendergrast oral history interview, 1992 June 24. Georgia State University
referencedIn Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America records, 1914-1980, 1920-1950 (bulk) Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
referencedIn Hugo LaFayette Black Papers, 1883-1976, (bulk 1926-1971) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Collier, John, 1884-1968. John Collier papers, 1910-1987 (inclusive). Yale University Library
referencedIn National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Records, 1842-1999, (bulk 1919-1991) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Arthur Alfonso Schomburg papers, 1724-1938, 1904-1938 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn Arthur H. Vandenberg papers, 1884-1974, 1915-1951 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Melville J. and Frances S. Herskovits papers, 1902-1972 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn Braithwaite, William Stanley, 1878-1962. William Stanley Braithwaite collection, 1899-1939. Morgan State University
referencedIn Ovington, Mary White, 1865-1951. Mary White Ovington papers, 1854-1948. Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn Smith, Lillian Eugenia, 1897-1966. Papers, 1915-1972, bulk 1935-1966. University of Florida
referencedIn Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records 1920-1968 (bulk 1950-1968) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn John Mason Brown papers, 1922-1967. Houghton Library
referencedIn John L. Spivak Papers TXRC93-A6., 1929-1948 Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
creatorOf Asher, Cash. Cash Asher papers, 1922-1967. Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Voices from the Food Revolution: People Who Changed The Way Americans Eat, An oral history project conducted by Judith Weinraub, 2009-2011 Fales Library & Special Collections
creatorOf Rice, Elmer, 1892-1967,. Elmer Rice letters from various correspondents, 1915-1967. Houghton Library
referencedIn Ralph Bunche papers, 1922-1988 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn William Pickens papers (Additions), 1909-1950 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn Bernd, Aaron, 1894-1937. Aaron Bernd papers, 1919-1937. Emory University. Special Collections and Archives
referencedIn Gannett, Lewis, 1891-1966. Papers, 1681-1966 (bulk 1900-1960) Houghton Library
referencedIn Spingarn, Arthur B. (Arthur Barnett), 1878-1971. Papers, 1850-1967 (bulk 1920-1955). Library of Congress
creatorOf White, Walter Francis, 1893-1955. Address by Walter White, Executive Secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, at closing meeting of Wartime Conference, Sunday, July 16, Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois. Chicago Public Library, Harold Washington Library Center
referencedIn William Pickens papers (Additions), 1909-1950. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Sampson, Edith S. (Edith Spurlock), 1901?-1979. Papers, 1927-1979 (inclusive) 1934-1979 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Kentucky State University. Office of the President. Lyceum Committee minutes, 1933-1946. Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, Kentucky Guide Project Office
referencedIn Robert C. Weaver papers 1869-1970 [bulk 1923-1970] Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 1896-1977. Papers, 1865-1998 (inclusive), 1905-1975 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon papers Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Johnson, James Weldon, 1871-1938. James Weldon Johnson collection, 1886-1980 (bulk 1916-1930). Emory University. Special Collections and Archives
referencedIn James Weldon Johnson and Grace Nail Johnson papers, circa 1850-2005, 1900-1976 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn William Allen White Papers, 1859-1944, (bulk 1899-1944) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Overton, Carrie Burton, 1888-. Carrie Burton Overton papers, 1870-1970, (bulk 1900-1970). Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn Roy Wilkins papers, 1901-1980 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Haiti. Département des affaires étrangères. Haitian Government documents, 1947-1953. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Todd, Lucinda Wilson, 1903-1996. Mrs. Lucinda Todd papers, 1922-2007. Kansas State Historical Society
creatorOf White, Walter Francis, 1893-1955. Walter White papers, 1921-1938. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Papers, 1927-1979 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Steward, Gustavus Adolphus, 1881-1966. Gustavus Adolphus Steward papers, 1869-1979 (bulk 1907-1949) New York Public Library System, NYPL
creatorOf Spencer, Anne, 1882-1975. Papers of Anne Spencer and the Spencer family [manuscript], 1829, 1864-2007. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1875-1955. Papers. 1923-42. Tulane University, Amistad Research Center
creatorOf Herskovits, Melville J. (Melville Jean), 1895-1963. Melville J. and Frances S. Herskovits papers, 1902-1972. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Arthur B. Spingarn Papers, 1850-1970, (bulk 1920-1955) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Spingarn, Joel E, 1875-1939. Papers, 1934-1938. William & Mary Libraries
referencedIn Guide to the Daily Worker and Daily World Photographs Collection, 1920-2001 Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn Theodore Roosevelt Jr. papers, 1780-1962 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Sheffield, Horace,. Oral history interview with Horace Sheffield, 1968. Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
referencedIn Shepard, James E. James E. Shepard papers, 1905-1947 (bulk 1940-1947). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
referencedIn Proctor, Henry Hugh, 1868-1933. Papers. 1881-1971. Tulane University, Amistad Research Center
creatorOf Johnson, Mordecai W. (Mordecai Wyatt), 1890-1976. Papers, 1913-1976. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University
referencedIn Battle, Robert, 1917-. Oral history interview with Robert Battle, 1969. Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
creatorOf University of Virginia. Office of the President. Papers of the president [manuscript], 1934-1936. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Branton, Wiley A. Papers, 1946-1989. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University
referencedIn Austin W. Curtis Papers, 1896-1971 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Papers, 1892-1990 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Joel E. Spingarn Papers, 1934-1938. Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary
creatorOf National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Correspondence with Marian Anderson, 1924-1985. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn White, Jane. Jane White Papers, 1924-2001 (ongoing) Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn Moton Family Papers, 1850-1991, (bulk 1930-1940) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Papers, 1938-1944. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn William Pickens papers, 1906-1954 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn Welles mss., 1930-1950, (Bulk 1936-1947) Lilly Library (Indiana University, Bloomington)
referencedIn Loren Miller papers, 1876-2003, 1932-1966 Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery
creatorOf Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886-1953. Papers of Douglas Southall Freeman [manuscript] 1900-1955. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Kester, Howard, 1904-1977. Howard Kester papers, 1923-1972. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
referencedIn Papers of Frieda Hennock Simons, 1922-1960 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers of Shirley Graham Du Bois, 1865-1998 (inclusive), 1905-1975 (bulk) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Murphy, Frank, 1890-1949. Papers, 1908-1949 Bentley Historical Library
creatorOf Jaffe, Louis I. (Louis Isaac), 1888-1950. Editorial correspondence files, W-Z, of the Virginian-Pilot [manuscript], 1919-1972 (bulk 1922-1949). University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn West, Dorothy, 1909-. Papers, 1914-1985 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Durham Fact-Finding Conference records, 1929-1930 and 1942-1945 North Carolina Central University, James E. Shepard Memorial Library
referencedIn Hayes, George E. C. (George Edward Chalmers), 1894-1968. George E.C. Hayes papers, 1922-1956 (bulk 1947-1956). Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
referencedIn Elmer Rice letters from various correspondents, 1915-1967. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University
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referencedIn Arthur Alfonso Schomburg papers, 1724-1938 (bulk 1904-1938) New York State Historical Documents Inventory
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creatorOf Fitzgerald, Frank D. (Frank Dwight), 1885-1939. Frank Dwight Fitzgerald papers, 1928-1944. Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Roy Wilkins Papers, 1901-1980, (bulk 1932-1980) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
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associatedWith Bontemps, Arna, 1902-1973 person
correspondedWith Braithwaite, William Stanley, 1878-1962. person
correspondedWith Branton, Wiley A. person
correspondedWith Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. corporateBody
correspondedWith Brown, John Mason, 1900-1969 person
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associatedWith Cannon, Poppy. person
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associatedWith Lampkin, Daisy E. (Daisy Elizabeth), 1882-1965. person
associatedWith Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963. person
associatedWith Looby, Zephaniah Alexander, 1899-1972. person
associatedWith Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907- person
associatedWith McKay, Claude, 1890-1948 person
associatedWith Mellett, Lowell, 1884-1960. person
associatedWith Miller, Loren person
associatedWith Miller, Loren. person
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associatedWith National Interracial Conference. corporateBody
associatedWith Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964. person
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associatedWith Pan African Congress. corporateBody
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correspondedWith Roosevelt, Theodore, 1887-1944. person
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associatedWith SHIRLEY GRAHAM DU BOIS, 1896-1977 person
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associatedWith Smith, Edward B., b. 1897. person
associatedWith Smith, Lillian Eugenia, 1897-1966. person
associatedWith Spencer, Anne, 1882-1975. person
associatedWith Spingarn, Arthur B. (Arthur Barnett), 1878-1971. person
associatedWith Spingarn, Joel E, 1875-1939. person
associatedWith Spivak, John L., 1897-1981 person
associatedWith Spivak, John Louis, 1897- . person
associatedWith Steward, Gustavus Adolphus, 1881-1966. person
associatedWith Stokes, Anson Phelps, 1874-1958. person
associatedWith Storey, Moorfield, 1845-1929. person
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associatedWith W. Colston Leigh (Firm) corporateBody
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associatedWith White, Gladys Powell (1893-1979). person
associatedWith White, Jane person
associatedWith White, Jane. person
correspondedWith White, William Allen, 1868-1944. person
correspondedWith Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981. person
correspondedWith Woollcott, Alexander, 1887-1943 person
associatedWith Wright, Louis T. (Louis Tompkins), 1891-1952. person
associatedWith Zanuck, Darryl Francis, 1902-1979. person
Place Name Admin Code Country
United States
United States
Haiti
United States
Subject
War correspondents
African American actors
African American actresses
African American authors
African American civic leaders
African American civil rights workers
African American intellectuals
African American novelists
African Americans
African Americans
African American women
Novelists, American
Boxing
Civil rights movements
Civil rights workers
World War, 1939-1945
Occupation
Activity

Person

Birth 1893-07-01

Death 1955-03-21

Americans

English

Information

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Ark ID: w6m61pnn

SNAC ID: 62658241