Paul, Alice, 1885-1977

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Quaker, lawyer, and lifelong activist for women's rights, Alice Paul was educated at Swarthmore and the University of Pennsylvania, where her doctoral dissertation was on the legal status of women in Pennsylvania. She later earned law degrees from Washington College of Law and American University.

Paul also studied economics and sociology at the universities of London and Birmingham and worked at a number of British social settlements (1907-1910). While in England she was active in the Women's Social and Political Union and was arrested and jailed repeatedly as a participant in the campaign for women's rights led by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia.

Returning to the United States in 1910, Paul was appointed chair of the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1912. It campaigned for the passage of a federal amendment and for a time functioned concurrently with the new Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, founded by AP in April 1913. In June 1916, following a clash between advocates of a federal amendment and proponents of a state-by-state approach, Paul founded the National Woman's Party, its sole plank a resolution calling for immediate passage of the federal amendment guaranteeing the enfranchisement of women. After the ratification of the suffrage amendment in 1920, the NWP began a long battle to end all legal discrimination against women in the United States and to raise the legal, social, and economic status of women around the world. The Equal Rights Amendment, as written by Paul in 1923, was first introduced in Congress in December of that year.

On the international front, in the 1920s the NWP campaigned for women's rights in conjunction with the Six Point Group and the Open Door Council, and in 1928 helped to establish the Inter-American Commission of Women, an advisory unit of the Pan American Union (later the Organization of American States). Beginning in 1920, the NWP, through its membership in Equal Rights International and with the Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality of the League of Nations, worked to improve the legal status of women.

In 1938 Paul founded the World Woman's Party in Geneva, Switzerland. After the war, the WWP lobbied successfully for the inclusion of equality provisions in the United Nations charter, and worked in close consultation with the Commission on the Status of women and the Commission on Human Rights on numerous reports on the status of women, and on including equal rights provisions in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Paul died in Moorestown, N.J., on July 9, 1977.

From the description of Papers, 1785-1985 (inclusive), 1805-1985 (bulk). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 232007623

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Guerrero, Christine. Ephemera collection, 1975-2001 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1898-1970. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
creatorOf Grimes, Lucia Isabelle Voorhees, 1877-1978. Lucia I.V. Grimes papers, 1912-1949. Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Gawthorpe, Mary Eleanor, 1881-1973. Mary E. Gawthorpe : papers, 1881-1990 (bulk 1907-1933). Churchill County Museum
referencedIn Papers of Mary Ware Dennett Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Wisconsin Society for the Equal Rights Amendment. Records, 1945-1962. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn Papers of Grace A. Johnson in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1840-1952 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Laidlaw, Harriet Burton, 1873-1949. Papers, 1851-1958 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Martin, Anne, 1875-1951. Portraits of women suffragists from the Anne Henrietta Martin papers [graphic]. Bancroft Library
creatorOf National Woman's Party Records, 1850-1975, (bulk 1913-1972) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Granger, Dorothy Shipley, 1899-1998. Papers, 1914-1998 (inclusive), 1937-1978 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Ransome, Amy C., 1872-1942. Amy C. Ransome collection on Women's Suffrage, 1884-1949. University of Southern California, USC Libraries
referencedIn Papers, 1898, 1909-1963 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Women's rights collection, 1789-2000 (bulk: 1864-1983) Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn Leonard, Margery C., 1907-. Papers, 1929-1990 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1938(1942-1947) 1959 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Lindseth, Jon A.,. Lindseth collection of American woman suffrage, [ca. 1820-1920]. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Papers of Grace A. Johnson in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1840-1952 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1943-1948 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Paul, Alice, 1885-1977. Reminiscences of Alice Paul : oral history, 1973. Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
referencedIn Katzenstein, Caroline. Caroline Katzenstein papers 1850-1965 bulk 1909-1965. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Amy C. Ransome collection on Women's Suffrage, 1884-1949 USC Libraries Special Collections
creatorOf Hayden, Gillette, 1880-1929. Papers 1916-1927. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
referencedIn Rupp, Leila J., 1950-. Audiotape collection of Leila J. Rupp and Verta A. Taylor, 1979-1983. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Anita Pollitzer papers, 1923-1964, 1945-1946 (bulk). New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Roberts, Margaret Stevenson, 1872-1952. Papers, 1896-1956 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Anne Henrietta Martin papers, 1892-1951. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Palmer, William Kimberly, 1856-. William Kimberly Palmer scrapbook : Chicopee, Mass. : 1921-1933. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Mabel Vernon papers, 1914-1920. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Laidlaw, H. B. (Harriet Burton), b. 1874. Papers: Series I-IV, 1851-1958 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1872-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Paul, Alice, 1885-1977. [Videotape collection] [videorecording]. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Ames, Blanche. Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1913-1940 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, (inclusive), (bulk), 1914-1998, 1937-1978 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers of Helen Brewster Owens, 1867-1948 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Branham, Lucy Gwynne, 1892-1966. Lucy Gwynne Branham papers, 1892-2004 (bulk 1917-1966). Library of Congress
referencedIn Amy C. Ransome collection on Women's Suffrage, 1884-1949 USC Libraries Special Collections
referencedIn Eastman, Max Forrester, 1883-1969. Eastman mss. 1892-1968 Lilly Library (Indiana University, Bloomington)
referencedIn Pollitzer, Mabel. Mabel Pollitzer oral history interview, 1973 September 5 ; [transcript / Constance Myers, interviewer]. University of South Carolina, System Library Service, University Libraries
referencedIn Women's Rights Collection, 1789-2000 (bulk: 1864-1983) Smith College, Neilson Library
creatorOf Videotapes, 1976-1977 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Autograph Letter Collection: Emancipation of Women, British Commonwealth and United States of America, 1876-1951 The Women' s Library
referencedIn Papers, 1923-1964, 1945-1946 (bulk) New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Lola Maverick Lloyd papers, 1856-1949 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Collection, 1921-1961 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Wiley, Anna Kelton, 1877-1964. Papers, 1893-1962 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Roberts, Margaret Stevenson, 1872-1952. Papers, 1896-1956 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Park, Maud Wood, 1871-1955. Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1870-1960 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Suffragists Oral History Project (Bancroft Library). Transcripts of oral history project, 1959-1974 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Catt, Carrie Chapman, 1859-1947. Correspondence with Alice Paul, and addresses, 1913-1917. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Guide to the Daily Worker and Daily World Photographs Collection, 1920-2001 Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn Park, Maud Wood, 1871-1955. Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1870-1960 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Norris, Katharine Augusta, d. 1949. Papers, 1943-1948 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn National Woman's Party Records, 1850-1975, (bulk 1913-1972) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Paul, Alice, 1885-1977. Papers, 1785-1985 (inclusive), 1805-1985 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Butler, Jessee H. Suffragists. California State University, Long Beach
referencedIn National Woman's Party. National Woman's Party papers: the suffrage years, 1889-1940 (inclusive), 1913-1920 (bulk), [microform]. Yale University Library
referencedIn Women's Project of New Jersey. Records, 1984-2004 Rutgers Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Hallinan, Hazel Hunkins. Talk to Women's Press Club : Washington, D.C. : ms., 1977 Aug. 23. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Papers, 1908-1962. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Kitchelt, Florence Ledyard Cross, 1874-1961. Papers, 1885-1961 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Rebecca Shelley Papers, 1890-1984 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Guide to the Mary E. Gawthorpe Papers, 1881-1990 Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn Ruth Fitch Mason papers, 1908-1962. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn Anthony, Susan B. (Susan Brownell), 1820-1906. Anthony family collection, 1844-1945. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Federal Writers' Project. Women's archives, 1890-1953. New Jersey Historical Society Library
referencedIn Papers, 1867, 1895, 1902-1948 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Foley, Margaret, 1875-1957. Papers, 1847-1968 (inclusive), 1909-1929 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1893-1962 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Paschall, Edith Verlenden, 1881-1961. Edith V. Paschall papers related to Swarthmore College alumni activities, 1933-1961 bulk 1957-1961. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Hunkins-Hallinan, Hazel. Papers, 1864-1984 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Curtis, Lucile Atcherson, 1894-1986. Papers, 1863-1986 (bulk: 1917-1927) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Wood, Charles Erskine Scott, 1852-1944. Papers of C. E. S. Wood, 1829-1980 (bulk 1870-1940). Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
creatorOf Papers of Alice Paul, 1785-1985 (inclusive), 1805-1985 (bulk) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Seydell, Mildred, 1889-1988. Mildred Seydell papers, 1842-1978. Emory University. Special Collections and Archives
referencedIn Mabel Vernon papers, 1914-1920 Bancroft Library
referencedIn Ames, Blanche, 1878-1969. Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1913-1940 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Hill, Elsie Mary, 1883-1970. Elsie M. Hill papers, 1898-1970. Vassar College
referencedIn Dennett, Mary Ware, 1872-1947. Papers: Series III, 1909-1942 (inclusive) [microform]. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Anonymous. Scrapbook, 1910-1919 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1864-1984 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers of Inez Haynes Gillmore, 1872-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Paul, Alice, 1885-1977. Papers: Series III-V, 1839-1984 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers of of Alma Lutz,1921-1961 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Lloyd, Lola Maverick, 1875-1944. Lola Maverick Lloyd papers, 1856-1949. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Lucia Isabelle Voorhees Grimes Papers, 1900-1977 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers in the Mary Earhart Dillon Collection, 1869-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Adelaide Johnson Papers, 1873-1947 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Fine Arts Co. of Philadelphia, Inc. Publicity books and auction catalogs, 1978-1993. Winterthur Library
referencedIn West, Helen Hunt, 1892-1963. Papers, 1917-1964 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Oakley, Violet, 1874-1961. Correspondence, 1918-1923. Temple University Libraries, Paley Library
referencedIn Powell, Rose Arnold, 1876-1961. Papers, 1922-1961 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1948 (1950-1956) 1964 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Equal Suffrage Association of Idaho (Boise, Idaho). Records, 1895-1916. Idaho State Archives, Idaho State Historical Society
referencedIn Berrien, Laura M. Papers, 1944-1948 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Women's rights collection, 1914-1957. Texas Woman's University Library, Mary Evelyn Blagg-Huey Library
creatorOf Papers, 1785, 1805-1985 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn She's Nobody's Baby collection, 1980-1987 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Reyher, Rebecca Hourwich, 1897-1987. Papers, 1877-1988 (bulk: 1915-1970) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Paul, Alice, 1885-1977. Collection, 1907-1992. Swarthmore College, Peace Collection, SCPC
referencedIn Philbrook, Mary. Papers, 1843-1954. New Jersey Historical Society Library
referencedIn Batten, Pluma Burroughs Penton, 1894-. Papers, 1948-1964 (inclusive), 1950-1956 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Miller, Emma Guffey, 1874-1970. Papers, 1833-1975 (bulk: 1884-1972) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn White, Sue Shelton, 1887-1943. Papers, 1898-1963 (inclusive), 1909-1963 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1906-1961 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers, 1917-1964 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Pollitzer, Anita, 1894-1975. Anita Pollitzer papers, 1880-1996. University of South Carolina, System Library Service, University Libraries
referencedIn John Reed papers, 1903-1967. Houghton Library
referencedIn Papers of Jane Norman Smith, 1913-1953 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Suffragists Oral History Collection MS 421., 1959-1977 Sophia Smith Collection
referencedIn Foley, Margaret, 1875-1957. Papers, 1847-1968 (bulk: 1909-1929) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Stevens, Doris, 1888-1963. Papers, 1884-1983 (inclusive), 1920-1960 (bulk). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers of Jane Norman Smith, 1913-1953 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Lindseth collection of American woman suffrage, [ca. 1820-1920]. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
creatorOf Anthony, Daniel Read, 1870-1931. Daniel Read Anthony, Jr., papers, 1907-1928 (bulk 1907-1908, 1926-1928). Kansas State Historical Society
referencedIn Atwater, Adeline. Adeline Lobdell Atwater papers, ca. 1932-1956. Newberry Library
referencedIn Pollitzer, Anita, 1894-1975. Anita Pollitzer family papers, 1845-1979. South Carolina Historical Society
referencedIn McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers in the Mary Earhart Dillon collection, 1869-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Lewis, Dora Kelly, b. 1862. Collection, 1884-1921. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Papers, 1922 - 1961 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Papers of Burnita Shelton Matthews, 1926-1981 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Marks, Jeannette Augustus, 1875-1964. Papers, 1938-1959 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Bancroft Library. Regional Oral History Office Oral History Interviews, 1959-1979, (bulk 1969-1975) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Miller, Emma Guffey, 1874-1970. Papers: Series III-IV, 1900-1972 (inclusive) [microform]. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Bancroft Library. Regional Oral History Office Oral History Interviews, 1959-1979, (bulk 1969-1975) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Babcock, Caroline L. (Caroline Lexow), b. 1882. Papers of Caroline Lexow Babcock and Olive E. Hurlburt, 1906-1961 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn National Woman's Party. National Woman's Party papers, 1913-1974 (inclusive), [microform]. Yale University Library
referencedIn Catalogue I of the Regional Oral History Office, 1954-1979 Bancroft Library
referencedIn Papers of Rebecca Hourwich Reyher, 1877-1988 (inclusive), 1915-1970 (bulk) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
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associatedWith Younger, Maud. person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Mount Laurel NJ US
Moorestown NJ US
Subject
Christian Scientists
Citizenship
Equal rights amendments
Feminism
Feminists
Society of Friends
International law
Minimum wage
Refugees
Sex discrimination against women
Suffragists
Women
Women
Women
Women
Women
Women
Women (International law)
Women's rights
Women's rights
World War, 1939-1945
Occupation
Lawyers
Social workers
Suffragists
Activity

Person

Birth 1885-01-11

Death 1977-07-09

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