Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861

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Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois. He was one of two Democratic Party nominees for president in the 1860 presidential election, which was won by Abraham Lincoln. Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in the 1858 United States Senate election in Illinois, known for the Lincoln–Douglas debates. During the 1850s, Douglas was one of the foremost advocates of popular sovereignty, which held that each territory should be allowed to determine whether to permit slavery within its borders. Douglas was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short in physical stature but a forceful and dominant figure in politics.

Born in Brandon, Vermont, Douglas migrated to Jacksonville, Illinois, in 1833 to establish a legal practice. He experienced early success in politics as a member of the Democratic Party, serving in the Illinois House of Representatives and various other positions. He resigned from the Supreme Court of Illinois upon being elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1843. Douglas became an ally of President James K. Polk, and favored the annexation of Texas and the Mexican–American War. He was one of four Northern Democrats in the House to vote against the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.

The Illinois legislature elected Douglas to the United States Senate in 1847, and Douglas emerged as a national party leader during the 1850s. Along with Henry Clay, he led the passage of the Compromise of 1850, which settled some of the territorial issues arising from the Mexican–American War. Douglas was a candidate for president at the 1852 Democratic National Convention, but lost the nomination to Franklin Pierce. Seeking to open the west for expansion, Douglas introduced the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854. Though Douglas had hoped the Kansas–Nebraska Act would ease sectional tensions, it elicited a strong reaction in the North and helped fuel the rise of the anti-slavery Republican Party. Douglas once again sought the presidency in 1856, but the 1856 Democratic National Convention instead nominated James Buchanan, who went on to win the election. Buchanan and Douglas split over the admission of Kansas as a slave state, as Douglas accused the pro-slavery Kansas legislature of having conducted an unfair election.

During the Lincoln–Douglas debates, Douglas articulated the Freeport Doctrine, which held that territories could effectively exclude slavery despite the Supreme Court's ruling in the 1857 case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. Disagreements over slavery led to the bolt of Southern delegates at the 1860 Democratic National Convention. The rump convention of Northern delegates nominated Douglas for president, while Southern Democrats threw their support behind John C. Breckinridge. In the 1860 election, Lincoln and Douglas were the main candidates in the North, while most Southerners supported either Breckinridge or John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party. Campaigning throughout the country during the election, Douglas warned of the dangers of secession and urged his audiences to stay loyal to the United States. Ultimately, Lincoln's strong support in the North led to his victory in the election. After the Battle of Fort Sumter, Douglas rallied support for the Union, but he died in June 1861.

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Role Title Holding Repository
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creatorOf [Collection of 42 speeches by and about Stephen A. Douglas.] Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
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referencedIn Miscellaneous pamphlets, etc. about the Lincoln-Douglas debates. Chicago History Museum
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referencedIn Buchanan, James, 1791-1868. Letter: Washington, [D.C.], to Robert Tyler, 1860 June 13. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Parsons, Mason. Papers, 1812-1890; (bulk 1815-1838). Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Legal documents, poll books, etc., 1825-1861. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Pickett, Thomas Johnson. Papers, 1860-1864. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Document, 1843 March 23. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen Arnold, 1813-1865. Document [fragment], 1854. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Letter: Washington, [D.C., to Lewis W. Ross], 1844 Jan. 2. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn St. Nicholas Hotel. Guest book, 1858 Apr. 26-1858 Jul. 18. Churchill County Museum
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Dinner invitation to Mr. and Mrs. [James H.?] Orne : Washington D.C. : manuscript, 1859 Mar. 3. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Letter : Washington, D.C., to Dean Richmond, Baltimore, 1860 June 20. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Davis, David, 1815-1886. David Davis papers, 1815-1964 (bulk 1815-1886). Chicago History Museum
referencedIn Sumner, George. Letter to William Henry Furness, 1860. University of Pennsylvania Library
referencedIn Zellers, Parker. Small collection of miscellaneous ephemera from the 1958 reenactment of the Lincoln-Douglas debate held at Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Lewis S. Coryell papers Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Robert Carter letters from various correspondents, 1851-1898 (inclusive), 1851-1862 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Volk, Leonard Wells, 1828-1895. Leonard W. Volk miscellaneous collection, ca. 1857-1892. Chicago History Museum
referencedIn Elkin, William F., 1792-1880. Legal certificate, January 19, 1841. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Letter, 1856 June 21, Chicago, Ill. [to] W.J. Brown, Indianapolis, Ind. Indiana Historical Society Library
referencedIn George Nicholas Sanders Family Papers, 1833-1973, (bulk 1833-1900) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Slidell, John, 1793-1871. John Slidell letters and miscellany, 1844-1861. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
creatorOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861. Documents, 1836-1840. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Lehmann, Frederick W. (Frederick William), 1853-1931. Historical and literary mss., 1756-1929. Washington University in St. Louis, .
referencedIn Morrill, Lot M. (Lot Myrick), 1812-1883. Lot M. Morrill papers, 1852-1894. Maine Historical Society Library
referencedIn Records of the First Lady's Office (Clinton Administration), 1993 - 2001. Christine Macy's Files, 1998 - 1999 William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
creatorOf [Small collection of 10 speeches by and about Stephen A. Douglas.] Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. Calendar of legal papers in the Herndon-Weik collection of Lincolniana in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress / prepared by C.P. Powell. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
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Relation Name
associatedWith Adams, John, 1735-1826 person
associatedWith Alabama. Governor (1857-1861 : A.B. Moore). corporateBody
associatedWith Allen family. family
correspondedWith Allen, John W. (John Willis), 1887-1969. person
associatedWith Andrews, Charles, 1814-1852. person
associatedWith Angel, Benjamin Franklin, 1815-1894. person
associatedWith Anthony, Cornelia Eames Neltnor person
associatedWith Bagby, John Courts, 1819-1896. person
associatedWith Bain, William T. person
associatedWith Barton, William Eleazar, 1861-1930, person
associatedWith Bernhisel, John Milton, 1878-1957. person
associatedWith Bernhisel, John M. (John Milton), 1799-1881. person
associatedWith Bills family. family
associatedWith Black, Jeremiah S. (Jeremiah Sullivan), 1810-1883. person
correspondedWith Blair family family
associatedWith Bocock, Thomas S., 1815-1891. person
associatedWith Brander Williams and Company (New Orleans, La.) corporateBody
associatedWith Breese, Sidney, 1800-1878. person
associatedWith Brickell, Mary. person
associatedWith Brougham, John, 1810-1880. person
associatedWith Brown, John, 1800-1859. person
associatedWith Bruner, John B., 1825-1878. person
associatedWith Buchanan, James, 1791-1868. person
associatedWith Buchanan, James, 1791-1868. person
associatedWith Butler-Gunsaulus Collection (University of Chicago. Library) corporateBody
alumnusOrAlumnaOf Canandaigua Academy (Canandaigua, N.Y.) corporateBody
associatedWith Capers, Gerald M. (Gerald Mortimer) person
associatedWith Carpenter, R. B. person
associatedWith Carrington, Albert, person
associatedWith Carter, Robert, 1819-1879 person
associatedWith Chicago Historical Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Clemens, William Montgomery, 1860-1931. person
associatedWith Colt, Samuel, 1814-1862. person
correspondedWith Corcoran, W. W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888. person
associatedWith Coryell, Lewis S., 1788-1865. person
associatedWith Cox, Samuel Sullivan, 1824-1889. person
associatedWith Coy, E. W. person
associatedWith Cresson Literary Society (State College, Pa.) corporateBody
associatedWith Cunningham, John S. person
associatedWith Davis, David, 1815-1886. person
associatedWith Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889 person
associatedWith Davis, Jefferson, 1908-1889 person
associatedWith Davis, John Givan, 1810-1866. person
associatedWith Dawes, Henry Laurens, 1816-1903. person
associatedWith Day family. family
associatedWith Delahay, Mary E., b. ca. 1844. person
associatedWith Democratic National Convention (1860 : Charleston, S.C.) corporateBody
associatedWith Democratic Party corporateBody
associatedWith Democratic Party (Ill.) corporateBody
associatedWith Democratic Party (Ill.). State Convention (1860 : Chicago) corporateBody
associatedWith Democratic Party (N.Y.) corporateBody
associatedWith Democratic Party (U.S.) corporateBody
associatedWith Diller, Isaac Roland, 1819-1891. person
associatedWith Diven family. family
spouseOf Douglas, Adele Cutts, b. 1835. person
spouseOf Douglas, Martha Martin, 1829-1853. person
parentOf Douglas, Robert M. (Robert Martin), 1849-1917. person
parentOf Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1850-1908 person
associatedWith Dubois, Jesse Kilgore, 1811-1876. person
associatedWith Eastham, Marvillous, d. 1842. person
associatedWith Elkin, William F., 1792-1880. person
associatedWith Erwin, Lewis Dubois, 1815-1914. person
correspondedWith Fell, Jesse W., 1808-1887. person
associatedWith Fisher, Elisabeth Barnett, b. 1839 person
associatedWith Flagg, S. Griswold. person
associatedWith Flagg, S. Griswold. person
associatedWith Forney, John W. (John Wien), 1817-1881 person
associatedWith Freer, Katherine person
associatedWith French, Augustus C., 1808-1864. person
associatedWith French, Benjamin B. (Benjamin Brown), 1800-1870. person
associatedWith Fuller, B. A. G. (Benjamin Apthorp Gould), 1879-1956 person
associatedWith Fuller, Samuel Worcester, 1822-1873. person
correspondedWith Gleason, Frederic Grant, 1848-1903. person
associatedWith Goodwin, Fairfield Israel, ca. 1833-1918 person
correspondedWith Graham, John Lorimer, 1797-1876. person
associatedWith Graham, William A. (William Alexander), 1804-1875. person
associatedWith Griffith, Bell. person
associatedWith Grimshaw, Jackson, 1820-1875. person
associatedWith Grubb family. family
associatedWith Gwin, William McKendree, 1805-1885. person
associatedWith Hancock (Ill. : County). Circuit Court corporateBody
associatedWith Harding, Charlotte, 1873-1951, person
associatedWith Harding, John. person
associatedWith Hardin, John J., 1810-1847. person
associatedWith Harper & Brothers corporateBody
associatedWith Harris, Thomas Langrell, 1816-1858. person
associatedWith Hatch, O. M. (Ozias Mather), 1814-1893. person
associatedWith Healy, G. P. A. (George Peter Alexander), 1813-1894. person
associatedWith Heath, A. M., person
associatedWith Hemenway, Amy, collector. person
associatedWith Henry, John, 1800-1882. person
associatedWith Herndon, William Henry, 1818-1891 person
associatedWith Heywood, Joseph Leland, 1815-1910. person
associatedWith Higgins, John A., ca. 1830-1892. person
associatedWith Hillard, George Stillman, 1808-1879. person
associatedWith Hill, Mary R. Miner, 1856-fl. 1930. person
associatedWith Hitt, Robert R. (Robert Roberts), 1834-1906. person
associatedWith Hodder, Frank Heywood, 1860-1935. person
associatedWith Horner, Henry, 1878-1940. person
associatedWith Howe, Joseph. person
associatedWith Hubbard, Mary Hedges, b. 1837. person
associatedWith Huggins family. family
associatedWith Illinois. Auditor's Office. corporateBody
associatedWith Illinois. Office of Secretary of State. corporateBody
memberOf Illinois. Supreme Court corporateBody
associatedWith Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 person
associatedWith Jackson, Henry R. (Henry Rootes), 1820-1898. person
associatedWith Jennings, George. person
correspondedWith Johnson, Reverdy, 1796-1876. person
associatedWith Kimball, Heber Chase, 1801-1868 person
associatedWith Kirk, John, fl. 1850-1871. person
associatedWith Lanphier, Charles Henry, 1820-1903. person
correspondedWith Lehmann, Frederick W. (Frederick William), 1853-1931. person
associatedWith Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. corporateBody
associatedWith Lieb, Charles. person
associatedWith Lieder, Frederick W. C. (Frederick William Charles), 1881-1953 person
associatedWith Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 person
associatedWith Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865. person
associatedWith Logan, John Alexander, 1826-1886. person
associatedWith Marshall family. family
associatedWith Martin, Lambert A., d. 1863. person
associatedWith Mason, William Smith, b. 1866, person
associatedWith Maynard, Edward, 1813-1891. person
associatedWith McAllister, John A. (John Allister), 1822-1896. person
associatedWith McEachern, Edward Merritt. person
associatedWith McGrorty, William Bernard, 1826-1865. person
associatedWith Meade, G. Walter. person
associatedWith Mercantile Library Association (Boston, Mass.) corporateBody
associatedWith Meriweather family. family
associatedWith Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Commandery of the State of Massachusetts, collector. corporateBody
associatedWith Miller, George, 1794-1856 person
associatedWith Milton, George Fort, 1894-1955. person
associatedWith Mitchell, Benjamin. person
associatedWith Mix, Charles E. person
associatedWith Mix, Charles Henry, 1833-1909. person
associatedWith Montague, Elzy J., 1830-fl. 1903. person
correspondedWith Morrill, Lot M. (Lot Myrick), 1812-1883. person
associatedWith O'Melveny, H. K. S. person
associatedWith Ormsbee, Ebenezer J. (Ebenezer Jolls), 1834-1924. person
associatedWith Parke, C. R., 1823- person
associatedWith Parker, Theodore, 1810-1860. person
associatedWith Parsons, Mason. person
associatedWith Petersen, Willaim Ferdinand, 1887-1950. person
associatedWith Pickett, Thomas Johnson. person
associatedWith Pierce, Franklin, 1804-1869. person
associatedWith Pierce, William H., b. 1832. person
associatedWith Pillsbury, John H., person
associatedWith Quincy (Ill.). Lincoln-Douglas Semi-Centennial Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Ramsey, John P. person
associatedWith Raymond, Henry J. (Henry Jarvis), 1820-1869. person
associatedWith Richards, Willard, 1804-1854 person
associatedWith Richmond, Dean, 1804-1866. person
associatedWith Ross, Lewis Winans, 1812-1895. person
associatedWith Sander, James, person
correspondedWith Sanders, George N. (George Nicholas), 1848-1890 person
associatedWith Sanders, George Nicholas, 1812-1873, person
associatedWith Seaver, William A. person
associatedWith Sheldon, Henry L. (Henry Luther), 1821-1907. person
associatedWith Sheridan, James B. person
associatedWith Shields, James, 1806-1879. person
associatedWith Silloway, Fred D. person
associatedWith Simpson, I. L., fl. 1860. person
associatedWith Singleton, James Washington, 1811-1892. person
associatedWith Slidell, John, 1793-1871. person
associatedWith Smith, B. F., b. 1837? person
associatedWith Smith, Dietrich C., 1840- person
associatedWith Smith, Goldwin, 1823-1910. person
associatedWith Squier & Rickcords. corporateBody
associatedWith Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 1812-1883. person
associatedWith Stevens, Frank Everett, b. 1856. person
associatedWith St. Nicholas Hotel. corporateBody
associatedWith Strickland, James. person
associatedWith Stuart-Hay Families. family
associatedWith Sumner, George. person
associatedWith Tarpley, Colin S. person
associatedWith Teese, William M. person
associatedWith Thompson, Clark Wallace, 1825-1885. person
associatedWith Thurman, Edward C., 1882-1950. person
associatedWith Tilton, Clint Clay, 1870-1946. person
associatedWith Treat, Samuel H., 1811-1887. person
associatedWith Truesdail, Robert John, d. 1885. person
associatedWith Turney, William A. person
memberOf United States. Congress. House of Representatives corporateBody
memberOf United States. Congress. Senate. corporateBody
associatedWith Van Zile, Philip Taylor, 1843-1917. person
associatedWith Volk, Douglas, 1856-1935. person
associatedWith Volk, Leonard Wells, 1828-1895. person
associatedWith Walker, Newton, b. 1803. person
associatedWith Wallace, Joseph, 1834-1904. person
associatedWith Ward, Hunt and Company (New Orleans, La.) corporateBody
associatedWith Washburne, E. B. (Elihu Benjamin), 1816-1887. person
associatedWith Webb, J. Watson (James Watson), 1802-1884, person
associatedWith Weik, Jesse William, 1857-1930 person
associatedWith William E. Barton Collection of Lincolniana (University of Chicago) corporateBody
associatedWith William L. Clements Library. corporateBody
associatedWith Williams, Adèle Cutts Douglas, 1835-1899. person
associatedWith Wise, Henry A. (Henry Alexander), 1806-1876. person
associatedWith Woodbury, Levi, 1789-1851, person
associatedWith Yates, Richard, 1860-1936. person
associatedWith Young, Brigham, 1801-1877. person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Jacksonville IL US
Chicago IL US
Springfield IL US
District of Columbia DC US
Winchester IL US
Cleveland OH US
Ontario County NY US
Brandon VT US
Subject
Slavery
Antislavery movements
Autographs
Campaign speeches
Political campaigns
Copybooks
Corn laws (Great Britain)
Cotton trade
Legal documents
Elections
Kansas
Lawyers
Nominations for office
Patronage, Political
Plantation life
Presidents
Presidents
Secession
Occupation
Teachers
Cabinetmakers
Judges
Lawyers
Plantation owners
Politicians
Representatives, U.S. Congress
Senators, U.S. Congress
Activity

Person

Birth 1813-04-23

Death 1861-06-03

Male

Americans

English

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