Papers, 1826-1898.

Lyell, Charles, Sir, 1797-1875

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Sir Charles Lyell, first baronet, (1797-1875, APS, 1842) was a geologist and lawyer, whose Principles of Geology explained “former changes of the earth’s surface” by means of “modern causes.” Critical of the “catastrophist” views of many contemporary geologists, Lyell considered the earth “a system of balanced antagonistic processes,” a theory later described as uniformitarian. Although he rejected Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of species mutability early in his career, later he favorabl...

Clarke, James Freeman, 1810-1888

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James Freeman Clarke (April 4, 1810 – June 8, 1888) was an American theologian and author. Born in Hanover, New Hampshire, on April 4, 1810, James Freeman Clarke was the son of Samuel Clarke and Rebecca Parker Hull, though he was raised by his grandfather James Freeman, minister at King's Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended the Boston Latin School, and later graduated from Harvard College in 1829, and Harvard Divinity School in 1833. Ordained into the Unitarian church he first became...

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1803-1882

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Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803, Boston, Massachusetts– April 27, 1882, Concord, Massachusetts), American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.Epithet: American essayist British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000000621.0x000365 ...

Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 1823-1887

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At only 27, the ornithologist Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-1887) was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, a precocious appointment that suited a precocious scientist. Born into a well to do family in Reading, Pa., and raised in Carlisle, Baird acquired an interest in natural history even prior to enrolling at Dickinson College at age 13. Although he was not an outstanding student, he was unusually committed to his course in life, keeping meticulous notes of ...

Bache, A. D. (Alexander Dallas), 1806-1867

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Alexander Dallas Bache (1806-1867) was an important scientific reformer during the early nineteenth century. From his position as superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, and through leadership roles in the scientific institutions of the time, Bache helped bring American science into alignment with the professional nature of its European counterpart. In addition, Bache fostered the reform of public education in America. On July 19, 1806 Alexander Dalla...

Hale, Edward Everett, 1822-1909

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Edward Everett Hale (1822-1909) was an American author and Unitarian minister. Hale was involved in many social reform movements, including abolition and popular education. He is best known for his 1863 short story, "The Man Without a Country," which promoted patriotic support of the Union. From the guide to the Edward Everett Hale Letters, 1884-1897, (Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries) ...

Child, Lydia Maria, 1802-1880

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Lydia Maria Child was born Lydia Maria Francis in Medford, Massachusetts on February 11, 1802. She was born into an abolitionist family and was greatly influenced by her brother, Convers, who would later become a Unitarian Clergyman. After the death of her mother in 1814, Child moved to Maine to live with her sister and began teaching in Gardiner in 1819. While living in Maine, Child became increasingly interested in Native Americans and visited many nearby settlements. Child began actively writ...

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 1823-1911

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Higginson was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 22, 1823. He was a descendant of Francis Higginson, a Puritan minister and immigrant to the colony of Massachusetts Bay. His father, Stephen Higginson (born in Salem, Massachusetts, November 20, 1770; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 20, 1834), was a merchant and philanthropist in Boston and steward of Harvard University from 1818 until 1834. His grandfather, also named Stephen Higginson, was a member of the Continental Congre...

Pickering, Charles, 1805-1878

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Pickering was a physician and a naturalist. He was a member of the Harvard College Class of 1823 but transferred to the Harvard Medical School and received an MD in 1826. In 1849 he was granted the AB with the Class of 1823. In 1827 he settled in Philadelphia where he practiced medicine and began active work with the Academy of Natural Sciences. He was appointed chief zoologist of the United States Exploring Expedition from 1838-1842. After this and other voyages, he made his home in Boston in M...

Lesquereux, Léo, 1806-1889

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Louis Agassiz (1807-1873, APS 1843) was a zoologist and geologist. A student of Georges Cuvier, Agassiz was renown for his six-volume work Poissons fossils, a study of more than 1,700 ancient fish. Equally important was his Ètudes sur les glaciers (1840). In 1845 Agassiz moved to the United States on a two-year study grant from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia to compare the flora and fauna of the United States and Europe. While in the United States he was invited to deliver a c...

Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, 1792-1871

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British geologist. From the description of Papers, 1857 and undated. (Duke University). WorldCat record id: 35230784 English geologist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : Folkestone, to an unnamed correspondent, 1870 Sept. 5. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270612797 Geologist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : [n.p.], to an unidentified recipient, 1847 July 8. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270872039 Ro...

Rogers, Henry D. (Henry Darwin), 1808-1866

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Epithet: LLD, Professor at Glasgow University British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000001391.0x0000a0 State geologist for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. From the description of Catalogue of the specimens composing the first state geological cabinet deposited in Harrisburg. [archival material]. 1837-1940. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 122581671 Epithet: geologist British Library Arch...

Dana, James Dwight, 1813-1895

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American scientist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : Utica, New York, to T.F. Dwight, 1865 Apr. 28. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270530661 From the description of Autograph letter signed : New Haven, Ct., to E.W. Hilgard, 1877 Mar. 27. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270870623 ...

Frazer, John Fries, 1812-1872

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John Fries Frazer was a Philadelphia scientist, who studied under A. D. Bache, Robert Hare, and Henry D. Rogers. He taught chemistry and natural philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania (1844-1872) and was editor of the Franklin Institute's "Journal" (1850-1866). From the description of Papers, 1834-1871. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122523586 John Fries Frazer was a professor of chemistry and natural philosophy at the University of Penns...

Lesley, Susan I. (Susan Inches), 1823-1904

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Marsh, Othniel Charles, 1831-1899

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Othniel Charles Marsh was a paleontologist and was President of the National Academy of Science. From the description of Papers, 1817-1899. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122616238 From the guide to the Othniel Charles Marsh papers, 1817-1899, 1817-1899, (American Philosophical Society) Epithet: Professor of Palaeontology, Yale University British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055...

Hale, Lucretia P. (Lucretia Peabody), 1820-1900

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Hale was an American author of childrens' books. From the description of Lucretia P. Hale letters to Miss Lowell, 1866. (Pennsylvania State University Libraries). WorldCat record id: 38508992 ...

Bushnell, Horace, 1802-1876

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Horace Bushnell was born in Bantam, Connecticut on April 14, 1802. He was educated at Yale (B.A., 1827; M.A., 1830; B.D., 1833), and received degrees from Wesleyan University (D.D., 1842), Harvard (S.T.D., 1852) and Yale (LL.D., 1871). He served as pastor of North Church, Hartford, CT from 1833-1859. He was the author of "God in Christ" (1849) and "Christ in Theology" (1851), as well as other works uncongenial to the orthodox theology of his times. From the description of Horace Bush...

Owen, Richard, 1804-1892

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Richard Owen was a comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. From the description of Letter from Richard Owen to Charles Léopold Laurillard to introduce John Gould, 1833 [manuscript]. [1833] (Libraries Australia). WorldCat record id: 277137992 Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of London; authority on comparative anatomy, vertebrate paleontology and geology. From the description of Osteological contributions to the natural history of the chimpanzees (Tr...

McKinley, Alexander

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Peirce, Benjamin, 1809-1880

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Peirce (Harvard, A.B., 1829) taught astronomy and mathematics at Harvard. From the description of Papers of Benjamin Peirce, 1846-1851 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 76972841 Peirce (A.B. 1829), mathematician and astronomer, was a tutor (1831-1833) and professor (1833-1880) at Harvard University, where he established the Harvard Observatory. From the description of Correspondence, ca. 1835-1880. (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 79...

Gibbs, Wolcott, 1822-1908

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Gibbs received an honorary degree from Harvard in 1888. He served as Dean of Lawrence Scientific School and Dean of School of Mining and Practical Engineering, and taught chemistry and physics. From the description of Papers of Wolcott Gibbs, 1885-1944 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 77069357 Chemist (Ammonia-cobalt compounds; metals of platinum group; new methods of analysis; complex inorganic acids). A.M. Columbia College, 1841; M.D. Columbia College...

Mann, Horace, 1796-1859

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Horace Mann was an educator and a statesman who greatly advanced the cause of universal, free, non-sectarian public schools. Mann also advocated temperance, abolition, hospitals for the mentally ill, and women's rights. From the description of Horace Mann Letter, 1858. (University of the Pacific). WorldCat record id: 213372958 Horace Mann, "Father of our Public Schools," was born in Franklin, Massachusetts on May 4, 1796. His family was poor and his father di...

M'Kim, J. Miller (James Miller), 1810-1874

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Geological Survey of Pennsylvania

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King, Clarence, 1842-1901

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Clarence Rivers King (1842-1901) was a geologist, mining engineer, and writer. He graduated from Yale Scientific School in 1862, journeyed West, and joined the California Geological Survey as volunteers. From 1867-1877, King directed the geological and scientific survey of the Fortieth Parallel from eastern Colorado to the California border. The next year he was made head of the newly established United States Geological Survey, a position he held until entering private practice as a mining engi...

Sumner, Charles, 1811-1874

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Massachusetts lawyer and U.S. Senator, 1851-1874. He was an ardent abolitionist who attacked the south in his "crime against Kansas" speech in 1856. Two days later he was assaulted in the Senate, receiving injuries that took him years to recover from. From the description of Letters, 1858-1869. (Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library). WorldCat record id: 55768315 Born in Boston, Mass., the U.S. statesman Charles Sumner studied law at Harvard and practiced law in his native ci...

Winsor, Henry

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Furness, Horace Howard, 1833-1912

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American Shakespeare scholar. From the description of Letters : to Dr. John C. Rolfe, 1910. (Getty Research Institute). WorldCat record id: 79028412 Shakespearean scholar. From the description of Papers of Horace Howard Furness, 1872-1899. (University of Virginia). WorldCat record id: 56349747 Horace Howard Furness was a lawyer and Shakespeare scholar. From the description of Scrapbook, 1869-1911. (American Philosophical Society Library). Wor...

Guyot, A. (Arnold), 1807-1884

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Arnold Henry Guyot was a geographer and the first to formulate laws of structure and movement of glaciers. He published geography textbooks, 1866-1875, and was professor of physical geography and geology at Princeton University, 1854-1884. From the description of Correspondence, 1857-1882. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122316399 Geographer and geologist. From the description of Letter of A. Guyot, circa 1857. (Unknown). WorldCat re...

Conway, Moncure Daniel, 1832-1907

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Clergyman, editor, and abolitionist. From the description of Moncure Daniel Conway correspondence, 1889-1895. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 79453541 American author and clergyman. From the description of Moncure Daniel Conway papers, 1847-1907. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 489376233 American author, publisher, clergyman. From the description of Papers of Moncure D. Conway [manuscript], 1859-1906. (Univer...

Hall, James, 1811-1898

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Geologist and paleontologist who served several years as the state geologist of Iowa (1855-1858). He began his career as a geologist in New York in the 1830s and also served as the state geologist for Wisconsin (1857-1860). From the description of Geological report of Iowa, 1860. (State Historical Society of Iowa, Library). WorldCat record id: 608305948 Hall was educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y. and studied under Amos Eaton. He worked on the New ...

Lyman, Benjamin Smith, 1835-1920

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Benjamin Smith Lyman was a geologist and mining engineer. From the description of Papers, 1850-1918. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122316358 Benjamin Smith Lyman studied geology and mining engineering in France and in Germany. He worked with J. Peter Lesley in the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, and later worked on the Iowa Geological Survey. Lyman was surveyor of the coal fields of Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia and of the gold ...

Hayden, F. V. (Ferdinand Vandeveer), 1829-1887

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Geologist who began his career as a teacher in Oberlin, Ohio. From the description of Ferdinand V. Hayden papers, 1846-1865. (Rhinelander District Library). WorldCat record id: 18376030 Surveyor and geologist. From the description of Hayden, F. V. (Ferdinand Vandeveer), 1829-1887 (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration). naId: 10570213 F. V. Hayden (1829-1887) was a physician turned geologist, explorer, and naturalist; originally of Westfield,...

Thomson, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1808-1874

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Pennsylvania Railroad official. From the description of J. Edgar Thomson correspondence, 1850 October 7. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 70981660 ...

Flint, Austin, 1812-1890

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Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 1841-1906

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Shaler (Harvard, S.B., 1862) taught paleontology and geology at Harvard and was Dean of the Lawrence Scientific School. From the description of Papers of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, 1872-1914 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 76972881 Prominent geologist and scholar, served with the Kentucky Geological Survey, and as a professor at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. From the description of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler : paper...

Henry, Joseph, 1797-1878

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Joseph Henry (1797-1878, APS 1835), a physicist, was the first secretary and director of the Smithsonian Institution, a post he retained for over three decades. Henry was a leading experimental scientist whose contributions include several discoveries in the field of electromagnetics. He has been credited with the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph, among other things. Henry was born in 1797 in Albany, New York, the son of William Henry, a teamster, and his wife An...

Cope, E. D. (Edward Drinker), 1840-1897

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Vertebrate paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope became the leading theorist of the neo-Lamarckian movement in American biology. He sold his fossil collection to the American Museum of Natural History in 1894. From the guide to the Edward Drinker Cope Field diaries, 1872-1874, 1876-1877, 1879, 1881-1885, 1892, 1872-1892, (American Philosophical Society) Zoologist, paleontologist and educator. Member Society of Friends. Professor at Haverford College (1864-1867) and University o...

Desor, É. (Édouard), 1811-1882

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Haldeman, Samuel Stehman, 1812-1880

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Haldeman was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. From the description of Letters and papers, ca. 1855-1879. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 122490919 Samuel Stehman Haldeman was a scientist and philologist. From the description of Letters, 1859-1875. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122540802 Samuel Stehman Haldeman (1812-1880, APS, 1844) American naturalist and philologist, w...