Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870

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Thomas was born at Newsom's Depot, Southampton County, Virginia, five miles (8 km) from the North Carolina border. His father, John Thomas, of Welsh descent, and his mother, Elizabeth Rochelle Thomas, a descendant of French Huguenot immigrants, had six children. George had three sisters and two brothers. The family led an upper-class plantation lifestyle. By 1829, they owned 685 acres (2.77 km2) and 24 slaves. John died in a farm accident when George was 13, leaving the family in financial difficulties. George Thomas, his sisters, and his widowed mother were forced to flee from their home and hide in the nearby woods during Nat Turner's 1831 slave rebellion. Benson Bobrick has suggested that while some repressive acts were enforced following the crushing of the revolt, Thomas took the lesson another way, seeing that slavery was so vile an institution that it had forced the slaves to act in violence. This was a major event in the formation of his views on slavery; that the idea of the contented slave in the care of a benevolent overlord was a sentimental myth. Christopher Einolf, in contrast wrote "For George Thomas, the view that slavery was needed as a way of controlling blacks was supported by his personal experience of Nat Turner's Rebellion. ... Thomas left no written record of his opinion on slavery, but the fact that he owned slaves during much of his life indicates that he was not opposed to it." A traditional story is that Thomas taught as many as 15 of his family's slaves to read, violating a Virginia law that prohibited this, and despite the wishes of his father.

Thomas was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1836 by Congressman John Y. Mason, who warned Thomas that no nominee from his district had ever graduated successfully. Entering at age 20, Thomas was known to his fellow cadets as "Old Tom" and he became instant friends with his roommates, William T. Sherman and Stewart Van Vliet. He made steady academic progress, was appointed a cadet officer in his second year, and graduated 12th in a class of 42 in 1840. He was appointed a second lieutenant in Company D, 3rd U.S. Artillery.

Thomas's first assignment with his artillery regiment began in late 1840 at the primitive outpost of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in the Seminole Wars, where his troops performed infantry duty. He led them in successful patrols and was appointed a brevet first lieutenant on November 6, 1841. From 1842 until 1845, he served in posts at New Orleans, Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor, and Fort McHenry in Baltimore. With the Mexican–American War looming, his regiment was ordered to Texas in June 1845.

In Mexico, Thomas led a gun crew with distinction at the battles of Fort Brown, Resaca de la Palma, Monterrey, and Buena Vista, receiving three brevet promotions. At Buena Vista, Gen. Zachary Taylor reported that "the services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, were more than unusually distinguished" during the battle. Brig. Gen. John E. Wool wrote about Thomas and another officer that "without our artillery we would not have maintained our position a single hour." Thomas's battery commander wrote that Thomas's "coolness and firmness contributed not a little to the success of the day. Lieutenant Thomas more than sustained the reputation he has long enjoyed in his regiment as an accurate and scientific artillerist." During the war, Thomas served closely with an artillery officer who would be a principal antagonist in the Civil War—Captain Braxton Bragg.

Thomas was reassigned to Florida in 1849–50. In 1851, he returned to West Point as a cavalry and artillery instructor, where he established a close professional and personal relationship with another Virginia officer, Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee, the Academy superintendent. His appointment there was based in part on a recommendation from Braxton Bragg. Concerned about the poor condition of the Academy's elderly horses, Thomas moderated the tendency of cadets to overwork them during cavalry drills and became known as "Slow Trot Thomas". Two of Thomas's students who received his recommendation for assignment to the cavalry, J.E.B. Stuart and Fitzhugh Lee, became prominent Confederate cavalry generals. Another Civil War connection was a cadet expelled for disciplinary reasons on Thomas's recommendation, John Schofield, who would excoriate Thomas in postbellum writings about his service as a corps commander under Thomas in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. On November 17, 1852, Thomas married Frances Lucretia Kellogg, age 31, from Troy, New York. The couple remained at West Point until 1854. Thomas was promoted to captain on December 24, 1853.

In the spring of 1854, Thomas's artillery regiment was transferred to California and he led two companies to San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, and then on a grueling overland march to Fort Yuma. On May 12, 1855, Thomas was appointed a major of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry (later re-designated the 5th U.S. Cavalry) by Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War. Once again, Braxton Bragg had provided a recommendation for Thomas's advancement. There was a suspicion as the Civil War drew closer that Davis had been assembling and training a combat unit of elite U.S. Army officers who harbored Southern sympathies, and Thomas's appointment to this regiment implied that his colleagues assumed he would support his native state of Virginia in a future conflict. Thomas resumed his close ties with the second-in-command of the regiment, Robert E. Lee, and the two officers traveled extensively together on detached service for court-martial duty. In October 1857, Major Thomas assumed acting command of the cavalry regiment, an assignment he would retain for 2½ years. On August 26, 1860, during a clash with a Comanche warrior, Thomas was wounded by an arrow passing through the flesh near his chin area and sticking into his chest at Clear Fork, Brazos River, Texas. Thomas pulled the arrow out and, after a surgeon dressed the wound, continued to lead the expedition. This was the only combat wound that Thomas suffered throughout his long military career.

In November 1860, Thomas requested a one-year leave of absence. His antebellum career had been distinguished and productive, and he was one of the rare officers with field experience in all three combat arms—infantry, cavalry, and artillery. On his way home to southern Virginia, he suffered a mishap in Lynchburg, Virginia, falling from a train platform and severely injuring his back. This accident led him to contemplate leaving military service and caused him pain for the rest of his life. Continuing to New York to visit with his wife's family, Thomas stopped in Washington, D.C., and conferred with general-in-chief Winfield Scott, advising Scott that Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs, the commander of the Department of Texas, harbored secessionist sympathies and could not be trusted in his post.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, 19 of the 36 officers in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry resigned, including three of Thomas's superiors—Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, and William J. Hardee. Many Southern-born officers were torn between loyalty to their states and loyalty to their country. Thomas struggled with the decision but opted to remain with the United States. His Northern-born wife probably helped influence his decision. In response, his family turned his picture against the wall, destroyed his letters, and never spoke to him again. (During the economic hard times in the South after the war, Thomas sent some money to his sisters, who angrily refused to accept it, declaring they had no brother.)

Nevertheless, Thomas stayed in the Union Army with some degree of suspicion surrounding him. On January 18, 1861, a few months before Fort Sumter, he had applied for a job as the commandant of cadets at the Virginia Military Institute. Any real tendency to the secessionist cause, however, could be refuted when he turned down Virginia Governor John Letcher's offer to become chief of ordnance for the Virginia Provisional Army. On June 18, his former student and fellow Virginian, Confederate Col. J.E.B. Stuart, wrote to his wife, "Old George H. Thomas is in command of the cavalry of the enemy. I would like to hang, hang him as a traitor to his native state." Nevertheless, as the Civil War carried on, he won the affection of Union soldiers serving under him as a "soldier's soldier", who took to affectionately referring to Thomas as "Pap Thomas".

Thomas was promoted in rapid succession to be lieutenant colonel (on April 25, 1861, replacing Robert E. Lee) and colonel (May 3, replacing Albert Sidney Johnston) in the regular army, and brigadier general of volunteers (August 17). In the First Bull Run Campaign, he commanded a brigade under Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson in the Shenandoah Valley, but all of his subsequent assignments were in the Western Theater. Reporting to Maj. Gen. Robert Anderson in Kentucky, Thomas was assigned to training recruits and to command an independent force in the eastern half of the state. On January 18, 1862, he defeated Confederate Brig. Gens. George B. Crittenden and Felix Zollicoffer at Mill Springs, gaining the first important Union victory in the war, breaking Confederate strength in eastern Kentucky, and lifting Union morale.

On December 2, 1861, Brig. Gen. Thomas was assigned to command the 1st Division of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio. He was present at the second day of the Battle of Shiloh (April 7, 1862), but arrived after the fighting had ceased. The victor at Shiloh, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, came under severe criticism for the bloody battle and his superior, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, reorganized his Department of the Mississippi to ease Grant out of direct field command. The three armies in the department were divided and recombined into three "wings". Thomas, promoted to major general effective April 25, 1862, was given command of the Right Wing, consisting of four divisions from Grant's former Army of the Tennessee and one from the Army of the Ohio. Thomas successfully led this putative army in the siege of Corinth. On June 10, Grant returned to command of the original Army of the Tennessee.

Thomas resumed service under Don Carlos Buell. During Confederate General Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky in the fall of 1862, the Union high command became nervous about Buell's cautious tendencies and offered command of the Army of the Ohio to Thomas, who refused. Thomas served as Buell's second-in-command at the Battle of Perryville; although tactically inconclusive, the battle halted Bragg's invasion of Kentucky as he voluntarily withdrew to Tennessee. Again frustrated with Buell's ineffective pursuit of Bragg, the Union replaced him with Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans. Thomas wrote on October 30, 1862, a letter of protest to Secretary Stanton, feeling that Rosecrans was junior to him, but Stanton wrote back on November 15, telling him that that was not the case (Rosecrans had in fact been his junior, but his commission as major general had been backdated to make him senior to Thomas) and reminding him of his earlier refusal to accept command; Thomas demurred and withdrew his protest.

Fighting under Rosecrans, commanding the "Center" wing of the newly renamed Army of the Cumberland, Thomas gave an impressive performance at the Battle of Stones River, holding the center of the retreating Union line and once again preventing a victory by Bragg. He was in charge of the most important part of the maneuvering from Decherd to Chattanooga during the Tullahoma Campaign (June 22 – July 3, 1863) and the crossing of the Tennessee River. At the Battle of Chickamauga on September 19, 1863, now commanding the XIV Corps, he once again held a desperate position against Bragg's onslaught while the Union line on his right collapsed. Thomas rallied broken and scattered units together on Horseshoe Ridge to prevent a significant Union defeat from becoming a hopeless rout. Future president James Garfield, a field officer for the Army of the Cumberland, visited Thomas during the battle, carrying orders from Rosecrans to retreat; when Thomas said he would have to stay behind to ensure the Army's safety, Garfield told Rosecrans that Thomas was "standing like a rock." After the battle he became widely known by the nickname "The Rock of Chickamauga", representing his determination to hold a vital position against strong odds.

Thomas succeeded Rosecrans in command of the Army of the Cumberland shortly before the Battles for Chattanooga (November 23–25, 1863), a stunning Union victory that was highlighted by Thomas's troops storming the Confederate line on Missionary Ridge. As the Army of the Cumberland advanced further than ordered, General Grant, on Orchard Knob asked Thomas, "Who ordered the advance?" Thomas replied, "I don't know. I did not."

During Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through Georgia in the spring of 1864, the Army of the Cumberland numbered over 60,000 men, and Thomas's staff did the logistics and engineering for Sherman's entire army group, including developing a novel series of Cumberland pontoons. At the Battle of Peachtree Creek (July 20, 1864), Thomas's defense severely damaged Lt. Gen. John B. Hood's army in its first attempt to break the siege of Atlanta.

When Hood broke away from Atlanta in the autumn of 1864, menaced Sherman's long line of communications, and endeavored to force Sherman to follow him, Sherman abandoned his communications and embarked on the March to the Sea. Thomas stayed behind to fight Hood in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Thomas, with a smaller force, raced with Hood to reach Nashville, where he was to receive reinforcements.

At the Battle of Franklin on November 30, 1864, a large part of Thomas's force, under command of Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, dealt Hood a strong defeat and held him in check long enough to cover the concentration of Union forces in Nashville. At Nashville, Thomas had to organize his forces, which had been drawn from all parts of the West and which included many young troops and even quartermaster employees. He declined to attack until his army was ready and the ice covering the ground had melted enough for his men to move. The North, including General Grant himself (now general-in-chief of all Union armies), grew impatient at the delay. Maj. Gen. John A. Logan was sent with an order to replace Thomas, and soon afterwards Grant started a journey west from City Point, Virginia to take command in person.

Thomas attacked on December 15, 1864, in the Battle of Nashville and effectively destroyed Hood's command in two days of fighting. Thomas sent his wife, Frances Lucretia Kellogg Thomas, the following telegram, the only communication surviving of the Thomases' correspondence: "We have whipped the enemy, taken many prisoners and considerable artillery."

Thomas was appointed a major general in the regular army, with date of rank of his Nashville victory, and received the Thanks of Congress:

... to Major-General George H. Thomas and the officers and soldiers under his command for their skill and dauntless courage, by which the rebel army under General Hood was signally defeated and driven from the state of Tennessee.

Thomas may have resented his late promotion to major general (which made him junior by date of rank to Sheridan); upon receiving the telegram announcing it, he remarked to Surgeon George Cooper: "I suppose it is better late than never, but it is too late to be appreciated. I earned this at Chickamauga.".

Thomas also received another nickname from his victory: "The Sledge of Nashville".

After the end of the Civil War, Thomas commanded the Department of the Cumberland in Kentucky and Tennessee, and at times also West Virginia and parts of Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama, through 1869. During the Reconstruction period, Thomas acted to protect freedmen from white abuses. He set up military commissions to enforce labor contracts since the local courts had either ceased to operate or were biased against blacks. Thomas also used troops to protect places threatened by violence from the Ku Klux Klan. In a November 1868 report, Thomas noted efforts made by former Confederates to paint the Confederacy in a positive light, stating:

[T]he greatest efforts made by the defeated insurgents since the close of the war have been to promulgate the idea that the cause of liberty, justice, humanity, equality, and all the calendar of the virtues of freedom, suffered violence and wrong when the effort for southern independence failed. This is, of course, intended as a species of political cant, whereby the crime of treason might be covered with a counterfeit varnish of patriotism, so that the precipitators of the rebellion might go down in history hand in hand with the defenders of the government, thus wiping out with their own hands their own stains; a species of self-forgiveness amazing in its effrontery, when it is considered that life and property—justly forfeited by the laws of the country, of war, and of nations, through the magnanimity of the government and people—was not exacted from them.

— George Henry Thomas, November 1868.

President Andrew Johnson offered Thomas the rank of lieutenant general—with the intent to eventually replace Grant, a Republican and future president, with Thomas as general in chief—but the ever-loyal Thomas asked the Senate to withdraw his name for that nomination because he did not want to be party to politics. In 1869 he requested assignment to command the Military Division of the Pacific with headquarters at the Presidio of San Francisco. He died there of a stroke on March 28, 1870, while writing an answer to an article criticizing his military career by his wartime rival John Schofield. Sherman, by then general-in-chief, personally conveyed the news to President Grant at the White House. None of Thomas's blood relatives attended his funeral as they had never forgiven him for his loyalty to the Union. He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery, in Troy, New York. His gravestone was sculpted by Robert E. Launitz and comprises a white marble sarcophagus topped by a bald eagle.

His cadets at West Point had given him the nickname of "Slow Trot Thomas", and this sobriquet was used to diminish his reputation. He moved slowly because of an injured back, but he was mentally anything but slow, only methodical. He was known for accurate judgment and thorough knowledge of his profession and once he grasped a problem and the time was right for action, he would strike a vigorous, rapid blow.

The veterans' organization for the Army of the Cumberland, throughout its existence, fought to see that he was honored for all he had done.

Thomas was in chief command of only two battles in the Civil War, the Battle of Mill Springs at the beginning and the Battle of Nashville near the end. Both were victories. However, his contributions at the battles of Stones River, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Peachtree Creek were decisive. His main legacies lay in his development of modern battlefield doctrine and in his mastery of logistics.

Thomas has generally been held in high esteem by Civil War historians; Bruce Catton and Carl Sandburg wrote glowingly of him, and many consider Thomas one of the top three Union generals of the war, after Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. But Thomas never entered the popular consciousness like those men. The general destroyed his private papers, saying he did not want "his life hawked in print for the eyes of the curious." Beginning in the 1870s, many Civil War generals published memoirs, justifying their decisions or re-fighting old battles, but Thomas, who died in 1870, did not publish his own memoirs. In addition, most of his campaigns were in the Western theater of the war, which received less attention both in the press of the day and in contemporary historical accounts.

Grant and Thomas also had a cool relationship, for reasons that are not entirely clear, but are well-attested by contemporaries. When a rain-soaked Grant arrived at Thomas's headquarters before the Chattanooga Campaign, Thomas, caught up in other activity, did not acknowledge the general for several minutes until an aide intervened. Thomas's perceived slowness at Nashville—although necessitated by the weather—drove Grant into a fit of impatience, and Grant nearly replaced Thomas. In his Personal Memoirs, Grant tended to minimize Thomas's contributions, particularly during the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, saying his movements were "always so deliberate and so slow, though effective in defence."

Grant did, however, acknowledge that Thomas's eventual success at Nashville obviated all criticism. Sherman, who had been close to Thomas throughout the war, also repeated the accusation after the war that Thomas was "slow", and this damning with faint praise tended to affect perceptions of the Rock of Chickamauga well into the 20th century. Both Sherman and Grant attended Thomas's funeral, and were reported by third parties to have been visibly moved by his passing. Thomas's legendary bay horse, Billy, bore his friend Sherman's name.

Thomas was always on good terms with his commanding officer in the Army of the Cumberland, William Rosecrans. Even after Rosecrans was relieved of command and replaced by Thomas, he had nothing but praise for him. Upon hearing of Thomas' death, Rosecrans sent a letter to the National Tribune, stating Thomas' passing was a "National Calamity...Few knew him better than I did, none valued him more."

In 1877, Sherman published an article praising Grant and Thomas, and contrasting them to Robert E. Lee. After noting that Thomas, unlike his fellow Virginian Lee, stood by the Union, Sherman wrote:

During the whole war his services were transcendent, winning the first substantial victory at Mill Springs in Kentucky, January 20th, 1862, participating in all the campaigns of the West in 1862-3-4, and finally, December 16th, 1864 annihilating the army of Hood, which in mid winter had advanced to Nashville to besiege him.

Sherman concluded that Grant and Thomas were "heroes" deserving "monuments like those of Nelson and Wellington in London, well worthy to stand side by side with the one which now graces our capitol city of 'George Washington.'"

A fort south of Newport, Kentucky was named in his honor, and the city of Fort Thomas now stands there and carries his name as well. A memorial honoring Thomas, Major General George Henry Thomas, can be found in the eponymous Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C.

A distinctive engraved portrait of Thomas appeared on U.S. paper money in 1890 and 1891. The bills are called "treasury notes" or "coin notes" and are widely collected today because of their fine, detailed engraving. The $5 Thomas "fancyback" note of 1890, with an estimated 450-600 in existence relative to the 7.2 million printed, ranks as number 90 in the "100 Greatest American Currency Notes" compiled by Bowers and Sundman (2006).

Thomas County, Kansas, established in 1888, is named in his honor. The townships of Thomas County are named after fallen soldiers in the Battle of Chickamauga. Thomas County, Nebraska, is also named after him.

In 1999 a statue of Thomas by sculptor Rudy Ayoroa was unveiled in Lebanon, Kentucky.

A bust of Thomas is located in Grant's Tomb in Manhattan, New York.

A 3/4 length portrait of him, executed by U.S. general Samuel Woodson Price (1828-1918) in 1869 and gifted by the heirs of General Price, hangs in the stairwell to Special Collections at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky.

A Sons of Union Veterans Camp, Camp #19 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania is named in his honor.

He was honored as the namesake off the George Henry Thomas Post Number 5 of the Grand Army of the Republic. A 10-mile road in Southampton County, Virginia, his birthplace, is named General Thomas Highway.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Hough, Alfred Lacey, 1826-1908. Alfred Lacey Hough Papers, 1861-1924 (bulk 1869-1889). University of Colorado, Boulder
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: Thomas, George H - Texas - 1858 - File No. T105 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter : Fort Mason, Tex., to Samuel Cooper, Washington, D.C., 1857 Jul 7. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Hanback, Lewis, 1839-1897. Hanback, Lewis 1839-1897 1862-1865 Letters. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry. Papers, 1844-1865. Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
referencedIn Smith, James Power, 1837-1923. James Power Smith papers, 1861-1864. Library of Congress
referencedIn Cleaves, Freeman, 1904-. Research papers of Freeman Cleaves, 1940-1960. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Civil War collection, ca. 1862-1981. Mobil, Exploration & Producing United States, Incorporated
referencedIn McKinney, Francis Fowler, 1891-1972. Francis Fowler McKinney papers, 1941-1972. Bentley Historical Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1861 - Thomas, George H - File No. T120 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1867 - Thomas, George H - File No. C338 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Hunton, Hamilton Morris, 1908-. Autograph collection of Hamilton Morris Hutton [manuscript], 1828-1930. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Headley, Joel Tyler, 1813-1897. [Letters to General George H. Thomas, 1865] / J. T. Headley. Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn Record Group 393: Records of U.S. Army Continental Commands, 1817 - 1947 Series: Letters Sent by General George H. Thomas, 9/1861 - 9/1862 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. [Letter] 1865 Jun. 29, Nashville, Ten. [to Headley] / Geo. H. Thomas. Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn Thruston, Gates Phillips, 1835-1912. Gates Philips Thruston : papers, 1864-1867. The Filson Historical Society
contributorOf S 1869 CB 1864: Letter to Abraham Lincoln from John Sherman at Washington, D. C., Regarding the Application of Promotion for Colonel T. R. Stanley to Brigadier General National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Maggie Lindsley papers, 1862-1977. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter, 1868 Dec. 26. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Photographic Portrait File The Huntington Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T39 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter, 1864 January 15. American Periodical Series I
creatorOf Porter, Lucia Chauncey. Correspondence, 1853-1917. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Kentucky - Year: 1867 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1867 - Thomas, George H - File No. P542 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T46 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Brownlow, William Gannaway, 1805-1877. Autograph letter signed : Chattanooga, Tenn., to [George H.] Thomas, n.p., 1864 July 11. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter, 1867 Dec. 27. Tennessee State Library & Archives, TSLA
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: Thomas, George H - Texas - 1858 - File No. T110 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1861 - Thomas, George H - File No. T163 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870 1868 February 17 Letter. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Price, Samuel Woodson, 1828-1918. Papers, 1861-1892. Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, Kentucky Guide Project Office
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referencedIn Fuller, B. A. G., 1879-1956. Autograph collection, 1620-1920 Houghton Library
referencedIn Approved Pension File for Frances L. Thomas, Widow of Major General George H. Thomas, U.S. Army (WC-183243) National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Tennessee - Year: 1866 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Allen, Theodore F., 1842-1919. Civil War Diaries 1864-1865. The Filson Historical Society
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T56 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter : Fort Mason, Tex., to Samuel Cooper, Washington, D.C., 1857 Jul 7. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1865 - Thomas, George H - File No. T744 National Archives at Washington, D.C
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creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. William L. Gross telegram, 1864. Georgia Historical Society
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contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T339 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. ALS (draft), 1867 Aug. 17, Washington, D.C., to Andrew Johnson. Rosenbach Museum & Library
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter, 1861 August 31, New Haven, Ct. [to Charles Pomeroy] Stone. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
creatorOf Halleck, H. W. (Henry Wager), 1815-1872. Papers. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
referencedIn Snook, John James, 1842-. J. J. Snook poem, 1909 August 23. University of California, Santa Barbara, UCSB Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T334 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Letters, 1862-1864. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Draper, A. A., Mrs., fl. 1830-1865. Letters. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Thomas letters, 1854-1854. Arizona Historical Society, Southern Arizona Division
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Tennessee - Year: 1865 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh), 1820-1891. Papers. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
referencedIn Letterbooks, 1859-1861. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
creatorOf Opdycke, Emerson, 1830-1884. Papers 1861-1913. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. George Henry Thomas : papers, 1867-1869. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Autograph telegram signed : Nashville, to General Schofield in Franklin, 1864 Nov. 30. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Francis Fowler McKinney papers, 1941-1972 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Scully, James Wall, 1861-1910. Papers, 1861-1910 ; (bulk 1861-1862). Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1861 - Thomas, George H - File No. T59 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas biography, 1893. Maine Historical Society Library
referencedIn United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 19th (1861- ). Army of the Cumberland military orders, 1864. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T99 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Shearin, J. Connell, Mrs. Speech and photographs relating to Nat Turner's Insurrection [manuscript], circa 1900-1941. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Comey family. Civil War papers, 1859; 1861-1932. American Antiquarian Society
referencedIn Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part III: The Civil War: The Union, 1804-1915. Houghton Library
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referencedIn Martin, Silas, 1841-1906. Painting [realia] : George H. Thomas. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1869 - Thomas, George H - File No. C363 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875. ALS : Nashville, [Tenn.], to Maj[or] Gen[era]l [George H.] Thomas, 1862 August 16. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Dearborn, Frederick M. (Frederick Myers), b. 1876,. Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana : Part III: The Civil War and the Union, 1804-1915. Houghton Library
creatorOf Whitaker, Walter Chiles, 1823-1887. [Letter] 1863 Nov. 24, Look Out Mountain, White House [to] George H. Thomas / Walter C. Whitaker. Smith College, Neilson Library
referencedIn Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Kentucky - Year: 1868 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Tennessee - Year: 1866 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Ulysses S. Grant Papers, 1819-1969, (bulk 1843-1885) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - Tennessee - 1863 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf McCreery family. McCreery-Fenton family papers, 1818-1948 [microform] Bentley Historical Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1862 - Thomas, George H - File No. T217 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: Thomas, George H - 1857 - File No. T203 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Wallace, Emma, fl. 1870. Photograph album of Emma Wallace [manuscript], ca. 1870. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865. Note : Washington, D.C., to unknown person, n.p., 1864 Nov. 28. Texas Christian University
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T767 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Pascal, Charles Lacroix, fl. 1860-1868. Scrapbook of Charles Lacroix Pascal, 1836-1890. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
creatorOf Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Papers. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the State of Massachusetts Civil War collection, 1724-1933 (inclusive); 1861-1912 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn McCreery-Fenton Family papers, 1818-1948, 1860-1940 Bentley Historical Library
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. George Henry Thomas correspondence, 1860-1869. Library of Congress
referencedIn Helsley, William. Letters, 1862-1864. Tennessee State Library & Archives, TSLA
referencedIn Philip Case Lockwood memorial collection of Civil War portraits and autographs, 1862-ca. 1886. Houghton Library
referencedIn Smith, Gustavus Woodson, 1822-1896. Letter, 1853 April 22, West Point, N.Y., to Barton S. Alexander. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
referencedIn Capron, Horace, 1804-1885. Papers [microform], 1832-1952. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T728 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1864 - Thomas, George H - File No. T663 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. George H. Thomas letter to L. H. Whittlesy, R. W. Smith, and Louis Schafner, 1867 October 26. University of California, Santa Barbara, UCSB Library
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter, 1867 March 1, Louisville, Ky., to William Bosson, Nashville, Tenn. Dartmouth College Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1861 - Thomas, George H - File No. T325 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Telegram: Burlington, [N.J.], to [John A.] Logan, Louisville, Ky., [1864] Dec. 17. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865. Plan of a military campaign : AMs, [ca. 1861 Oct. 1] : Washington, D.C. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn Croxton, John Thomas, 1837-1874. Letter : Macon, Ga., to George H. Thomas, Nashville, Tenn., 1865 Dec. 20. Texas Christian University
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1861 - Thomas, George H - File No. T183 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Anderson, Larz, 1803-1878. Letter, 19 Dec. 1864. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Autograph File, T, 1580-1975. Houghton Library
referencedIn Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Carded Records Relating to Civil War Staff Officers, 1890 - 1912 File Unit: Thomas, George H. -- Major General National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1861 - Thomas, George H - File No. T231 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Alfred Pirtle Papers, 1847-1924. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Mackay, Andrew J. Letters to Andrew J. Mackay, 24 September 1863-4 November 1863. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn McNamara, J. Extract from a lecture on discipline, Aug. 2, 1865. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1865 - Thomas, George H - File No. T569 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: Thomas, George H - Texas - 1857 - File No. T130 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Alfred Lacey Hough Papers, 1861-1924, 1869-1889 University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries. Archives Dept.
referencedIn McCreery-Fenton family papers, 1842-1935, 1860-1865 Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part III: The Civil War: The Union, 1804-1915. Houghton Library
creatorOf Ward, Jesse Durbin, 1819-1886. Papers. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the State of Massachusetts Civil War collection, 1724-1933 (inclusive); 1861-1912 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn McKinney, Francis F. Thomas family genealogical notes. Library of Virginia
referencedIn Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. Papers, 1843-1969 (bulk 1843-1908) Library of Congress
referencedIn John G. Parkhurst papers, 1802-1914 Bentley Historical Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. S112 National Archives at Washington, D.C
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Tennessee - Year: 1866 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Shearin, J. Connell, Mrs. Speech concerning Nat Turner's insurrection, 1941. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Brownlow family. Family papers, 1848-1902. University of Tennessee, John C. Hodges Library
referencedIn Haymond, Henry. Civil War letters, 1863. Navarro College
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Letter to Mr. Gibbs /by George Henry Thomas, 1867 Nov 18. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
creatorOf Bowers, Theodore S., 1832-1866,. Confederate Civil War letters [manuscript], 1861-1865. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Thomas, George Henry, 1816-1870. Manuscripts of and relating to George Henry Thomas in Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery [microform]. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn McKinney, Francis Fowler, 1891-1972. Francis Fowler papers, 1941-1972. Bentley Historical Library
referencedIn Bounty Land Application File of Lieutenant George H. Thomas, Captain Sherman's Company, 3rd U.S. Artillery Regiment (50-160-15483) United States. National Archives and Records Administration
referencedIn Zabriskie, George A. (George Albert), 1868-1954,. Papers, 1828-1941 (bulk 1840-1896). Virginia Historical Society Library
referencedIn Nast, Thomas, 1840-1902. Caricatures by Thomas Nast [manuscript], 1866. University of Virginia. Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1863 - 1917 File Unit: Thomas, George H - State: Kentucky - Year: 1867 National Archives at Washington, D.C
creatorOf Allen, Mary Rivers. Collection of letters and autographs, 1846-1881 Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn John E. Boos collection 1863-2005 1863-1940 Boos, John E. collection William L. Clements Library
referencedIn Toner, Joseph M. (Joseph Meredith), 1825-1896,. Joseph Meredith Toner Collection, newspaper clippings, 1816-1895 (bulk 1833-1895). Library of Congress
creatorOf Thomas family. Papers, 1838-1971 (bulk 1838-1858). Virginia Historical Society Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1866 - Thomas, George H - File No. T34 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Thomas, Joseph Potts, 1830-1894. Joseph Potts Thomas Papers, 1859-1890. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the State of Massachusetts Civil War collection, 1724-1933 (inclusive); 1861-1912 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Maxwell, Robert A. Letter, Sept. 23, 1863. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
contributorOf Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 Series: Letters Received, 1805 - 1889 File Unit: 1867 - Thomas, George H - File No. C1083 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh), 1820-1891. Letter to Brig. General George Henry Thomas, 1864 May 30. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Record Group 393: Records of U.S. Army Continental Commands, 1817 - 1947 Series: Register of Reports from Scouts, Spies, and Refugees Regarding Movements, Position, and Strength of the Enemy Received by Major General George H. Thomas, 1863 - 1865 National Archives at Washington, D.C
referencedIn Long, Eli P. Eli P. Long papers, 1855-1892. U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center
referencedIn Van Horne, Thomas B. (Thomas Budd), d. 1895. Life of Major General George H. Thomas. Western Reserve Historical Society, Research Library
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
associatedWith Allen, Mary Rivers, person
associatedWith Allen, Theodore F., 1842-1919. person
associatedWith Anderson, Larz, 1803-1878. person
associatedWith Boos, J. E. (John E.) person
associatedWith Bosson, William. person
associatedWith Brownlow family. family
associatedWith Brownlow, William Gannaway, 1805-1877. person
associatedWith Calhoun, James S., 1803-1852. person
associatedWith Capron, Horace, 1804-1885. person
associatedWith Cleaves, Freeman, 1904-. person
associatedWith Comey family. family
associatedWith Cooper, Samuel, 1798-1876. person
associatedWith Croxton, John Thomas, 1837-1874. person
associatedWith Dearborn, Frederick M. (Frederick Myers), b. 1876, person
associatedWith Draper, A. A., Mrs., fl. 1830-1865. person
associatedWith Fort Arbuckle (Okla.) corporateBody
associatedWith Fowler, Joseph Smith. person
associatedWith Fuller, B. A. G. (Benjamin Apthorp Gould), 1879-1956 person
associatedWith Gibbs, George, 1815-1873. person
associatedWith Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885. person
correspondedWith Grant, U. S. (Ulysses S.), 1881-1968 person
associatedWith Gross, William, L. person
associatedWith Halleck, H. W. (Henry Wager), 1815-1872. person
associatedWith Hanback, Lewis, 1839-1897. person
associatedWith Haymond, Henry. person
associatedWith Headley, Joel Tyler, 1813-1897. person
associatedWith Helsley, William. person
associatedWith Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. corporateBody
associatedWith Hillyer, William Silliman, 1831-1874. person
associatedWith Hough, Alfred Lacey, 1826-1908. person
associatedWith Hunton, Hamilton Morris, 1908- person
associatedWith Ireton, Thomas M., 1835-1911. person
associatedWith John N. Hough person
associatedWith Johnson, Andrew, 1808-1875. person
associatedWith Jones, Edward Powis, person
correspondedWith Knapp, W. A. person
associatedWith Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865. person
associatedWith Lindsley, Maggie. person
associatedWith Lockwood, Philip Case, 1844-1897 person
correspondedWith Long, Eli P. person
associatedWith Mackay, Andrew J. person
associatedWith Martin, Silas, 1841-1906 person
associatedWith Maxwell, Robert A. person
associatedWith McCreery family family
associatedWith McCreery family. family
associatedWith McCreery Family family
associatedWith McKinney, Francis Fowler, 1891-1972. person
associatedWith McNamara, J. person
associatedWith Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Commandery of the State of Massachusetts, collector. corporateBody
associatedWith Nast, Thomas, 1840-1902. person
associatedWith Online Archive of California. corporateBody
associatedWith Opdycke, Emerson, 1830-1884. person
associatedWith Parkhurst, John G. (John Gibson), 1824-1906 person
associatedWith Pascal, Charles Lacroix, fl. 1860-1868. person
associatedWith Pirtle, Alfred, b. 1837. person
associatedWith Porter, Lucia Chauncey. person
associatedWith Price, Samuel Woodson, 1828-1918. person
associatedWith Ramsey, Robert H., d. 1876 person
associatedWith Schafner, Louis. person
associatedWith Schofield, John McAllister, 1831-1906, person
associatedWith Scully, James Wall, 1861-1910. person
associatedWith Shearin, J. Connell, Mrs. person
associatedWith Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh), 1820-1891. person
associatedWith Smith, Gustavus Woodson, 1822-1896. person
associatedWith Smith, James Power, 1837-1923. person
associatedWith Smith, R. W. person
associatedWith Snook, John James, 1842- person
associatedWith Society of the Army of the Cumberland. corporateBody
associatedWith Stone, Chas. P. (Charles Pomeroy), 1824-1887. person
associatedWith Thomas family. family
associatedWith Thomas, Joseph Potts, 1830-1894. person
associatedWith Thruston, Gates Phillips, 1835-1912. person
associatedWith Toner, Joseph M. (Joseph Meredith), 1825-1896, person
associatedWith United States. Army corporateBody
memberOf United States. Army. Artillery Regiment, 3rd. corporateBody
memberOf United States. Army. Cavalry, 2nd. corporateBody
associatedWith United States. Army. Cavalry, 2nd. corporateBody
associatedWith United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 19th (1861- ) corporateBody
memberOf United States. Army of the Cumberland corporateBody
alumnusOrAlumnaOf United States Military Academy corporateBody
correspondedWith Van Dorn, Earl, 1820-1863 person
associatedWith VanDugen, John C. person
associatedWith Van Horne, Thomas B. (Thomas Budd), d. 1895. person
associatedWith Wallace, Emma, fl. 1870. person
associatedWith Ward, Jesse Durbin, 1819-1886. person
associatedWith Whitaker, Walter Chiles, 1823-1887. person
associatedWith Whittlesy, L. H. person
associatedWith Worth, Margaret S. person
associatedWith Zabriskie, George A. (George Albert), 1868-1954, person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Mexico 00 MX
California CA US
Kentucky KY US
West Point NY US
Southampton County VA US
San Francisco CA US
Tennessee TN US
Fort Lauderdale FL US
Virginia VA US
Subject
Banks and banking
Banks and banking
Buena Vista, Battle of, Mexico, 1847
Bull Run, 1st Battle of, Va., 1861
Chattanooga Campaign, 1863
Chickamauga, Battle of, Ga., 1863
Child rearing
Civil War, 1861-1865
Coal mines and mining
Crime
Crime
Fortification
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Memorials
Mexican War, 1846-1848
Mill Springs, Battle of, Ky., 1862
Missionary Ridge, Battle of, Tenn., 1863
Monterrey, Battle of, Monterrey, Mexico, 1846
Nashville, Battle of, Nashville, Tenn., 1864
Natural resources
Natural resources
Perryville, Battle of, Perryville, Ky., 1862
Reconstruction
Reconstruction
Resaca de la Palma, Battle of, Tex., 1846
Seminole War, 2d, 1835-1842
Occupation
Army officers
Soldiers
Activity

Person

Birth 1816-07-31

Death 1870-03-28

Male

Americans

English

Information

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