Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzschild, 1977 March 10 to 19 July 1979.

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established as an independent agency of the executive branch on October 1, 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (72 Stat. 426), approved July 29, 1958. It superseded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). NASA conducted redsearch on problems of flight, developed aeronautical and space vehicles, explored outer space, and participated in international programs for the peaceful development of space technology....

Harvard College Observatory

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In 1839, the Harvard Corporation appointed William Cranch Bond the first Astronomical Observer to the University, thereby taking the first step in establishing the Harvard College Observatory, after which the first telescope was installed in 1847. Scholars and students had studied astronomy at Harvard since the seventeenth century, but it wasn’t until a large comet sparked public interest in 1843 that donors began donating funds to build an observatory. During the tenure of the Harvar...

Harvard University

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w64n9x97 (person)

Harvard College was founded by a vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts on October 28, 1636 that allocated “400£ towards a schoale or colledge.” Subsequent legislative acts established the Board of Overseers, but it was the Charter of 1650 that created the Harvard Corporation as the College's primary governing board and defined its composition and authority. The College Charter became a contentious target for College officials, the Massachusetts Governor and General C...

Universität Göttingen.

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Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena Payne, 1900-1979

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Celilia Helena Payne Gaposchkin (1900-1979) taught astronomy at Harvard. She earned her AB at Newnham College, Cambridge University in 1923 and a Ph.D. from Radcliffe College in 1925. She began working at the Harvard Observatory in 1923. She was the Phillips Astronomer at the Harvard Observatory in 1938, Professor of Astronomy, 1956-1966, Chair of the Astronomy Department, 1956-1960 (the first female department Chair at Harvard) and Phillips Professor of Astronomy, Emerita, from 1967; at the tim...

Columbia University

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The Columbia University community and administration mobilized to the fullest extent in answer to the entry of the United States into World War I. Summed up by President Nicholas Murray Butler in the 1918 Annual Report, the effects of the war on the University were far-reaching: "Students by the hundred and prospective students by the thousand entered the military, naval, or civil service of the United States; teachers and administrative officers to the number of nearly four hundred...

Hilbert, David, 1862-1943

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German mathematician and professor, who discovered or developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas of mathematics, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of "Hilbert spaces," one of the foundations of functional analysis. He is also one of the founders of proof theory. For many years, he held a position at the Mathematical Institute at the University of Göttingen. From the description of Vorlesungen über die Funkti...

United States. President's Science Advisory Committee

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This committee operated between 1951 and 1973 in order to provide advice and analysis to the president and the federal government on a wide range of scientific and technological matters. From the description of Records [microform], 1957-1961. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 80053197 In 1951 President Harry S. Truman established a Science Advisory Committee as part of the Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM). On November 29, 1957 Preisent Dwight D. Eisenhower tran...

Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005

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Physicist. From the description of Hans Albrecht Bethe oral histories, 1966-1981. (Cornell University Library). WorldCat record id: 63935483 Alsatian-born American physicist, winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize for physics. From the description of Typed letter signed : Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, to Samuel Goudsmit, 1936 June 6. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270953107 Unpublished document written as chapter 13 of the Smyth Report. Letters about it ...

Kuiper, Gerard P. (Gerard Peter), 1905-1973

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Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 1873-1967

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Astronomer (stellar spectra and distances). On the astronomy faculty at Universität Göttingen (1909-1919); and Rijksuniversiteit te leiden 91920-1944); on the staff of the observatory at Leiden (1914-1944), director, (1935-1944). From the description of Correspondence, 1903-1966. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 78544160 Astronomer (steller spectra and distances). On the astronomy faculty at Universität Göttingen, 1909-1919; and Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1920-1944; on t...

Sandage, Allan

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Allan R. Sandage (1926- ) Astronomer. Received his AB (1948) and DSc 1967) from the University of Illinois, and his Ph.D. (1953) from the California Institute of Technology. Astornomer, Carnegie Observatory (1956-); Senior Resident Scientist, Space Telescope Science Institute (1987-). From the description of Oral history interview with Allan R. Sandage, 1978 May 22 and 23. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 84429959 ...

International Astronomical Union.

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Kitt Peak National Observatory

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Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955

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Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was...

Hubble, Edwin Powell, 1889-1953

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Edwin Powell Hubble, American observational astronomer, Chairman of the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories Research Committee. In 1938, Hubble was elected Trustee of the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. From the description of Papers of Edwin Powell Hubble, 1900-1989. (Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens). WorldCat record id: 122551882 Astronomer (extragalactic astronomy and cosmology). Researcher, Yerkes Observatory, 1914-1917; on the...

Spitzer, Lyman, 1914-1997

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Lyman Spitzer (b. June 26, 1914, Toldedo, OH-d. March 31, 1997, Princeton, NJ) was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer, and mountaineer. As a scientist, he carried out research into star formation, plasma physics, and in 1946, conceived the idea of telescopes operating in outer space. Spitzer invented the stellarator plasma device and is the namesake of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. He also was the founding director of Project Matterhorn, Princeton University's pioneering program in ...

National Science Foundation (U.S.)

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Bok, Bart J. (Bart Jan), 1906-1983

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Astronomer. Bok (1906-1983) was Director of the Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australia 1956-1966 and Director of the Steward Observatory, Tucson, Arizona from 1966. From the description of Oral history interview, 1973. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 155006177 Bok taught astronomy at Harvard. From the description of Papers of Bart J. Bok, 1930-1957 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 76972980 Died 1983. From the description of...

Whipple, Fred L. (Fred Lawrence), 1906-2004

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6nk3h38 (person)

Fred Lawrence Whipple was an astronomer, and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1956. From the description of Correspondence, 1965-1975. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122579023 From the guide to the Fred Lawrence Whipple correspondence, 1965-1975, 1965-1975, (American Philosophical Society) Fred Lawrence Whipple (1906- ), an astronomer at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), was noted for his research and...

Weart, Spencer R., 1942-....

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6222w7s (person)

Spencer R. Weart, born in 1942, received a B.A. in Physics at Cornell University in 1963 and a Ph. D. in Physics and Astrophysics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, in 1968. He then worked for three years at CalTech as a Fellow of the Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories, publishing papers in leading scientific journals. In 1971 Dr. Weart changed his field, enrolling as a graduate student in the History Department of the University of California, Berkeley. In 1974 he took up his present pos...

Shapley, Harlow, 1885-1972

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Astronomer (galaxies, photometry, spectroscopy) and administrator. Astronomer, Mount Wilson Observatory, 1914-1921; director, Harvard Observatory, 1921-1952; on the astronomy faculty at Harvard from 1952. From the description of Papers [microform], 1910-1923. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 80523781 Harlow Shapley (1885-1972) was an astronomer. Shapley served as director of the Harvard College Observatory and was a professor at Harvard University, eventually he became the Pai...

Courant, Richard, 1888-1972

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Schwarzschild, Martin

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An American astronomer who was Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University from 1951 to 1979. From the description of Martin Schwarzschild papers, 1939-1994. (Princeton University Library). WorldCat record id: 79110403 Martin Schwarzchild (1912-1997). From the description of Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzchild, 1977 September 27. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 79715469 Martin Schwarzschild, 1912-1997. An American astronomer ...

Oort, Jan Hendrik

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Astronomer (galactic structure, interstellar gas, comets). (1900-1992). Astronomer at and, from 1945, Director of the Leiden Observatory; on the faculty of University of Leiden from 192; established observational verification of galactic rotation; one of the authors of the Oort-Lindbald theory of differential galactic rotation; initiator, with Baade, of the European Southern Observatory; general secretary of the International Astronomical Union from 1935-1948, and president from 1958-1961. ...

Palomar Observatory

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Palomar Observatory is located in Pasadena, California, and is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology. Built in 1928, it boasts several telescopes. However, the most famous is the 200-inch Hale Telescope built using a Pyrex blank manufactured by Corning Glass Works. The Hale Telescope was installed in 1948 and became fully operational and open to researchers in 1950....

Fermi, Enrico, 1901-1954

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Enrico Fermi was a physicist. From the description of Letters, 1918-1926, to Enrico Perisco. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 173466015 From the guide to the Enrico Fermi letters, 1918-1926, to Enrico Perisco, 1918-1926, (American Philosophical Society) Physicist. From the description of Papers of Enrico Fermi, 1919-1954. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 71068165 Physicist (slow neutrons, artificial radioactivity, beta-ray emission, statistical mode...

Columbia University. Thomas Watson Computing Center.

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Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir, 1882-1944

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Astronomer and Fellow of the Royal Society. From the description of Papers. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 83660356 From the description of Letters. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 82863606 From the description of Papers, 1905-1928. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 78824422 Educated at Owen's College, Manchester and Trinity College, Cambridge. Senior Wrangler, 1904. Smith's Prizeman, 1907. Chief Assistant, Royal Observatory (Greenwich), 1906-1913. Plumian Prof...

Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898-1988

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Physicist. From the description of Reminiscences of Isidor Isaac Rabi : oral history, 1985. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309725915 From the description of Reminiscences of Isidor Isaac Rabi : oral history, 1962. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309725931 From the description of Reminiscences of Isidor Isaac Rabi : oral history, 1980. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record...

Princeton University

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The collection documents the physical expansion of the University from its earliest period through the acquisition of large tracts of land in the 20th century, including the properties around Carnegie Lake and numerous farms. Early records document transactions with such Princeton University notables as Nathaniel Fitz Randolph, John Witherspoon, Walter Minto, John and Richard Stockton, and John Maclean. For the most part, the papers consist of standard legal documents with detailed descriptions ...

Hoyle, Fred, 1915-2001

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Von Neumann, John, 1903-1957

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John (Johann) Louis von Neumann (1903-1957) was born in Budapest and showed early signs of being a child prodigy. He entered the University of Budapest in 1921, but also attended the University of Berlin and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology before obtaining a degree in chemical engineering in 1925. He earned his Doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Budapest in 1927. After graduation, he worked at the University of Berlin before becoming a visiting professor to Princeton from ...

Chandrasekhar, S. (Subrahmanyan), 1910-1995

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Astrophysicist. B.A., Presidency College, Madras University, 1930. Ph. D., Cambridge University, 1933; Sc. D., 1942. Research Associate, Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1937. Assistant Professor, University of Chicago, 1938; Associate Professor, 1942; Professor, 1944; Distinguished Service Professor, 1946; Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics, 1952. Managing editor, Astrophysical Journal, 1952-1971. Nobel Prize in Physics, 1983. From t...

Russell, Henry Norris, 1877-1957

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6qj7jnn (person)

Astronomer (stellar evolution, astrophysics of stars, double stars) and administrator. On the astronomy faculty at Princeton University from 1905, director of the observatory, 1912-1947; research associate at Mt. Wilson Observatory, 1922-1942; and at Harvard College Observatory, 1947-1952. From the description of Manuscript of article, The probable distance of Orion, and letter to Russell from Edwin B. Frost, editor of the Astronomical Journal, rejecting the manuscript for publicatio...

Schwarzschild, K. (Karl), 1873-1916

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6ms3vd6 (person)

Karl Schwarzschild was an astronomer and physicist. From the description of Papers, 1892-1916. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 17270746 From the guide to the K.(Karl) Schwarzschild papers, 1892-1916, 1892-1916, (American Philosophical Society) Astronomer (observational and theoretical). Assistant, Kuffner Observatory, Ottakring, Austria, 1896-1899; associate professor to professor and director of observatory, Universität Göttingen, 19...