Bridges, Harry, 1901-1990
Variant namesBiographical notes:
Harry Renton Bridges, also known as Alfred Renton Byrant Bridges, came to the United States in 1920 from Australia where he had been a seaman and involved in union activities.
Bridges continued to be active on the docks in fighting for labor rights and was instrumental in getting the International Longshore Association (ILA), an affiliate of the AF of L, recognized as the bargaining unit for the entire Pacific coast. He became president of ILA Local 34-36 and in 1936 its Pacific Coast president. In 1937, the ILA was expelled from the AF OF L and affiliated with the CIO. That same year the Pacific Coast ILA became the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU). Harry Bridges served as its international president and maintained that position until his retirement in 1977. His long union career was interrupted by 17 years of court cases from 1938-1955. It was during that time the U.S. government made four unsuccessful attempts to deport Bridges from the United States.
The first attempt occurred in 1938 when the Assistant Secretary of Labor issued a warrant for Bridges' arrest. It was based on Bridges' alleged violation of the Act of October 16, 1918, amended June 5, 1920, whereby an alien was subject to deportation for belonging to an organization that advocated the violent overthrow of the government. The government claimed Bridges was a member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) (through all four deportation proceedings, Bridges denied membership). At that time, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was part of the Department of Labor. Bridges' case was not heard until the Supreme Court of the United States reached its decision in the Joseph Strecker Case: past membership in the CPUSA was not grounds for deportation. On June 12, 1939, Bridges' arrest warrant was amended to read past and present membership in the CPUSA.
Bridges' lawyers were Carol King, Aubrey Grossman, and Richard Gladstein. James M. Landis, Dean of the Harvard Law School, was appointed trial examiner and presided over the hearing (July 10-September 14, 1939). Judge Landis cleared Bridges of the charges that he had been or was currently a member of the CPUSA and was therefore not subject to deportation, at least not under Sec. 2 of the Act of October 16, 1918. The judgment was sent to the Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins, who dismissed the case against Bridges on January 8, 1940.
As a result of the hearing and subsequent judgment, the House passed a bill which explicitly named Harry Bridges and directed the Attorney General to arrest Bridges on the grounds that he was harmful to the U.S. From the House it went to the Senate Committee on Immigration which refused to recommend its adoption, under the advice of the Attorney General's office. During this same period the INS was placed under the direction of the Department of Justice.
Amendments were made to the bill which essentially deleted Bridges' name. The bill passed and became law as the Alien Registration Act of 1940 or, as it was commonly called, the Smith Act (see copy in filed folder no. 3; box no. 5). It did what the previous legislation had tried to do: make Bridges subject to deportation for being an alien who belonged to or affiliated with an organization, past or present, that advocated the overthrow of the government by force or violence. In effect the legislation overruled the Supreme Court's decision in the Strecker Case.
As soon as the Smith Act went into effect, the Attorney General's office ordered the FBI to investigate Bridges for any evidence that could be used to indict him. A warrant for Bridges' arrest was issued on February 12, 1941; two days later he was released under a $3000 bond. The second of the four deportation proceedings began on March 31, 1941 and ended on June 12, 1941, presided over by Judge Charles B. Sears in San Francisco. King, Grossman and Gladstein, who defended Bridges in the first hearing, continued to represent him.
Judge Sears concluded that Bridges was subject to deportation because he belonged to and affiliated with organizations that taught and advocated the overthrow of the U.S. government, specifically the CPUSA and the Marine Workers' Industrial Union.
Bridg es' lawyers filed briefs before the Board of Immigration Appeals. Oral arguments began on November 24, 1941 and the hearing continued until January 3, 1942. Ruling that Bridges was not previously or presently affiliated with any subversive organization, the board ordered the warrant and bond cancelled and the deportation order stayed until the Attorney General dismissed the case.
On May 28, 1942, Attorney General Francis Biddle overturned the decision of the INS Board of Appeals agreeing with Judge Sears' ruling that Bridges was subject to deportation. He ordered Bridges to be deported from the U.S. to Australia at the expense of the Federal government.
A Writ of Habeas Corpus was filed with the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Southern Division on July 13, 1942. On February 8, 1943, it was denied by Presiding Judge Martin I. Welsh, who ruled that Bridges had received a fair hearing. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Welsh's decision. By this time Lee Pressman, general counsel for the CIO, joined in the Bridges defense. Bridges' lawyers petitioned and were granted a Writ of Certiorari by the Supreme Court of the United States. Pressman and Carol King argued Bridges' case. On June 18, 1945, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the lower courts, ruling that the term affiliation was used incorrectly according to statute and that Bridges had received an unfair hearing in reference to CPUSA membership. A few months later, Bridges applied for and was admitted as a naturalized citizen of the U.S. Henry Schmidt and J.R. Robertson acted as his witnesses to the naturalization proceedings.
Criminal charges (#32117-H) were brought against Bridges, Schmidt and Robertson by a federal grand jury. They were accused of perjury and conspiring against the U.S. in order to obtain citizenship for Bridges by fraudulently concealing his membership in the CPUSA. On the same date that Bridges et al. were indicted (May 25, 1949), Frank J. Hennessy, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California, filed a civil action suit against Bridges declaring that Bridges had procured his citizenship under false pretenses by stating that he was not affiliated with or belonged to the CPUSA. In turn, Bridges filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. On October 12, 1949, Judge George B. Harris denied the complaint and ordered a stay on the civil denaturalization proceedings until the criminal proceedings were final. The jury found Bridges et al. guilty and on June 16, 1950 Judge Harris issued orders to revoke Bridges' citizenship.
Bridges' lawyers, Norman Leonard (of Gladstein, Andersen and Leonard), Vincent W. Hallinan and James Martin MacInnis appealed the decision before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the lower court's decision. However, when the case was brought before the Supreme Court of the U.S., and argued by Norman Leonard and Telford Taylor, the Supreme Court reversed the lower court's ruling on the grounds that the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act, under which the charges against Bridges et al. were brought, was not applicable in the case. The Supreme Court ruled that the Court of Appeals judgment be reversed and that the District Court dismiss the indictment.
With the Supreme Court ruling, Bridges could focus his attention on getting the civil suit dismissed. On August 12, 1954, however, Judge Hamilin denied a motion for dismissal. In the hearing which followed (June 20-July 22, 1955), Judge Louis E. Goodman declared that the government failed to prove Bridges was a member of the CPUSA and therefore his naturalization status was valid and not fraudulently procured. This was the last of the four deportation proceedings that Bridges had to endure.
Links to collections
Bridges, Harry, 1901-. Harry Bridges (1901- ) records 1938-1945 [microform]
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Bridges, Harry, 1901-1990. Deportation hearing transcripts and records, 1939-1943.
HCL Technical Services, Harvard College Library
Harry Renton Bridges Papers, 1938-1955
Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research.
Bridges, Harry, 1901-1990. Correspondence with Wanda Gág, 1942.
University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
Bridges, Harry, 1901-. Deportation hearing transcripts and records, 1939-1943.
Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
National Maritime Union of America. Minutes of the special meeting National Maritime Union : typescript, 1944 July 21.
UC Berkeley Libraries
Jenkins, Frank, d. 1973. Oral history interview with Frank Jenkins, 1972 [sound recording].
University of Washington. Libraries
Records Relating to Harry Bridges, 1920-1965
National Archives at San Francisco
Ruuttila, Julia, 1907-1991. Julia Ruuttila photographic collection [graphic], circa 1897-1979.
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Carl Aldo Marzani Papers, Bulk, 1935-1975, [1890]-1994, (Bulk 1935-1975)
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Ronald Magden papers, circa 1879-2003
University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
George Morris Papers, 1960s-1980s
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Carl Aldo Marzani Papers [1890]-1994, (bulk 1935-1975).
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Maritime Workers / National Maritime Union Research Files of Bruce Nelson, 1931-2011
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Harry Bridges miscellany, 1936-1948.
UC Berkeley Libraries
Guide to the Records of the American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, 1935-1980
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Standard, William L. National Maritime Union, general counsel's files, 1937-1949.
Cornell University Library
Guide to the Reference Center for Marxist Studies Pamphlet Collection, 1900-2004
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Labor Collection, 1872-1988
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. Sidney Hillman papers, 1930-1946 (bulk 1935-1945)
Cornell University Library
Dana, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1881-1950. Papers, 1914-1950.
Swarthmore College, Peace Collection, SCPC
McCarthy, Joseph, 1908-1957. Miscellaneous papers, 1929-1954.
Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
Clyde W. Deal papers, 1934-1978
University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
Murnane, Francis J., 1914-1968. Francis J. Murnane papers [manuscript], 1923-1968.
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Civil Rights Congress of Michigan. Civil Rights Congress of Michigan records, 1933-1963, (bulk 1935-1955).
Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
Raymond L. McAndrew papers, 1934-1972
University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
Guide to the Communist Party of the United States of America Records, 1892-2009
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Brown, Archie, 1911-1990. Papers, 1935-2002 (bulk 1936-1946, 1960-1997).
Churchill County Museum
San Francisco Call Bulletin (Firm). 1934 International Longshoremen's Association and General strikes of San Francisco [graphic].
UC Berkeley Libraries
Ward, Angela Gizzi, 1910-. Oral history interview with Angela Gizzi Ward, 1977.
Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
Goldblatt, Louis, 1910-. Reminiscences of Louis Goldblatt : oral history, 1978.
Columbia University in the City of New York, Columbia University Libraries
Germer, Adolph. Papers, 1898-1966.
Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
Guide to the Archie Brown Papers, 1935-2002
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Guide to the Gil Green Papers, 1925-1993
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Labor Collection, 1872-1988
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Congress of Industrial Organizations (U.S.). Executive Board. Congress of Industrial Organizations Executive Board minutes, 1938-1955.
Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
Guide to the Virginia Gardner Papers, 1913-1990
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Robert E. Burke collection, 1892-1994
University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
Tillie Olsen papers, 1930-1990.
Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
Cleveland Public Library. Business, Economics & Labor Department. [Business and labor biography pamphlet collection].
Cleveland Public Library, Main Library
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America records, 1914-1980, 1920-1950 (bulk)
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
Olsen, Tillie. Papers, 1930-1990
Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
United States. National Labor Relations Board. Topic 10 : Interviews re CIO-NLRB relations, 1968-1975.
Cornell University Library
Marzani, Carl. Papers, 1890-1994 (bulk 1935-1975).
Churchill County Museum
Oral history interview with Frank Jenkins, 1972
University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
Ruuttila, Julia, 1907-1991. Julia Ruuttila Papers, 1878-2004 (bulk 1935-1970).
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Julia Ruuttila Papers, 1878-2004, 1935-1970
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
Guide to the Gil Green Papers, 1925-1993
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Juneau Spruce Corporation. Juneau Spruce Corporation records, 1947-1956 (bulk 1947-1955).
Alaska State Library
Austin, Aleine. Aleine Austin papers, 1940-1991.
Johns Hopkins University, Sheridan Libraries and the Milton S. Eisenhower Library
Deportation Hearing Transcripts and Records, 1939-1941
Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
Barney Mayes Manuscript: Untitled Maritime Labor Novel, undated
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Guide to the Virginia Gardner Papers, 1913-1990
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Marshall, George, 1904-2000. George Marshall papers, 1933-1955.
New York Public Library System, NYPL
Harry Bridges Victory Committee. Harry Bridges Victory Committee records, 1936-1945.
University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, UWM Libraries
Keeney, Elinor Randall, 1932-. Materials relating to I.L.W.U. case, Longshoremen - B List, 1963-1984.
UC Berkeley Libraries
Fahy, Charles, 1892-1979. Papers, 1933-1957.
Campbell University, Wiggins Memorial Library
Pieper, Fred C. Fred C. Pieper papers, 1936-1940.
Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
MacMickle, Virgil, 1887-1975?. Papers, 1897-1967.
University of Oregon Libraries
Berman, Louise R., 1908-1977. Papers, 1929-1959.
Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
Marine Workers Historical Collection, 1930-1996
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
ILGWU. Communications Department biography files
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
Earl Browder Papers, 1879-1990
Syracuse University. Library. Special Collections Research Center
[Harry Bridges deportation hearings publications].
Library of Congress
Weinstock, Louis, 1903-. Papers, 1930-1994.
New-York Historical Society
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945. ANS, [n.d.] : [White House, Washington, D.C.], on typewritten report concerning Harry Bridges.
Copley Press, J S Copley Library
Richard A. Pelto papers, 1969
University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
Congress of Industrial Organizations (U.S.). Secretary-Treasurer. Congress of Industrial Organizations Secretary-Treasurer records, 1935-1974.
Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam. National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam records, 1964-1967.
Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
Guide to the Carol Weiss King FOIA Files, 1941-1952, 1988
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Guide to the National Lawyers Guild Records, 1921-2014
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
National Maritime Union. William Standard. General counsel's files, 1937-1949.
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
Papers of James McCauley Landis
Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
Marine Workers Historical Collection, 1930-1996
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
ILGWU Communications Department Biography Files,
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
Records Relating to Harry Bridges, 1920-1965
National Archives at San Francisco
Records Relating to Harry Bridges, 1920-1965
National Archives at San Francisco
Related names in SNAC
associatedWith
Austin, Aleine.
associatedWith
Berman, Louise R., 1908-1977.
associatedWith
Browder, Earl, 1891-1973
associatedWith
Brown, Archie, 1911-1990.
associatedWith
Burke, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1921-1998
associatedWith
Dana, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1881-1950.
associatedWith
Deal, Clyde W.
associatedWith
Fahy, Charles, 1892-1979.
associatedWith
Gardner, Virginia.
associatedWith
Gardner, Virginia. Friend and lover.
associatedWith
Germer, Adolph.
associatedWith
Goldblatt, Louis, 1910-
associatedWith
Green, Gil, 1906-
associatedWith
Harry Renton Bridges 1901-1990
associatedWith
Jenkins, Frank, d. 1973-
associatedWith
Jenkins, Frank, d. 1973.
associatedWith
Keeney, Elinor Randall, 1932-
associatedWith
King, Carol Weiss, 1895-1952
associatedWith
Landis, James McCauley, 1899-1964.
associatedWith
MacMickle, Virgil, 1887-1975?
associatedWith
Magden, Ronald
associatedWith
Marshall, George, 1904-2000.
associatedWith
Marzani, Carl
associatedWith
Marzani, Carl.
associatedWith
Mayes, Barney
associatedWith
McAndrew, Raymond L.
associatedWith
McCarthy, Joseph, 1908-1957.
correspondedWith
Morris, George, 1903-
associatedWith
Murnane, Francis J., 1914-1968.
associatedWith
Nelson, Bruce, 1940-
associatedWith
Olsen, Tillie.
associatedWith
Olsen, Tillie.
associatedWith
Pelto, Richard A.
associatedWith
Pieper, Fred C.
associatedWith
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945.
associatedWith
Ruuttila, Julia, 1907-1991.
associatedWith
Sears, Charles B.
associatedWith
Standard, William L.
associatedWith
Standard, William L.
associatedWith
Ward, Angela Gizzi, 1910-
associatedWith
Weinstock, Louis, 1903-
associatedWith
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.
associatedWith
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born.
associatedWith
Citizens' Committee for Harry Bridges.
associatedWith
Civil Rights Congress of Michigan.
associatedWith
Communist Party of the United States of America.
correspondedWith
Congress of Industrial Organizations (U.S.). Secretary-Treasurer.
associatedWith
Harry Bridges Victory Committee.
associatedWith
Juneau Spruce Corporation.
associatedWith
Marine Workers Historical Association (U.S.).
associatedWith
National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam.
associatedWith
National Lawyers Guild.
associatedWith
National Maritime Union of America.
associatedWith
Oregon Historical Society Research Library
associatedWith
Reference Center for Marxist Studies.
associatedWith
San Francisco Call Bulletin (Firm)
associatedWith
United States. National Labor Relations Board.
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Information
Subjects:
- Aliens
- Deportation
- Labor
- Stevedores
Occupations:
not available for this record
Places:
- United States (as recorded)
- United States (as recorded)
Variant Names
Bridges, Harry Renton, 1900-
Bridges, Alfred Renton Bryant, 1901-1990
Bridges, Alfred Renton 1901-
Bridges, Harry, 1901-1990
Bridges, Harry, 1901-
Bridges, Harry
Bridges, Harry R. 1901- (Harry Renton),
Bridges, Harry R. 1901-