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Information: The first column shows data points from Anderson, Thomas Foxen, 1911-1991 in red. The third column shows data points from Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991. in blue. Any data they share in common is displayed as purple boxes in the middle "Shared" column.
Name Entries
Anderson, Thomas Foxen, 1911-1991
Shared
Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991.
Anderson, Thomas Foxen, 1911-1991
Name Components
Name :
Anderson, Thomas Foxen, 1911-1991
Dates
- Name Entry
- Anderson, Thomas Foxen, 1911-1991
Citation
- Name Entry
- Anderson, Thomas Foxen, 1911-1991
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Anderson, Thomas F.
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Anderson, Th. F. 1911-1991 (Thomas Foxen),
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Anderson, Th. F. 1911-1991 (Thomas Foxen),
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Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991.
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Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991.
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- Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991.
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- Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991.
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Citation
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- Exist Dates
Citation
- Exist Dates
- Exist Dates
Thomas Foxen Anderson, a biophysicist and electron microscopist, was born on February 7, 1911 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. After attending high schools in Wisconsin, Illinois, and California and graduating from Glendale Union High School in California in 1928, he entered the California Institute of Technology, where he received a B.S. in chemistry in 1932.
At this early stage of his scientific career, Anderson began to display a remarkable technological ingenuity and a penchant for using advanced technologies to resolve microscopic structures. During a post-graduate year abroad at the University of Munich, he employed an inexpensive spectrograph to study the dispersion of crystals, working under the guidance of physical chemists, Kasimir Fajans and Peter Wulff. After his return to Cal. Tech. in 1933, to pursue graduate studies with Don M. Yost and Linus Pauling, Anderson became an expert in Raman spectroscopic analysis of polyatomic molecules. Several publications resulted from this work before Anderson received his doctorate in chemistry in 1936.
Anderson assumed his first professional appointment as Instructor in Surface Chemistry at the University of Chicago from 1936 to 1937, where his work with William D. Harkins led to the development of a simple accurate film balance and a micropipette of high accuracy. From Chicago, he returned to his native Wisconsin to become Investigator in Botany at the University of Wisconsin (1937-1939), where he and B.M. Duggar engaged in projects concerning the effects of ultraviolet light on yeast. In 1939, he was appointed Instructor in Physical Chemistry.
It was in the following year, however, that Anderson was offered a position that changed the direction of his career, from a focus on chemistry to a focus on electron microscopy. In 1940, RCA gave grant money to the National Research Council to establish and administer a committee and fellowship to explore the biological applications of the electron microscope, a technology still in its infancy. In September 1940, Stuart Mudd, as chair of the Committee for research, selected Anderson as RCA Fellow and appointed him Secretary of the Committee. Anderson served in this capacity until 1942.
Well before Anderson's arrival, RCA had demonstrated a strong commitment to developing the electron microscope and exploring its commercial potential. In 1938, RCA's Dr. V.K. Zworykin had brought L. Marton from Belgium to develop an electron microscope. Marton had constructed an electron microscope in Brussels as early as 1934, using it regularly in his own research; and he built upon this experience to develop a new instrument at RCA that was operating by early 1940. Because Marton's model was not practical for commercial production, Zworykin brought James Hillier from Toronto to help develop a new model, Model B, which became the prototype for the first commercial electron microscopes made by RCA.
During the first few months of Anderson's work at RCA, Marton's microscope was the only one available, but Hillier's microscope was ready by Spring of 1941, and toward the end of the two years, Hillier had built an even more sophisticated microscope. Using these instruments, Anderson studied bacteria with Stuart Mudd and Katherine Polevitzky, viruses with Wendell M. Stanley, insect structures with A. Glenn Richards, Jr., and bacteriophages with Salvador E. Luria. For the first time, scientists were able to identify and measure a wide range of viruses and molecules.
Anderson soon devoted the majority of his time to bacteriophages, later describing them as "the most interesting" systems available, and presenting the "greatest challenge." Bacteriophages, he wrote, were "viruses of complex morphology that could be accurately assayed and whose interactions with their host cells could be studied directly in the electron microscope," offering not only the opportunity to advance the study of microscopic organisms, but proving the value of the new instrumentation.{1} More than thirty papers resulted from Anderson's two years of work at RCA, and his successes earned him a reputation as an evangelist for the electron microscope, as well as an innovator.{2} In the summer of 1942, he introduced many scientists to electron microscopy with a Model B at the Marine Biological Laboratories in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
During the fall of 1942, Anderson became an Associate at the Johnson Foundation at the University of Pennsylvania. Under Leslie A. Chambers, he continued his research on the physiology and structure of bacterial viruses using the seventh instrument to be produced by RCA, a type EMB electron microscope that had been purchased with funds donated by the American Philosophical Society in 1940. The Johnson Foundation purchased a Japanese microscope in 1957 to supplement the RCA model.
Rising to Assistant Professor of Biophysics in 1946, Anderson continued to refine electron microscopic techniques, developing the "critical point method" in 1949 to address the problems posed by the surface tension of the water droplet that contained the specimen to be studied. As the droplet dried, researchers found, surface tension distorted the image of the specimen. Anderson reasoned that he could reduce surface tension by raising the temperature of the water to its critical point (374° C) until the boundary between liquid and gas disappeared. In practice, however, he found that specimens could not withstand the heat required, and he therefore explored the possibility of substituting carbon dioxide as a mounting medium, which has a lower critical point (40° C). Heating a specimen of onion skin to 40° C, he commented that "the bone dry tissue and cells look as good as the fresh onion skin on a control slide!"{3}
In 1950, Anderson was promoted to Associate Professor of Biophysics, and then in 1958, Professor. In that same year, he also became a Senior Member of the Institute for Cancer Research in Fox Chase, in the meantime, spending two years as a Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellow at the Institut Pasteur (1955-1957). It was there that he took a series of astonishing electron micrographs of male bacteria transferring genes to females, which became staple illustrations in scientific textbooks for many years. In 1976, Anderson became Senior Member Emeritus for one year, after which he returned as Senior Member. He returned to emeritus status in 1983.
Anderson's professional commitments were numerous. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences (elected 1964), the Biophysical Society (President 1965-1966), the Electron Microscope Society of America (President, 1955), the International Federation of Electron Microscope Societies (President, 1959-1963), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Elektronenmikroscopie, the International Organization for Pure and Applied Biophysics, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was an honorary member of the Société Française de Microscopie Électronique, and received the Institut Pasteur's Silver Medal in 1957, and the Electron Microscope Society of America's Distinguished Award in 1978.
He served as Chairman of the United States National Committee of the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (1965-1968); on the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses from (1968-1971); and as a member of the Executive Committee of the Commission on Subcellular Biophysics of the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (1971-1976). He also served as Chair of the Genetics Section of the National Academy of Sciences from 1985 to 1988.
Anderson was Associate Editor of Biophysical Journal from 1960 to 1966; Associate Editor of Virology from 1960 to 1966; on the editorial board of Bacteriological Reviews from 1967 to 1969; and on the editorial board of Intervirology from 1972 to 1985.
He died on August 11, 1991, survived by his wife, Wilma Ecton Anderson, his son, Thomas F. Anderson, Jr., and his daughter, Jessie Dale Anderson
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Thomas F. Anderson was a biophysicist and electron microscopist whose research included raman spectroscopy; physiology of yeast; the biological effects of radiation; the biological applications of electron microscopy; and the genetics of bacteria, bacterial viruses, and bacteriophage. He was a Professor of Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania and a Senior Member of the Institute for Cancer Research in Fox Chase.
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http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122523752
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http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122347539
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http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122347545
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- http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122347545
Cohen, Seymour S. (Seymour Stanley), 1917-. Papers, 1938-1990.
Title:
Papers, 1938-1990.
Series I (11.5 linear ft.) contains correspondence with biochemists, chemists, geneticists, students, and publishers. The bulk of this series covers the 1960s to the 1970s. Among the topics covered in this series are: research on polyamines and nucleic acids; conferences; the publishing of journal articles; and participation in professional societies. There is correspondence concerning Cohen's affiliations with the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the National Academy of Sciences, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Upjohn Company. Also in this series is correspondence about Cohen's grants from the Commonwealth Fund and the National Institutes of Health. Correspondents include Thomas F. Anderson, Uriel Bachrach, Otto K. Behrens, Mirko Beljanski, Aaron Bendich, Seymour Benzer, Paul Berg, Ernest Borek, Jean Brachet, Samuel C. Bukantz, Erwin Chargaff, Bernard D. Davis, Max Delbruck, Jack J. Fox, Joseph S. Fruton, David Goldfarb, Alfred D. Hershey, Bernard L. Horecker, Elvin A. Kabat, Dusan Kanazir, Yvonne Khouvine, Arthur Kornberg, Max A. Lauffer, Joshua Lederberg, Marilyn R. Loeb, Jean Lucas-Lenard, Salvador E. Luria, Anna B. Macura, Jacques Monod, Linus Pauling, Frank M. Schabel, Jr., Tracy M. Sonneborn, Soloomon Spiegelman, Wendell M. Stanley, Lawrence L. Weed, Jean Weigle, and Gerard R. Wyatt. Series II (.75 linear ft.) contains clippings, announcements and programs for lectures, some syllabi for courses, grant applications to the National Institutes of Health, meeting minutes for the American Cancer Society, research reports to the Commonwealth Fund, and a small amount of information about Scientists and Engineers for Johnson. Also in this series is Cohen's bibliography and some biographical material on Cohen, including descriptions of his research projects. Series III (.5 linear ft.) contains abstracts, typescripts, and some lectures. Some of the works were done with students (e.g., Hazel Barner Leung) and colleagues (e.g., Thomas F. Anderson). Included among the works is a lecture on Erwin Chargaff's work that Cohen gave when Chargaff was presented with the Carl Neuberg Medal in 1958. Also in this series is a manuscript of comments that Cohen wrote about his published papers while looking over the laboratory notebooks that are now contained in Series IV and V. Series IV (7.0 linear ft.) contains laboratory notebooks, laboratory notes, and some manuscripts. Most of the works were done by students and laboratory assistants in the 1960s. The laboratory notebooks contain graphs, charts, photographs, and some test tubes. Subjects include polyamines, TYMV, bleomycin, ara-A, and adenine. Series V (5.5 linear ft.) contains laboratory notes, graphs, charts, photographs, and a few test tubes. Many of the experiments are from the 1940s and 1950s. The earliest material is "Thromboplastin (Towards Dissertation)" dated 1938-1941. Subjects for the experiments include phosphogluconate, chloroplasts, protoplasts, ara, TAU, RNA polymerase, and polyamines. Series VI (.25 linear ft.) contains photographs of Cohen in his laboratory, at conferences, at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and with Alfred D. Hershey. Also included are photographs of Cohen's students and photographs of experiment results (e.g., of chloroplasts).
ArchivalResource: 25.5 linear ft.
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- Cohen, Seymour S. (Seymour Stanley), 1917-. Papers, 1938-1990.
Thomas Foxen Anderson Papers, 1928-1989
Title:
Thomas Foxen Anderson Papers 1928-1989
Thomas F. Anderson (1911-1991) was a biophysicist and electron microscopist whose research included Raman spectroscopy; the physiology of yeast; the biological effects of radiation; the biological applications of electron microscopy; and the genetics of bacteria, bacterial viruses, and bacteriophage. He was a Professor of Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania and a Senior Member of the Institute for Cancer Research in Fox Chase.
ArchivalResource: 43.0 Linear feet
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- Thomas Foxen Anderson Papers, 1928-1989
Seymour S. Cohen Papers, 1938-1990
Title:
Seymour S. Cohen Papers 1938-1990
Working on bacterial viruses in 1945, Seymour S. Cohen offered the first systematic exploration of the biochemistry of virus-infected cells and of how viruses multiply. His subsequent research included delineating the phenomenon of thymineless death, developing derivatives of ara-A compound, working on RNA synthesis, studying the effects of polyamines on metabolic systems, and studying plant viruses (including viral cations). Much of his research has contributed to the chemical treatment of cancer and viral infections.
ArchivalResource: 26.0 Linear feet
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- Seymour S. Cohen Papers, 1938-1990
Salvador E. Luria Papers, 1923-1992
Title:
Salvador E. Luria Papers 1923-1992
A bacteriologist from MIT, Salvador E. Luria's work with Max Delbruck on bacteriophage demonstrated that bacterial resistance to certain phages arose through genetic mutations. His later work showed that phages also mutate genetically. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969 with Max Delbruck and Alfred D. Hershey. The collection is organized into seven series: I. Correspondence, 1938-1992 ; IIa. Subject Files, 1938-1990 ; IIb. Personal Material. 1923-1991 ; III. Works by Luria, 1938-1987 ; IV. Works by Others, 1944-1990 ; V. Research Notes and Notebooks, 1941-1979 ; VI. Course Material, 1931-1991 ; VII. Photographs and Negatives, 1957-1982. Arrangement: Alphabetical by folder title and then chronological within each folder.
ArchivalResource: 44.0 Linear feet
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- Salvador E. Luria Papers, 1923-1992
Luria, S. E. (Salvador Edward), 1912-1991. Papers, 1931-1992.
Title:
Papers, 1931-1992.
Series I (15.5 linear ft.) contains correspondence with molecular biologists, geneticists, biochemists, chemists, students, politicians, and some publishers. The bulk of this series covers the 1960s to the 1980s. The major correspondents include Edward A. Adelberg, Thomas F. Anderson, David Baltimore, Ernest Borek, Moam Chomsky, Arthur Chovnick, Royston C. Clowes, Seymour S. Cohen, Melvin Cohn, Francis Crick, Bernard D. Davis, Max Delbruck, Theodosius Dobzhansky, August H. Doermann, Stephen J. Gould, Irwin C. Gunsalus, Harlyn O. Halvorson, Alfred D. Hershey, Francois Jacob, Joshua Lederberg, Andre Lwoff, Barbara McClintock, Boris Magasanik, Matthew S. Meselson, Jacques Monod, Aaron Novick, Linus Pauling, George Streisinger, James D. Watson, Jean Weigle, and Elie Wiesel. There is a substantial amount of correspondence concerning Luria's affiliation with the American Society for Microbiology, the Fondation Royaumont, the International Cell Research Organization, and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Series IIa (3.75 linear ft.) contains reports and meeting minutes (for the American Society for Microbiology and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies); newspaper and magazine clippings; and petitions. Subjects include the Nobel Prize, the Boston Area Faculty Group on Public Issues (BAFGOPI), Central America, Vietnam, civil defense, nuclear power, nuclear arms, and the National Institutes of Health's blacklisting of Luria. Series IIb (.75 linear ft.) contains various items of a personal nature, including condolence letters sent to his wife after Luria's death; letters in Italian from his brother and father in Italy; poems that Luria wrote; financial materials; Luria's naturalization certificate; and World War II letters in Italian from a girlfriend in Italy before he met his wife. Series III (2.75 linear ft.) contains Luria's outlines, research, and drafts for articles, books, and lectures. Also included are published letters to the editors of The Boston Globe and The New York Times. Series IV (11 linear ft.) contains articles, notes, reports, and papers written by colleagues and students of Luria. This series is arranged alphabetically by author and then by title. Included is a copy of James D. Watson's PhD thesis (Luria was one of Watson's advisors) and a copy of a paper that Francis H.C. Crick wrote for the RNA Tie Club. Series V (4.5 linear ft.) contains loose notes and notebooks that are arranged by folder title and include the subjects of bacteria, colicins, microdermatology, phage, salmonella, shigella coli, and viruses. Series VI (4.5 linear ft.) contains lecture notes, exam and quiz questions, problem sets, lists of students registered for the courses, grade books, handouts, instructions for experiments, and reading lists. Course subjects include bacterial viruses, biochemistry, biophysics, freshman seminar, general biology, general microbiology, and microbial physiology. Series VII (5.25 linear ft.) contains prints and negatives. Some of the prints are illustrations from articles and others are prints of Luria himself. Also included in this series are four boxes of lantern slides and one box of 2x2 inch slides, which seem to be visual aids for lectures and illustrations for articles.
ArchivalResource: 47 linear ft.
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- Luria, S. E. (Salvador Edward), 1912-1991. Papers, 1931-1992.
Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991. Papers, 1928-1989.
Title:
Papers, 1928-1989.
Series I (7.5 linear ft.) contains the incoming and outgoing manuscript and typescript letters, carbons, telegrams, and postcards generated during Anderson's career. The bulk of this series covers the 1950s to the 1960s. Correspondents include biophysicists, biochemists, geneticists, students, and publishers. Among the topics covered in this series are: biological electron microscopy; research on bacterial viruses; conferences; the publishing of journal articles; and participation in professional societies. There is correspondence about Anderson's affiliations with the Biophysical Society, Electron Microscope Society of America, International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses, International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics, and the Philadelphia Electron Microscope Society. There is also correspondence concerning his work at The Institute for Cancer Research, the Institute for Medical Research, RCA Laboratories, and the University of Pennsylvania. Correspondents in Series I include E.S. Anderson, Arthur S. Brill, Dennis T. Brown, Britton Chance, Francis Crick, Max Delbruck, M. Demerec, Helen Gay, Ian Read Gibbons, Cecil E. Hall, William Hayes, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred D. Hershey, Vance Israel, Francois Jacob, Eduard Kellenberger, Andrzej W. Kozinski, Raymond Latarjet, Joshua Lederberg, Marilyn R. Loeb, Salvador E. Luria, Andre Lwoff, C.W. Metz, Beatrice Mintz, Jacques Monod, Stuart Mudd, Jonathan T. Ou, Linus Pauling, A. Glenn Richards, Jr., Lee D. Simon, Joseph E. Smadel, Tracy M. Sonneborn, W.M. Stanley, Donald H. Walker, Jr., Elie Wollman, Peter Wulff, Ralph W.G. Wyckoff, and Don M. Yost. Series II (3.75 linear ft.) contains Anderson's bibliography and curriculum vitae; some biographical material about Anderson; newspaper clippings; material about conferences; calendars/daybooks for almost every year from 1941 to 1989 that contain Anderson's brief notes; letters written by colleagues and publishers asking for Anderson's permission to publish electron micrographs taken by him; a guest register used in 1942 and in 1949 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts; and meeting minutes, agenda, and reports for the Biophysical Society. Series III (1.75 linear ft.) contains applications, reports, correspondence, and expenditure statements for various agencies that granted Anderson research money for his laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania's Johnson Foundation and at The Institute for Cancer Research. The United States Office of Naval Research accounts for a large portion of the material. Other granting agencies include the National Cancer Institute, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. There are two folders of material about the National Research Council's RCA Fellowship that Anderson received in 1940. Also in this series are reviews of other people's grant applications that Anderson wrote for various agencies, including the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Series IV (6.5 linear ft.) contains Anderson's typewritten and handwritten outlines, preparatory notes, research, graphs and figures, drafts, and some galley proofs for articles. There are some notes for lectures, as well as several reviews of books. Some of the works are co-authored with colleagues and students. This series includes several early papers from the 1930s; the earliest is an article in German, "Ein Neues Drehprismenverfahren zur Photographischen Ermittlung der Dispersion. II. Mitteilung uber Refraktion und Dispersion von Kristallen," from 1935. There are also several historical treatments of electron microscopy, including "The First Years of the Electron Microscope in the United States, 1940-52," "Reflections on Phage Genetics," and Anderson's biographical memoir of Jack Schultz ("Jack Schultz, May 7, 1904 - April 29, 1971"). Series V (1.5 linear ft.) contains articles, notes, reports, and abstracts written by colleagues and students of Anderson. Some authors are represented by two or more manuscripts, including Helen Gay, Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling, Francois Jacob, Andrzej W. Kozinski, Bruce R. Levin, Peter C. Nowell, Jonathan T. Ou, Lee D. Simon, Donald H. Walker, Jr., and Nobuto Yamamoto. Most of the works are scientific in nature, although there are two historical articles by Lily E. Kay. Series VI (2.75 linear ft.) contains loose notes and notebooks that include notes from experiments (e.g., "Growth Requirements of T2, T4A, T6"); notes taken by Anderson at Cold Spring Harbor and at other symposia; and course notes from Anderson's days at California Institute of Technology (e.g., "Atomic Physics"). Series VII (19 linear ft.) contains prints and negatives of electron micrographs that Anderson took of viruses and drosophila, among other specimens. Some of the micrographs were used for articles, while others are unpublished. The prints are of varying sizes, including many that are oversized. There are a large number of unidentified micrographs. There are also a few photographs of Anderson and his colleagues.
ArchivalResource: 43 linear ft.
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- Anderson, Th. F. (Thomas Foxen), 1911-1991. Papers, 1928-1989.
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