Washington, Martha, 1731-1802

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Martha Dandridge Custis Washington was the first First Lady of the United States. Washington is not only remembered as the nation’s first lady who set an example for her future first ladies, but also as a wife, mother, and property owner. She is an example of strength during the Revolutionary War, and as the first lady of a new nation.

Born at Virginia’s Chestnut Grove Plantation located in New Kent County, Virginia on June 2, 1731, she was the eldest of eight children born to John and Frances Dandridge. On May 15, 1750, she married 38-year-old Daniel Parke Custis. Together they had four children. However, only two, John (called Jack) and Martha (called Patsy), survived past childhood. When her husband died in 1757, he left a large inheritance to Martha, making her wealthy—something that was less likely to be true a century later. This inheritance included 17,500 acres of land and 300 enslaved people.

Martha met George Washington in 1758. Washington owned Mount Vernon plantation and was the commander of the Virginia forces during the French and Indian War. Ten months after meeting, they married and she and her two surviving children moved into Mount Vernon. Because her husband was often travelling on military and business matters, Martha Washington was the effective manager of the household. She spent every winter in military encampments with General Washington during the Revolutionary War, making socks for the soldiers and raising money for other supplies.

The Revolutionary War ended in 1783 and General Washington returned to Mount Vernon. Both George and Martha were looking forward to a quiet retirement at their beloved home. The country, however, had other plans and George Washington became the new nation’s first president in 1789. “Lady Washington” moved with her husband to New York City, the nation’s first capital city. In an attempt to be accessible to the public, she held Friday evening receptions called “levees.” These levees were open to both men and women and followed European traditions of holding court while also serving as an example of social etiquette for every first lady to follow. The following year, the Washington’s moved to the new capital city: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The Washingtons returned to Mount Vernon in 1797, after the inauguration of John Adams as president. George Washington died just two years later in 1799. In the President’s will, he stated that his 160 enslaved people be freed upon Martha’s death. However, Martha became fearful for her safety, so she freed her late husband’s enslaved people about a year after his death.

Martha Dandridge Custis Washington died May 22, 1802.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn [Pin cushion]. [18--?] Boston Athenaeum
referencedIn Adams, Thomas Boylston, 1772-1832. Thomas Boylston Adams diary, 1798-1799. Massachusetts Historical Society
referencedIn Records of the National Park Service, 1785 - 2006. National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 - 2017 National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration
referencedIn Andrews, Marietta Minnigerode, 1869-1931. Papers of Marietta Minnigerode Andrews, 1923-1927. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Brigham Young photographs, circa 1860-1870 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Church History Library
referencedIn Washington, George, 1732-1799. Autograph letter signed : Philadelphia, to Tobias Lear, 1796 Mar. 30. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn General Historical Manuscripts and Ephemera collection, 1790-1928, undated. University of Southern California, USC Libraries
referencedIn Invoice book, 1749-1757. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library
referencedIn Washington Irving's Life of George Washington Volume XII, Miscellany, 1769-1838 Cornell University Library
referencedIn Lee, Mary Custis, 1835-1918. Papers, 1694-1917. Virginia Historical Society Library
referencedIn Postcards of Mount Vernon, Virginia, 1906-1940, and n.d. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Engravings of George Washington, 1834-1874. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866. Collection of documents concerning the American Revolution, 1740-1866 Houghton Library
referencedIn Papers, 1890-1935 Rockland County Historical Society (New City, N.Y.)
referencedIn Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866. Personal papers, 1808-1866 Houghton Library
referencedIn Washington, William Augustine, 1757-1810. Ledger, 1782-1809. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn Harry L. and Mary K. Dalton Collection, 1695-1955 and undated David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library
referencedIn Letter : 48 East 20th St., to C. B. Conant, Oct. 26, [18]65. Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives
referencedIn Washington, George, 1732-1799. Letters from or about George Washington [manuscript], 1775-1828. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Page family. Papers, 1777-1822. William & Mary Libraries
referencedIn Washington Irving's Life of George Washington Volume 14, Miscellany, 1784-1860 Cornell University Library
referencedIn "The Martha Washington cook book," typescript Dartmouth College Library
referencedIn Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857. ALS : Arlington, Va., to Major Lewis, 1830 Feb. 27. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn Custis family. Papers, 1750, 1753, 1758, 1774, and 1784. Library of Virginia
referencedIn Letter, 1783 Oct. 12, Garrison on the Schuylkill, to Benjamin Walker. Dartmouth College Library
referencedIn Wadsworth, Elizabeth, 1779-1802. Elizabeth Wadsworth, Peleg Wadsworth, and Tobias Lear correspondence concerning a lock of President Washington's hair, 1800. Maine Historical Society Library
creatorOf Washington, George, 1732-1799. Papers, 1754-1958. Gadsden Public Library
referencedIn Historical Society of Pennsylvania collection of George Washington family papers Historical Society of Pennsylvania
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Autograph signature to letter of condolence written by Gen. Washington : Philadelphia, to Mr. Tobias Lear, 1796 Mar. 30. Pierpont Morgan Library.
contributorOf Peter family papers, 1772-1932 George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Martha Washington receipt, undated. New London County Historical Society
referencedIn Windsor, Kay. [Culinary ephemera : beverages - alcoholic]. Box 198. William L. Clements Library
referencedIn Smithsonian Institution. Office of the Secretary. Correspondence, 1863-1879 Smithsonian Institution Archives
creatorOf George Washington papers, 1694-1932 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
creatorOf [Nelly Custis Lewis music albums] Harvard University, Harvard Theater Collection, Harvard College Library
creatorOf SIGNATURES OF PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA from George Washington to Dwight David Eisenhower; 1776-aft. 1952. British Library
referencedIn Strubb, John,. George and Martha Washington [photograph], [ca. 1845]. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Washington (George) Collection Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834. Papers, 1457-1990 (bulk: 1736-1880) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Lewis family. Papers of the Lewis family, 1744-1860. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn George Washington papers, 1694-1932 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Letter (draft) : Mount Vernon, to Elizabeth Powel, Philadelphia, 1797 Dec. 17. Rosenbach Museum & Library
creatorOf Washington, George, 1732-1799. George Washington facsimiles [manuscript], 1770-1789. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Custis family. Papers, 1683-1858. Virginia Historical Society Library
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Autograph letter signed : Mount Vernon, to a lady, 1800 Jan. 1. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Autograph letter signed : Philadelphia, to her sister Nancy, 1776 Aug. 28. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Kimball, Marie Goebel, 1889-1955. The Martha Washington cook book, 1937-1940. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Warren, Mercy Otis, 1728-1814. Mercy Otis Warren papers, 1709-1841. Massachusetts Historical Society
referencedIn Warren, Mercy Otis, 1728-1814. Mercy Otis Warren papers, 1709-1814 (inclusive), [microform]. Yale University Library
referencedIn Collection of papers related to the will of Martha Washington, 1905-1931 (bulk 1914-1915). Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Washington family papers, 1751-1870 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Records of the First Lady's Office (Clinton Administration), 1993 - 2001. News Files, 1993 - 2001 William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum
referencedIn Washington, George, 1732-1799. Letters, 1775-1828. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Papers, 1683-1858 [microform]. George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon
referencedIn Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866. Portrait collection, ca. 1600-1850 Cornell University Library
referencedIn Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866. Jared Sparks collection of American manuscripts, 1582-1843 Houghton Library
creatorOf Letter from Philadelphia, to Mrs. [Martha] Washington, Mt. Vernon, 1775 June 23. George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon
referencedIn Washington, George, 1732-1799. Papers, 1755-1932. William & Mary Libraries
referencedIn Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834. Papers, 1457-1990 (bulk: 1736-1880) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. ALS : Philadelphia, to Frances Bassett Washington, 1797 June 15. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn Upshur, George Lyttleton, b. 1856. Autograph letter signed : [New York, N.Y.], to "The Misses Morgan", 1911 Sept. 6. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Engravings of George Washington [manuscript], 1834-1874, n.d. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Carter, Betty Lewis, 1765-1830. Washington family papers [manucript], 1773-1915. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Lewis, Nelly Custis, 1779-1852. ALS, 12 Jan. 1800, Mount Vernon, to Mary Stead Pinckney. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn General Historical Manuscripts and Ephemera collection, 1790-1928, undated USC Libraries Special Collections
referencedIn [The Washington family] [graphic] / Boston Athenaeum
referencedIn Washington, George, 1732-1799. Pendant containing the interwoven hair of George Washington and Martha Dandridge Custis Washington [manuscript] 1805. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Peter, Robert, 1726-1806. Papers of Robert Peter [manuscript], 1696-1897. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Betty Lewis Carter papers, circa 1778 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Lee, Eliza Hamilton Schuyler, 1811-1890. Eliza Hamilton Schuyler Lee scrapbook, 1691-1869. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Martha Washington Collection [Mount Vernon], 26 June 1761 - 11 July 1802 George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon
creatorOf Johnston, Clement Dixon, 1875-1979,. Papers collected by Clement Dixon Johnston, 1760-1893. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Washington Irving's Life of George Washington Volume IV, Miscellany, 1756-1807 Cornell University Library
creatorOf Letters, 1776-1797. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Carrington, Eliza Jaquelin Ambler, fl. 1796-1823. Papers of Eliza Jaquelin Ambler Carrington [manuscript], 1780-1832. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Washington, George, 1732-1799. Deed [manuscript], 1795 August 3. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Receipt, 1801 Oct. 20. Rosenbach Museum & Library
creatorOf Washington family papers, 1766-1801. George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon
referencedIn Washington family. Washington family papers, 1751-1870 (inclusive). Yale University Library
referencedIn Washington, George, 1732-1799. Letter : Mount Vernon, Va., to Robert Cary and Co., [London?], 1759 Sept. 20. Texas Christian University
referencedIn Bolívar, Simón, 1783-1830,. University of Virgina Library miscellaneous photographs collection [graphic], circa 1929-1946. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Cookbook, 18th century. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library
referencedIn Steele, John, 1807-1885. John Steele and family papers, 1780, 1805, 1855-1883. Minnesota Historical Society Library
referencedIn Wallace, Emma, fl. 1870. Photograph album of Emma Wallace [manuscript], ca. 1870. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Upshur, George Lyttleton, b. 1856. Autograph letter signed : [New York, N.Y.], to Mr. Morgan, 1911 Sept. 15. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Ledger kept by Philip Slaughter [manuscript], 1805-1828. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829. ALsS : Mount Vernon, to William Augustine Washington, 1802-1804. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn Jefferson, Martha, 1748-1782,. Receipt signed by Jefferson and letter written by Martha Jefferson [manuscript], 1780. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Martha Washington papers, 1770-1831 (bulk 1799-1804). Library of Congress
referencedIn Lady Washington. Milwaukee Public Library, Milwaukee County Federated Library System
referencedIn Lone Pine Farm photograph album [graphic], circa 1900. Oregon Historical Society Research Library
referencedIn Mary Spotswood correspondence, 18th century Library of Congress
creatorOf Washington, Martha. Last will and testament of, 4 Mar. 1802. [microfilm]. Utah Division of State History, Utah Historical Society
referencedIn Pintard, John Marsden, d. 1811. Diary of John Pintard of New York, giving an account of his visit to Washington City in the summer of 1801 : typescript copy, 1801 July 8-Aug. 6. University of Chicago Library
referencedIn Biographical essays of the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, 1975-ca. 1978 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Catherine Turney Papers Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Joshua Coit Correspondence, 1792-1798 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
creatorOf Washington, George, 1732-1799. George and Martha Washington papers, 1750-1802. New-York Historical Society
creatorOf Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804. Autograph letter (unsigned retained draft) : New York, to Martha Washington, 1800 Jan. 12. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Washington family. Washington family paper, 1841-1877. South Carolina Historical Society
referencedIn Lone Pine Farm photograph album, circa 1900 Oregon Historical Society Research Library
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1732-1802. Needlebook with provenance. Copley Press, J S Copley Library
referencedIn Hopkins, Cornelia Lee, 1780-1815. Letters : to Elizabeth Collins Lee, 1797-1866. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Viterbo University. Character dolls : Tom Sawyer ; Becky Thatcher ; George Washington ; Martha Washington ; Huckleberry Finn. Viterbo University, Todd Wehr Memorial Library
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Civil War Commandery of the State of Massachusetts collection: Patriotic covers, ca. 1861-1865. Houghton Library
referencedIn Washington Family Collection, 1582-1965, (bulk 1700-1900) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Pintard, John Marsden, d. 1811. Diary of John Pintard of New York, giving an account of his visit to Washington City in the summer of 1801 : typescript, 1801 July 8-Aug. 6. Texas Christian University
referencedIn Washington Irving's Life of George Washington Volume II, miscellany, 1755-1831 Cornell University Library
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. Autograph letter signed : Cambridge, to Miss Ramsay, 1775 Dec. 30. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Thomas Addis Emmet collection, 1483-1876 (bulk:1700-1800) New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Blair family. Blair, Banister, Braxton, Horner, Whiting papers, 1760-1890, 1765-1817. William & Mary Libraries
creatorOf Washington, Martha, 1731-1802. ALS : Mount Vernon, to Burwell Bassett, 1777 Dec. 22. Rosenbach Museum & Library
referencedIn Beard, James. [Culinary ephemera : beverages - alcoholic]. Box 206. William L. Clements Library
referencedIn Account of Mrs. Washington's travel expences, 1775-1782. George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon
referencedIn Warren, Mercy Otis, 1728-1814. Mercy Otis Warren papers, 1709-1814 (inclusive) [microform]. Stanford university libraries
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Lady Washington's lamentation : manuscript, 1823 Apr Houghton Library

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correspondedWith Adams, John, 1735-1826 person
associatedWith Adams, Thomas Boylston, 1772-1832. person
associatedWith Andrews, Marietta Minnigerode, 1869-1931. person
associatedWith Ast, William Frederick, d. 1807. person
associatedWith Bassett, Anna Maria Dandridge, 1739-1777 person
associatedWith Bassett, Burwell, d. 1793, person
associatedWith Blair, Montgomery, 1813-1883 person
associatedWith Cameron, Simon, 1799-1889 person
associatedWith Carrington, Eliza Jaquelin Ambler, fl. 1796-1823. person
correspondedWith Carter, Betty Lewis, 1765-1830. person
associatedWith Chase, Salmon P., (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 person
associatedWith Coit, Joshua, 1758-1798. person
spouseOf Custis, Daniel Parke, 1711-1757. person
associatedWith Custis family. person
associatedWith Custis, Frances Parke, 1685-ca.1715. person
associatedWith Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857. person
associatedWith Custis, John Parke, 1754-1781. person
auntOrUncleOf Dandridge, John, 1762-1799 person
associatedWith Debs, Eugene V., ((Eugene Victor)), 1855-1926 person
associatedWith Dennison, William, 1815-1882 person
associatedWith Emmet, Thomas Addis person
associatedWith Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869 person
associatedWith Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804. person
associatedWith Hopkins, Cornelia Lee, 1780-1815. person
associatedWith Huntington, Daniel, 1816-1906. person
associatedWith Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 person
associatedWith Johnston, Clement Dixon, 1875-1979, person
associatedWith Kimball, Marie Goebel, 1889-1955. person
associatedWith Kountze, De Lancey, d. 1946, person
associatedWith Lafayette, Marie Adrienne de Noailles, marquise de, 1759-1807 person
associatedWith Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834. person
associatedWith Lear, Frances Bassett Washington. person
associatedWith Lear, Tobias, 1762-1816. person
associatedWith Lee, Eliza Hamilton Schuyler, 1811-1890. person
associatedWith Lee, Mary Custis, 1835-1918. person
associatedWith Lewis family. family
associatedWith Lewis, Nelly Custis, 1779-1852, person
associatedWith Lewis, Robert, 1769-1829. person
associatedWith Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Commandery of the State of Massachusetts, collector. corporateBody
associatedWith Morris, Mary White, 1749-1827. person
associatedWith Morris, Robert, 1734-1806. person
associatedWith National Society of the Colonial Dames of America corporateBody
associatedWith North, William, 1755-1836. person
associatedWith Page family. family
associatedWith Peter, Robert, 1726-1806. person
associatedWith Pintard, John Marsden, d. 1811. person
associatedWith Powel, Elizabeth, 1743-1830, person
ownerOf Quander, Nancy Carter person
associatedWith Ramsay, Miss, person
associatedWith Raymond, Henry J., (Henry Jarvis), 1820-1869 person
associatedWith Rivalain, L. person
associatedWith Roosevelt, Franklin D., (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945 person
associatedWith Sartain, John, 1808-1897, person
associatedWith Seward, William Henry, 1801-1872 person
associatedWith Smith, Clarissa G., person
associatedWith Smith, William Stephens, 1755-1816 person
associatedWith Spotswood, Mary. person
associatedWith Steele, John, 1807-1885. person
associatedWith Strubb, John, person
correspondedWith Thomson, D. person
associatedWith Tompkins, Arthur S. person
associatedWith Turney, Catherine. person
associatedWith Upshur, George Lyttleton, b. 1856. person
associatedWith Viterbo University. corporateBody
associatedWith Wadsworth, Elizabeth, 1779-1802. person
associatedWith Wallace, Emma, fl. 1870. person
associatedWith Warren, Mercy Otis, 1728-1814. person
associatedWith Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829. person
associatedWith Washington family. family
spouseOf Washington, George, 1732-1799. person
associatedWith Washington, William Augustine, 1757-1810. person
associatedWith Young, Brigham 1801-1877 person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Mount Vernon VA US
New York City NY US
Chestnut Grove VA US
Valley Forge PA US
Richmond VA US
Mount Vernon VA US
Philadelphia PA US
Subject
Home economics
Presidents' spouses
Slaves
Women
Occupation
Presidents' spouses
Activity

Person

Birth 1731-06-13

Death 1802-05-22

Female

Americans

English

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