Ministri esteri, 1800-1809.

Catholic Church. Secretariatus Status

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The office of secretarius intimus (private secretary) was entrusted by Leo X (1513-1521) to Pietro Ardighello, an assistant to Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (the future Clement VII [1523-1534] and a cousin of Leo X), who took over the direction of foreign affairs dealing with all correspondence in the vernacular, especially with the apostolic nuncios who were entrusted by that time with diplomatic missions of a permanent character. The correspondence was carried on in the name but no longer under t...

Catholic Church. Apostolic Nunciature (Portugal)

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Catholic Church. Apostolic Nunciature (Spain)

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Sources differ as to when the office of the papal representatives in Spain became a permanent nunciature, with the dates 1484, 1492, and 1506 being mentioned. During the reign of Emperor Charles V (1519-1558) the affairs of the nuncios to Spain and to the Holy Roman Empire were intermingled. For most of the period from 1522 to 1544 the nuncio to Spain also served as nuncio to the empire. During the period from 1709 to 1720, which corresponded to the latter part of the War of the Spa...

Catholic Church. Apostolic Nunciature (France)

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A permanent nunciature was established in 1514 by Leo X, following earlier legations. Conflict between the popes and Louis XIV left the post vacant or filled on an interim basis for most of the period from 1671 to 1690. The nuncio left France in 1791 after anticlerical legislation was passed. The office was then abolished. Several special envoys were sent to France during the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, including a legate a latere who served from 1801 to 1810. The permanent n...

Catholic Church

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During much of Doctor José Gaspar de Francia's dictatorship (1814-1840), Paraguay was without a bishop and the church was harrassed. From the description of Libro de providencias, ordenes, y autos : por Dn. Juan Antonio Riveras, cura rector de la parrequial de la Villeta : manuscript, 1804-1857. (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 612746619 An antiphonary is a book containing sacred vocal music, both the antiphons of the breviary, and the musical notes. An antiphon it...