Tambo, Oliver, 1917-1993

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Oliver Reginald Tambo was born in Mbizana in eastern Pondoland in the Cape Province on 27 October 1917. He attended Ludeke Methodist School, and completed his primary education at Holy Cross Mission near Flagstaff. From there he transferred to St. Peter's Secondary School in Johannesburg. After completing his secondary education, Tambo went to the University College of Fort Hare in Alice [South Africa] and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1941. He remained at the University of Fort Hare to qualify for an honours degree but was expelled in 1942 during a student strike over demands for a democratically elected student representative council. Following his expulsion he returned to St. Peter's in Johannesburg as a science and mathematics teacher.

In Johannesburg, Tambo became involved with a group of young leaders who advocated a more radical direction for the African National Congress ( ANC ). Working with Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Anton Lembede, Ashby Mda, William Ncomo, C.M. Majombozi, and others, Tambo became a founding member of the ANC Youth League ( ANCYL ) in 1944. He served as the Youth League's national secretary and was elected president of the Transvaal in 1948 and national vice-president in 1949.

Tambo moved quickly into a position of influence in the senior ANC and was elected to the Transvaal Executive of the ANC . In 1948, along with Walter Sisulu, he was elected to the National Executive Committee. Tambo was also a member of the committee that drew up the Programme of Action in 1948, which helped move the ANC from a passive organization charged with catering to the elite, to one which mobilized the people for massive campaigns of civil disobedience and non-violent resistance.

Tambo left teaching in 1947 and took up law. With the support of Walter Sisulu he was articled in a Johannesburg law firm. In 1952, he qualified as an attorney, and later that year he established a law practice with Nelson Mandela . Their legal practice championed underprivileged victims of apartheid laws.

Pressure and banning orders from the South Africa n government forced Walter Sisulu to resign from ANC leadership leading to Tambo's appointment as acting secretary-general in 1954. Although banned himself, and restricted to Johannesburg, Tambo was allowed to retain his leadership position in the ANC . During this period he helped to guide the ANC through the Defiance Campaigns and the difficult campaigns against the Western area removal and the introduction of Bantu Education. In December 1956, he was arrested and charged with treason. He was among those discharged from the Treason Trial in late 1957. In 1958, with Albert Luthuli isolated by bans restricting him to his Natal home, Tambo was elected to fill the newly created post of deputy president-general of the ANC . In 1959, Tambo was banned and was forbidden to attend gatherings for five years.

Following the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, ANC leaders were convinced a banning of the ANC was imminent and made plans for Tambo to leave the country to serve as a foreign spokesman and to establish external missions and mobilize international support against the apartheid system.

From the banning of the ANC and PAC ( Pan Africanist Congress ) in 1960 until the unbanning of the ANC in 1990, Tambo led the ANC 's organization in exile, living in London, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe . In conjunction with Yusuf Dadoo he was instrumental in the establishment of the South African United Front ( SAUF ), which brought together the ANC external missions, the PAC ( Pan Africanist Congress ), the South African Indian Congress, and the South West African National Union ( SWANU ). Through successful lobbying the SAUF brought about the expulsion of South Africa from the Commonwealth in 1961. Following its initial success the SAUF broke up in July 1961.

Aided by various African governments, Tambo established ANC missions in Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, and London, England . Eventually the ANC operated missions in 27 countries by 1990. Countries hosting missions included all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the exception of China .

When the ANC moved to armed struggle and activated Umkhonto we Sizwe, Tambo was instrumental in securing the cooperation of numerous African governments in providing training and facilities for the ANC . Following Albert Luthuli 's death in 1967, Tambo was named acting president-general. His appointment was approved by the Morogoro Conference in 1969.

Throughout the 1970s, Tambo's international prestige rose immensely as he traveled the world promoting opposition to the apartheid system. In 1985, Tambo was reelected ANC president at the Kabwe conference. In that role he served as head of the Politico-Military Council (PMC) of the ANC and as commander in chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe .

In 1989, Tambo suffered a stroke and spent several months in Stockholm recuperating. He returned to South Africa in 1991 and was elected national chairperson at the ANC 's first legal national conference in July 1991. He was offered the position of chancellor at the University of Fort Hare in 1991. Oliver Tambo died on 24 April 1993.

From the guide to the Oliver Tambo, Papers, undated, 1960-1992., (Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries)

Archival Resources
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referencedIn African National Congress: Meeting with South African Business Delegates, 1985 Institute of Commonwealth Studies
creatorOf Tambo, Oliver, 1917-1993. Oliver Tambo papers, 1960-1992. University of Connecticut, Homer Babbidge Library
referencedIn African National Congress Collection., undated, 1993-1999. Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Center.
referencedIn BENSON, Mary (1919-2000), 1948-1999 Institute of Commonwealth Studies
referencedIn Globalvision, Inc. South Africa Now collection, 1978-1994 (inclusive), 1988-1991 (bulk). Yale University Library
referencedIn Paul Robeson collection, 1925-1956, 1943-1956 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Archives Section
referencedIn Michael Young Papers, 1986-2001 Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of York
creatorOf Oliver Tambo papers University of Connecticut. Libraries
referencedIn Guide to the Daily Worker and Daily World Photographs Collection, 1920-2001 Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
referencedIn Oliver Tambo papers University of Connecticut. Libraries
referencedIn Harvard Law School Forums Records Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138
creatorOf Educators Against Racism and Apartheid (Organization). Educators Against Racism and Apartheid papers, 1985-1994. Michigan State University Libraries, Main Library
referencedIn Reddy, E. S. E. S. Reddy papers, 1913-2006 (inclusive), 1963-2001 (bulk). Yale University Library
referencedIn Papers of Howard Barrell, [1989-1993] The Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at Rhodes House
referencedIn American Committee on Africa. Archives 1948-1988. Tulane University, Amistad Research Center
referencedIn TUROK, Benjamin (b 1927), 1961-1984 Institute of Commonwealth Studies
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associatedWith Lars-Gunnar and Alison Eriksson person
associatedWith Lars Gunnar Erikson person
associatedWith Laurence and Wishart corporateBody
correspondedWith Laurie C. Sain person
associatedWith Lawrence Harris person
associatedWith Lawson Naidoo person
associatedWith Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under Law corporateBody
associatedWith Lawyers for Human Rights corporateBody
associatedWith Lebanese Communist Party corporateBody
associatedWith Lebowa People's Party corporateBody
associatedWith Legum Colin person
associatedWith Lembede, Anton Muziwakhe, 1914-1947 person
associatedWith Leopald Takawira person
associatedWith Lewis Baldwin person
associatedWith Lewis John Collins person
associatedWith Lincoln University. corporateBody
associatedWith Lindiwe Mabuza person
associatedWith Lisbet Palme person
associatedWith Livie Mqotsi person
associatedWith Livi Mqotsi person
associatedWith L. J. Collins person
associatedWith L. J. West person
associatedWith LMF corporateBody
associatedWith L. Mxolisi Edward Petane person
associatedWith London School of Economics and Political Science corporateBody
associatedWith Louise Asmal person
associatedWith Louis Skweyiya person
associatedWith Louw, Raymond. person
associatedWith Luthuli, Albert, 1898-1967 person
associatedWith Luthuli Memorial Foundation corporateBody
associatedWith Luthuli Memorial Trust corporateBody
associatedWith Lutuli Memorial Foundation corporateBody
associatedWith Machel, Graça. person
associatedWith Majombozi, C. M. person
correspondedWith Makgothi, H. G. person
associatedWith Malan, D. F. (Daniel François), 1874-1959 person
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associatedWith Margaret Thatcher person
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associatedWith Mark William Shope person
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associatedWith Maurice Nyagumbo person
associatedWith Maurice Strong person
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associatedWith Maxwell M. Mlonyeni person
associatedWith Mbeki, Govan, 1910- person
correspondedWith Mbeki, Thabo person
associatedWith M. B. Mavunza person
associatedWith M. B. Yengwa person
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associatedWith M. D. Terry person
correspondedWith Mendi Msimang person
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correspondedWith Mfenyana, S. person
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associatedWith Mohamed Hosni Moubarak person
associatedWith Mohamed I. Shaker person
associatedWith Mohammed Tikly person
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correspondedWith Mongalo, A. person
associatedWith MONIMA corporateBody
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associatedWith Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho, 1938-1996 person
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associatedWith Msasani Lutheran Church corporateBody
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associatedWith M. Shope person
associatedWith M. Tikly person
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associatedWith Mugabe, Sally, 1931-1992 person
associatedWith Mwalimu Julius K. Nyere person
associatedWith M. W. Njobe person
associatedWith Mzala Nxumalo person
associatedWith Mzwakhe Ngwenya person
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associatedWith National Association of Democratic Lawyers corporateBody
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associatedWith National Council of Swedish Youth corporateBody
associatedWith National Council of Trade Unions corporateBody
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associatedWith National Film Trust of Southern Africa corporateBody
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associatedWith Ndugu Obezi person
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correspondedWith NECWC corporateBody
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correspondedWith Nelson Mandela person
associatedWith Nelson R. Mandela person
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associatedWith Nguyen Van Linh person
correspondedWith N. Haysom person
associatedWith Nhlanhla Jeffrey Madonsela person
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associatedWith Nkamba-Ilunga wa Mwenga person
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correspondedWith N. M. Masemola person
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associatedWith Organisation Nationale des Moudjahidine corporateBody
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associatedWith Organisation of African Unity. corporateBody
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associatedWith Organisation of Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America corporateBody
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associatedWith OSPAAL corporateBody
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associatedWith Sampson, Anthony. person
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associatedWith Sizakele Sigxashe person
associatedWith Slovo, Joe person
associatedWith S. Matlhape person
associatedWith S. M. Motsuenyane person
associatedWith S. Molifi person
associatedWith Social Democratic Party of Germany corporateBody
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correspondedWith Socialist International. corporateBody
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correspondedWith SRC corporateBody
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correspondedWith Stanley Manana person
associatedWith Stanley Uys person
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associatedWith Stellenbosch University corporateBody
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associatedWith Stephen Vuma person
correspondedWith Steven Little person
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associatedWith Stompie Mokhetsi person
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associatedWith Swedish Social Democratic Party corporateBody
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associatedWith Syrian Communist Party corporateBody
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associatedWith Tambo, Adelaide. person
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associatedWith Tambo, Oliver, 1917- person
correspondedWith Tambo, Oliver, 1917- person
associatedWith Tanganyika African National Union corporateBody
associatedWith TANU corporateBody
associatedWith Ted Pekane person
associatedWith Tembi Tambo person
associatedWith Terje Vigtel person
associatedWith Terre des hommes corporateBody
correspondedWith Thabo Mbeki person
associatedWith Thami Sindelo person
associatedWith Thami Zulu person
associatedWith Thandi Lujabe Rankoe person
associatedWith The African-American Institute corporateBody
associatedWith The Hunger Project corporateBody
associatedWith The Mandela Foundation of Australia Ltd. corporateBody
associatedWith Theresa Ramashamola person
associatedWith The Solidarity Foundation corporateBody
associatedWith The Southern African Advanced Education Project corporateBody
associatedWith The Synod of the Northeast corporateBody
associatedWith The Trinidad and Tobago Bureau on Human Rights corporateBody
associatedWith Third World Affairs corporateBody
associatedWith Thorvald Stoltenberg person
associatedWith Throvald Stoltenberg person
associatedWith T. Huddleston person
associatedWith Tim Dowse person
associatedWith Titus Maleka person
associatedWith T. K. Maseko person
associatedWith Todor Zhikov person
associatedWith Tom Draisma person
associatedWith Tom Karis person
associatedWith Tom Lodge person
associatedWith Tony Bloom person
associatedWith Tony Heard person
associatedWith Tony O'Dowd person
associatedWith Tony Sampson person
associatedWith Toshio Saiki person
associatedWith TransAfrica corporateBody
associatedWith Transkei National Library corporateBody
correspondedWith Trevor Huddleston person
associatedWith T. T. Nkobi person
associatedWith Turok, Ben, 1927- person
associatedWith Turok, Benjamin, b 1927 person
associatedWith UCT corporateBody
correspondedWith UDF corporateBody
associatedWith UDW corporateBody
associatedWith UIL corporateBody
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associatedWith Umkhonto we Sizwe (South Africa). corporateBody
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correspondedWith UN corporateBody
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associatedWith UN Centre against Apartheid corporateBody
associatedWith UNCHR corporateBody
associatedWith UN Council for Namibia corporateBody
associatedWith UNCTAD corporateBody
associatedWith Unemployed and Poverty Action Council corporateBody
associatedWith UN Environment Programme corporateBody
associatedWith UNEP corporateBody
associatedWith UNESCO corporateBody
associatedWith UN High commissioner for Refugees corporateBody
associatedWith UNICEF corporateBody
associatedWith UN Industrial Development Organisation corporateBody
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associatedWith UN Institute for Namibia corporateBody
associatedWith UN Institute for Planning and research corporateBody
associatedWith Unione Italiana Del Lavoro corporateBody
associatedWith Union of Australian Women corporateBody
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associatedWith UNISA corporateBody
associatedWith UNITAR corporateBody
associatedWith United Artists Against Apartheid corporateBody
correspondedWith United Cricket Board of South Africa corporateBody
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associatedWith United National Independence Party corporateBody
correspondedWith United Nations corporateBody
associatedWith United Nations Centre against Apartheid corporateBody
associatedWith United Nations Children’s Fund corporateBody
associatedWith United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization corporateBody
associatedWith United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees corporateBody
associatedWith United Presbyterian Church, USA corporateBody
associatedWith United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations corporateBody
associatedWith United Workers Party of Israel corporateBody
associatedWith Unity Movement of South Africa corporateBody
associatedWith University of Amsterdam corporateBody
associatedWith University of Auckland corporateBody
associatedWith University of Dar-es-Salaam corporateBody
associatedWith University of Durban corporateBody
associatedWith University of Fort Hare. corporateBody
associatedWith University of Liberia corporateBody
associatedWith University of Natal corporateBody
associatedWith University of Nigeria corporateBody
associatedWith University of the Western Cape. corporateBody
associatedWith University of the West Indies. corporateBody
associatedWith University of the Witwatersrand. corporateBody
associatedWith UNO corporateBody
associatedWith UPAC corporateBody
associatedWith Uruguayan Association against Racism and Apartheid corporateBody
associatedWith UWC corporateBody
correspondedWith UWUSA corporateBody
associatedWith Uys, Pieter-Dirk. person
associatedWith Valerie Aubry person
associatedWith Valerie O'Connor-Makatini person
associatedWith VARA corporateBody
associatedWith Velani V. Tula person
associatedWith Vella Pillay person
associatedWith Victoria Chitepo person
associatedWith Victor Matlou person
associatedWith Vietnam Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee corporateBody
associatedWith Vigne, Randolph. person
associatedWith Violet Weinberg person
associatedWith Vladimir Lenin person
associatedWith VOA corporateBody
associatedWith Voice of America corporateBody
associatedWith Voices of Africa corporateBody
associatedWith V. Simpson person
associatedWith Vukani Mawethu person
correspondedWith Vusumzi L Make person
associatedWith Wales Anti-Apartheid Movement corporateBody
associatedWith Walter E. Fauntroy person
associatedWith Walters, Ian. person
associatedWith Walter Sisulu person
associatedWith Ware, Helen. person
associatedWith WAY corporateBody
associatedWith Wayne Frederick person
associatedWith Wayne Fredericks person
correspondedWith WCC corporateBody
associatedWith West Australian Council of Churches corporateBody
associatedWith WFUNA corporateBody
associatedWith Whabi El Buri person
associatedWith Willem Van Harderwijk person
associatedWith William Borman person
associatedWith William H. Booth person
associatedWith William Roberts person
associatedWith William R. Tolbert, Jr. person
associatedWith William Sloane Coffin person
associatedWith William Waldegrave person
associatedWith Willy Brandt person
associatedWith Wilson, Francis. person
associatedWith Wim Kok person
associatedWith Winifred Armstrong person
correspondedWith Winnie Dadoo person
associatedWith Winnie Mandela person
associatedWith Wits University corporateBody
associatedWith W. K. K. White person
associatedWith WMO corporateBody
associatedWith Wolfgang Lienemann person
associatedWith Wolfie Kadesh person
associatedWith Workers' Party of Korea corporateBody
associatedWith World Alliance of Reformed Churches corporateBody
associatedWith World Assembly of Youth corporateBody
associatedWith World Bank corporateBody
associatedWith World Citizens Assembly corporateBody
associatedWith World Congress of Peace Forces corporateBody
associatedWith World Constitution and Parliament Association corporateBody
associatedWith World Council of Churches corporateBody
associatedWith World Federation of Democratic Youth corporateBody
associatedWith World Federation of Trade Unions corporateBody
associatedWith World Federation of UN Associations corporateBody
associatedWith World Health Organisation corporateBody
associatedWith World Mathaba corporateBody
associatedWith World Medical Association corporateBody
associatedWith World Peace Council corporateBody
associatedWith World Peace Through Law Center corporateBody
associatedWith World Youth Assembly corporateBody
associatedWith WPC corporateBody
associatedWith WUS corporateBody
associatedWith Yasser Arafat person
associatedWith Yates, Anne Hayden Price, 1939- person
associatedWith Young, Michael Alan. OBE businessman person
associatedWith Yoweri Kaguta Museveni person
associatedWith Yunus Mohamed person
associatedWith Yusef Dadoo person
associatedWith Yussuf M. Dadoo person
correspondedWith Yusuf Dadoo person
associatedWith Yusuf Dadoo, 1909-1983 person
associatedWith Zambia Broadcasting Service corporateBody
associatedWith Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Ltd corporateBody
associatedWith ZANU corporateBody
correspondedWith ZAPU corporateBody
associatedWith Zarina Maharaj person
associatedWith Zhikov, Todor. person
associatedWith Zimbabwe African National Union corporateBody
associatedWith Zimbabwe African People’s Union corporateBody
associatedWith Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali person
correspondedWith Z. N. Jobodwana person
correspondedWith Zola Skweyiya person
associatedWith Z. Pallo Jordan person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Tanzania.
India.
Bulgaria.
Germany.
Africa.
Poland.
Nigeria.
Ireland.
London, England.
South Africa
People's Republic of Angola.
Johannesburg, South Africa.
Morocco.
South Africa.
Sweden.
United Kingdom.
Zimbabwe.
Vietnam.
Romania.
Alice, South Africa.
Angola.
Egypt.
Yugoslavia.
Ghana.
Subject
Anti-apartheid activists
Anti-apartheid movement
Occupation
Activity

Person

Birth 1917-10-27

Death 1993-04-24

South Africans

English

Information

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Ark ID: w6mh8chw

SNAC ID: 83722299