Classification 157 (Civil Unrest) Case Files, 1957–1978
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Southern Conference Educational Fund
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The Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW) was formally organized in Birmingham, Alabama in the fall of 1938. It was inspired by the findings of the National Emergency Council's Report on Economic Conditions in the South and by the philosophies of the Southern Policy Conference, a group of Southern intellectuals. Its structure was based on representation from the thirteen Southern states (non-Southerners were welcomed as non-voting members) and the District of Columbia and New York (the la...
Patton, Gwendolyn Marie, 1943-2017
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Gwendolyn Marie Patton was born on October 14, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan to Jeanetta and Clarence Patton. After the death of her mother in 1957, Gwendolyn and her siblings moved to Montgomery, Alabama. She attended George Washington Carver High School and graduated in 1961 with academic honors. She went on to receive her B.A. degree in English and history from Tuskegee Institute in 1966.Patton coined the phrase "scholar-activist" and urged students to work in the community for social, political ...
Newton, Huey Percy, 1942-1989
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Huey Percy Newton was notable for being a co-founder of the Black Panther Party; Newton crafted the Party's ten-point manifesto with Bobby Seale in 1966. Under Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded over 60 community support programs In 1967, he was involved in a shootout with the police. In 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. In May 1970, the conviction was reversed. He went on to earn a PhD in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz's Histo...
Ladner, Doris Ann, 1942-
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Civil rights activist Dorie Ann Ladner was born on June 28, 1942, in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. As an adolescent, she became involved in the NAACP Youth Chapter where Clyde Kennard served as advisor. Ladner got involved in the Civil Rights Movement and wanted to be an activist after hearing about the murder of Emmitt Till. After graduating from Earl Travillion High School as salutatorian, alongside her sister, Joyce Ladner, she went on to enroll at Jackson State University. Dedicated to the fight...
Congress of Racial Equality
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Downtown CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), a chapter of the CORE national organization, was formed in March 1963 and remained active until the end 1966. Based on Manhattan's Lower East Side, it was one of nearly a dozen New York City local chapters organized in the early 1960s. Its founders included Rita and Michael Schwerner (the latter one of the group of three civil rights workers murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1964), and its members included radical pacifist Igal Rodenko, anarchi...
Cobb, Charles E., 1943-
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Charles E. Cobb is a journalist, professor, and former activist with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Along with several veterans of SNCC, Cobb established and operated the African-American bookstore Drum and Spear in Washington, D.C. from 1968 to 1974....
Carmichael, Stokely, 1941-1998
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Stokely Carmichael was born in Trinidad and moved to New York City with his family in 1952. In 1964 he graduated from Howard University with a B.A. in Philosophy; the same year he became a field secretary of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1966 he was elected chairman of SNCC....
Bevel, James Luther, 1936-2008
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Civil rights activist Reverend James Luther Bevel was born in Itta Bena, Mississippi, on October 19, 1936. After a stint in the services, Bevel was called to the ministry and enrolled in the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee. While in the Seminary, Bevel joined the Nashville chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), then led by the Reverend James Lawson.In 1960, Bevel and other black students trained by Lawson, including John Lewis, Dianne Nash, ...
Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990
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Ralph David Abernathy (1926-1990) was a minister, civil rights leader, and confidant of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr....
Makeba, Miriam, 1932-2008
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Zenzile Miriam Makeba, nicknamed Mama Africa, was a South African singer and civil rights activist known for becoming the first African artist to globally popularize African music. Makeba was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on March 4, 1932. Her professional career began when she was featured in the South African jazz group the Manhattan Brothers in the 1950s and made her U.S. debut on November 1, 1959 on The Steve Allen Show. While traveling to London she met Harry Belafonte who helped her g...