Classification 157 (Civil Unrest) Case Files, 1957–1978
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Seale, Bobby, 1936-
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Bobby Seale is the co-founder, with activist Huey P. Newton, of the Black Panther Party. Seale was one of the eight people charged by the US federal government with conspiracy charges related to anti-Vietnam War protests in Chicago, Illinois, during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Seale's appearance in the trial was widely publicized and Seale was bound and gagged for his appearances in court more than a month into the trial for what Judge Julius Hoffman said were disruptions. Seale's c...
Congress of Racial Equality
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Downtown CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), a chapter of the CORE national organization, was formed in March 1963 and remained active until the end 1966. Based on Manhattan's Lower East Side, it was one of nearly a dozen New York City local chapters organized in the early 1960s. Its founders included Rita and Michael Schwerner (the latter one of the group of three civil rights workers murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1964), and its members included radical pacifist Igal Rodenko, anarchi...
Carmichael, Stokely, 1941-1998
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Stokely Carmichael was born in Trinidad and moved to New York City with his family in 1952. In 1964 he graduated from Howard University with a B.A. in Philosophy; the same year he became a field secretary of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1966 he was elected chairman of SNCC....
Makeba, Miriam, 1932-2008
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Zenzile Miriam Makeba, nicknamed Mama Africa, was a South African singer and civil rights activist known for becoming the first African artist to globally popularize African music. Makeba was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on March 4, 1932. Her professional career began when she was featured in the South African jazz group the Manhattan Brothers in the 1950s and made her U.S. debut on November 1, 1959 on The Steve Allen Show. While traveling to London she met Harry Belafonte who helped her g...