Classification 157 (Civil Unrest) Case Files, 1957–1978
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There are 10 Entities related to this resource.
United States National Student Association
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The National Student Association was founded in 1947 as a confederation of student governments across the nation, united for the purpose of improving education. It advocated federal aid for education, student publications without censorship and it took a stand against discrimination. Smith College students began affiliation with the organization the year it was created. In 1978 it merged with the National Student Lobby, forming the United States Student Association....
Seale, Bobby, 1936-
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Bobby Seale is the co-founder, with activist Huey P. Newton, of the Black Panther Party. Seale was one of the eight people charged by the US federal government with conspiracy charges related to anti-Vietnam War protests in Chicago, Illinois, during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Seale's appearance in the trial was widely publicized and Seale was bound and gagged for his appearances in court more than a month into the trial for what Judge Julius Hoffman said were disruptions. Seale's c...
Patton, Gwendolyn Marie, 1943-2017
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Gwendolyn Marie Patton was born on October 14, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan to Jeanetta and Clarence Patton. After the death of her mother in 1957, Gwendolyn and her siblings moved to Montgomery, Alabama. She attended George Washington Carver High School and graduated in 1961 with academic honors. She went on to receive her B.A. degree in English and history from Tuskegee Institute in 1966.Patton coined the phrase "scholar-activist" and urged students to work in the community for social, political ...
Newton, Huey Percy, 1942-1989
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Huey Percy Newton was notable for being a co-founder of the Black Panther Party; Newton crafted the Party's ten-point manifesto with Bobby Seale in 1966. Under Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded over 60 community support programs In 1967, he was involved in a shootout with the police. In 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. In May 1970, the conviction was reversed. He went on to earn a PhD in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz's Histo...
Congress of Racial Equality
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Downtown CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), a chapter of the CORE national organization, was formed in March 1963 and remained active until the end 1966. Based on Manhattan's Lower East Side, it was one of nearly a dozen New York City local chapters organized in the early 1960s. Its founders included Rita and Michael Schwerner (the latter one of the group of three civil rights workers murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1964), and its members included radical pacifist Igal Rodenko, anarchi...
Carmichael, Stokely, 1941-1998
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Stokely Carmichael was born in Trinidad and moved to New York City with his family in 1952. In 1964 he graduated from Howard University with a B.A. in Philosophy; the same year he became a field secretary of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1966 he was elected chairman of SNCC....
Bond, Horace Julian, 1940-2015
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Civil rights activist, state representative, and state senator Julian Bond was born on January 14, 1940 in Nashville, Tennessee. He and his family moved to Pennsylvania, where his father, Horace Mann Bond, was appointed president of Lincoln University.In 1957, Julian Bond graduated from the George School, a Quaker school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and entered Morehouse College. In 1960, Julian Bond was one of several hundred students who helped form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commit...
Bevel, James Luther, 1936-2008
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Civil rights activist Reverend James Luther Bevel was born in Itta Bena, Mississippi, on October 19, 1936. After a stint in the services, Bevel was called to the ministry and enrolled in the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee. While in the Seminary, Bevel joined the Nashville chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), then led by the Reverend James Lawson.In 1960, Bevel and other black students trained by Lawson, including John Lewis, Dianne Nash, ...
Huggins, Ericka, 1948-
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Ericka Jenkins was born in Washington, DC and attended Lincoln University, where she met her future husband John Huggins, a Vietnam veteran. She joined the Black Panther Party (BPP) in 1968 and she and John became leaders in the Los Angeles chapter. Three weeks after their daughter Mai was born, her husband was murdered in January 1969. Later Ericka, Kathleen Cleaver, and Elaine Brown led the New Haven (Connecticut) chapter of the Party. That same year, BPP member Alex Rackley was tortured, i...
Cleaver, Kathleen, 1945-
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Kathleen Neal Cleaver was born in Dallas, Texas and spent much of her childhood living abroad with her family due to her father’s position in the Foreign Service. After the family returned to the United States, she attended a Quaker boarding school and later attended Oberlin College and Barnard College. Her activism began when she left college to work for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in New York City. She organized a student conference at Fisk University, and at this conf...
