Carlos Montezuma papers, 1899-1922.

Montezuma, Carlos, 1866-1923

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Physican, Yavapai advocate for Native Americans. Born in Arizona Territory; educated at Chicago Medical College; served in U. S. Indian Service; practiced medicine in Chicago; helped organize Society of American Indians, a national lobbying group; and published "Wassaja." Born as Wassaja, a Yavapai Indian, around 1866, Carlos Carlos Montezuma, physician and Indian Rights activist, was born near the Four Peaks in the Superstition Mountains of Central Arizona in approximately 1866. H...

United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs

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The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was formed in 1824. An agency of the federal government of the United States within the US Department of the Interior, it is responsible for the administration and management of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the United States, Native American Tribes and Alaska Natives. From the guide to the Navajo Land, motion picture, undated, (J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah) A Statistics Section was organ...

Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924

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Richard Henry Pratt (1840-1924) was a U.S. Army officer who fought for the Union during the Civil War, served on the western frontier (to 1875), established and administered the Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879-1904). He advocated fair treatment of U.S. Indians and strongly believed that through education they could be assimilated into American society. Richard Henry Pratt devoted his life to public service, beginning as a soldier in the Civil War and later fighting Indians on the fron...

American Indian Association

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Society of American Indians

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Maintained originally as part of the New York State Archaeologist's correspondence files, these records are actually the files of the private Society of American Indians. Organized in 1911 as the "Association of Indians in America," and renamed the "Society of American Indians" in 1912, the organization admitted full or part-blooded aboriginal Americans to active membership and other persons interested in the welfare of Indians as associate members. The organization's goal was "to advance Americ...

Progressive Indian Association

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Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Carlisle, Pa.)

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The Carlisle Indian Industrial School was the brainchild of a young lieutenant of the 10th United States (U.S.) Cavalry, Richard Henry Pratt. Lieutenant Pratt had great sympathy for the misery of the Indian, even while he was engaged in subduing the hostile tribes of the West. He became convinced that the solution to the Indian uprisings lay in the education of the Indian rather than in further bloodshed. No public schools allowed Indian students, but Pratt, with the help of influential sympathi...