Nansen, Fridtjof, 1861-1930

On his return from Greenland, Nansen was appointed curator of the zoological collection at the University of Christiania, and began preparations for another scientific and exploratory foray to the Arctic. Nansen's plan was to force an ice-strengthened ship into the pack ice as far east as possible, off the coast of Siberia, and allow it to be frozen in, in the hope that he would be carried across the North Pole, or a point close to it. Setting out in Fram in the summer of 1893 on the Norwegian Exploring Expedition, 1893-1896, he sailed along the Siberian coast. Fram was frozen into the pack ice north of the New Siberian Islands, subsequently drifting in a north-westerly direction. Realising soon into the drift that the ship would not pass over the Pole, Nansen and one companion, Hjalmar Johansen, set out in March 1895 in an attempt to reach the Pole. They struggled north under great hardship, reaching 86° 13 minutes 6 seconds North, a new record farthest north. The expedition afforded ample proof of the soundness of Nansen's theories, confirming the drift of the ice and proving that the Eurasian side of the Arctic basin was a true, deep ocean.

On his return from the Arctic, Nansen held a research professorship in zoology at the University of Christiania, publishing six volumes of scientific observations on the expedition. He interrupted his research work in 1905 to urge the independence of Norway from Sweden, and after the dissolution of the Union, served as Norway's minister to Great Britain until 1908. Continuing his work in oceanic research, he was appointed professor of oceanography in 1908. In the next few years, he led several oceanographic expeditions into the Arctic, but during the First World War, became increasingly involved in international politics. For his work with the League of Nations and the Red Cross on behalf of prisoners of war, refugees and victims of famine, in 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Nansen never lost interest in polar affairs, becoming the founder and first president of the International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic by means of Aircraft (Aeroarctic). Although he never visited Antarctica, he strongly influenced southern polar exploration by his methodical approach to techniques of expedition camping, travelling and ship handling. He died in Norway on 13 May 1930.