Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904

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The California Street Cable Railroad began operation in April, 1878.

From the description of [California Street Cable Railroad Co. [graphic] : power house at California and Larkin streets]. [ca. 1878] (University of California, Berkeley). WorldCat record id: 48150769

American photographer known especially for his landscape views of the western United States, South and Central America, and for his photographic studies of animals in motion, Muybridge worked closely with Senator Leland Stanford on horse in motion experiments in Sacramento and Palo Alto, California.

From the description of Eadweard Muybridge photograph collection, 1868-1929. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 122445961

Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) was an English photographer important for his pioneering studies of motion done for Leland Stanford. Leland Stanford (1824-1893) was one of the four railroad magnates who built the Central Pacific Railroad. Stanford's mansion, built in 1876, was located on Nob Hill's California Street in San Francisco. It was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and fire.

From the description of Leland Stanford's Residence Photograph Album : ca. 1878. (San Francisco Public Library). WorldCat record id: 60503502

Muybridge contracted with the University of Pennsylvania in 1883 to conduct and publish animal locomotion studies.

From the description of University of Pennsylvania papers concerning Eadweard Muybridge's studies on animal locomotion, 1886-1901. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 86093859

Eadweard James Muybridge, born Edward James Muggeridge in Kingston-on-Thames, England, April 9, 1830, emigrated to the United States about 1852. By 1855 he owned a bookstore in San Francisco specializing in illustrated books. He spent his early years photographing life in California and eventually became a skilled photographer with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, engaged in photographic survey work on the Pacific Coast and Southeast Alaska. His photographs of Southeast communities and the Tlingit Indians are believed to be the first photographs made in Alaska. Muybridge was a pioneer of motion photography, receiving international recognition for his photographs of animal locomotion. The results of his experiments were published in book form in 1878, titled, "The Horse in Motion," and in 1887, an eleven volume work containing 100,000 photographs titled "Animal Locomotion." Muybridge married Flora Stone in 1872, in San Francisco and had one son, Florido H. Muybridge. He died in England, May 8, 1904, and was cremated.

From the description of Eadweard J. Muybridge photograph collection, 1868-1869. [graphic]. (Alaska State Library). WorldCat record id: 50628478

Eadweard James Muybridge was born on April 9, 1830 as Edward Muggeridge at Kingston-on-Thames, England, the son of John and Susannah (Smith) Muggeridge. In 1852, Muybridge immigrated to the United States. After a brief career in the printing business, Muybridge studied photography and eventually gained recognition for his landscape photographs of the American West. In 1872, the railroad tycoon and then-governor of California, Leland Stanford, asked Muybridge to help settle a $25,000 bet. The bet required Muybridge to take photographs of a running horse to prove that it had all four feet in the air at some point. However, his attempt was inconclusive. Five years later, 1877 Muybridge improved the mechanics of his photographic process using a bank of cameras with mechanically tripped shutters. With his new system, he photographed Stanford's horse Occident and proved that a running horse indeed lifted all four feet at some point. This incident inspired him to continue the study of animals in motion, a new venture in the field of science and photography.

With the financial backing of Stanford, Muybridge obtained more action photographs of animals culminating in the publication of The Horse in Motion (1877) and The Attitudes of Animals in Motion, A Series of Photographs Illustrating the Consecutive Positions Assumed by Animals in Performing Various Movements (1878). In 1878, Scientific American and La Nature published reproductions of photographs in the Horse in Motion. Subscribers could place these reproductions in their zoetrope to view the stop motion photographs in rapid succession. Muybridge took the animating capability of the zoetrope further by inventing the zoopraxiscope in 1879. The zoopraxiscope projected images of slides placed on a large disk onto a screen. Muybridge spent most of 1881-1882 in Paris and London exhibiting the zoopraxiscope and lecturing on animal motion.

Muybridge's ties to Philadelphia began when Fairman Rogers, then head of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and Thomas Eakins, artist and professor of drawing and painting at the Academy, corresponded with Muybridge about his Palo Alto photographs. In 1883, Rogers invited Muybridge to give two lectures at the Academy. Also in 1883 several important Philadelphians, including J.B. Lippincott and the provost William Pepper attended a meeting in the office of the provost of the University of Pennsylvania. During this meeting, the men decided to provide Muybridge with the grounds of the Veterinary Hospital and a $5,000 advance to begin work on the landmark study, Animal Locomotion. Starting in 1884, the University constructed an outdoor studio for Muybridge near 36th and Pine. The outdoor studio consisted of a three-sided black shed. White strings hung on the back wall of the shed to form a grid to measure the movement of a human or animal as it passed through the frames. For the production of the Animal Locomotion study, he improved his photographic techniques by using dry plate technology, rather than the wet plate technology he had previously used. He also equipped his three batteries of twelve cameras each with electronically released shutters, allowing shorter exposure times.

The Animal Locomotion study contains 781 photographs of males and females performing common actions, often nude; physically deformed males and females from the Philadelphia Hospital and a variety of animal species from the Philadelphia Zoo. Models also included students, particularly athletes, and faculty from the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. This study, completed in 1887 and published under the sponsorship of the University, would prove to be of great use to artists, anatomists, physiologists, and athletes.

After the completion of Animal Locomotion, Muybridge returned to his birthplace to reside. At the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he ran "Zoopraxographical Hall" in 1893 for which the University of Pennsylvania received an award. He later published Descriptive Zoopraxography (1893) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901). Muybridge died in England on May 8, 1904, survived by wife Flora Shallcross.

From the description of Collection, 1870-1981. (University of Pennsylvania). WorldCat record id: 122592220

Biographical/Historical Sketch

Eadweard Muybridge was born in Kingston-upon-Thames, England, in April 1830 as Edward James Muggeridge. He came to the United States in 1851 and worked for two publishing companies on the east coast until 1855, when he moved to California and established a book store in San Francisco. In 1860 he set off on an extensive journey east through the United States and on to Europe, but was injured in a stagecoach accident in Texas. He spent some time in England recuperating and back in the States suing the stage coach company, but not all of his activities between 1860 and 1866 are known.

In 1867 he returned to California and commenced his photography career, focusing for the next six years on California and the Far West. He traveled in Central America and Panama during 1875 to 1876; and in 1876 and 1877 he completed his panorama of San Francisco.

Muybridge worked closely with Senator Leland Stanford on experiments to record horses in motion, trying first to answer the question of whether or not all four feet are off the ground during the trot. In 1873 he successfully captured that event in Sacramento, using Leland Stanford's horse Occident as his subject. He made further photographs of Occident in 1877 and then in 1878-79 he set up a studio at Stanford's Palo Alto Stock Farm and conducted many photographic experiments of horses in motion.

From the guide to the Eadweard Muybridge photograph collection, 1868-1929, (Department of Special Collections and University Archives)

Biography

Born Edward James Muggeride in Kingston-upon-Thames, England, April 9, 1830, Muybridge came to the U.S. in the early 1850s and opened a bookstore in San Francisco in 1855. After being seriously injured in a fall from a stagecoach, he returned to England, where he turned to photography. He came back to San Francisco in the late 1860s and did photographic work for the U.S Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Muybridge achieved great fame through his photographic studies of animal and human locomotion published in such works as Animal Locomotion (11 vols., 1887) and The Human Figure in Motion(1901) . His studies began in 1872 when he was hired by railroad magnate Leland Stanford to prove that all four hooves of a horse left the ground during a trot. In the course of these studies he invented devices to trip the shutters of a series of cameras in order to record animals in motion. He later developed a viewer called the zoopraxiscope, which allowed runs of motion photographs to be seen as if moving. These projects are now considered the forerunners of modern motion pictures.

Aside from his motion studies, Muybridge was known for the wide variety of photographs he took of scenes in California and western North America. These included stereo views of Alaska, Canada, California cities, Mexico and Central America. He gained notoriety in 1874 when he murdered his wife's lover and was acquitted of the crime in a much publicized trial. After a period of exile he returned to San Francisco in 1876, and in the following two years he produced three massive panoramas of the City taked from Nob Hill.

Based on Harris, David.Eadweard Muybridge and the Photographic Panorama of San Francisco, 1850-1880. (Montreal:Canadian Centre for Architecture,c1993) ; and Hart, James D.A Companion to California.(New York :Oxford University Press,1978), p. 292-293.

From the guide to the Valley of the Yosemite, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and Mariposa Grove of Mammoth Trees by Eadweard Muybridge, 1872, (The Bancroft Library.)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Artist file. Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives
creatorOf Mechanics' Institute (San Francisco, Calif.). Mechanics Institute, San Francisco correspondence, 1871-1879. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Stollman, Israel, 1924-2005. Israel Stollman collection of stereographs and postcards. Getty Research Institute
referencedIn Fogg Art Museum 19th-century history of photography collection, 1844-1900 (inclusive). Harvard University Art Museum
referencedIn History of photography collection, 1840-1986 (inclusive). Harvard University Art Museum
referencedIn Herman W. Liebert manuscript collection, 1604-1987 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
creatorOf Photographs of Yosemite, San Francisco, Oregon, Peru, and other locations [graphic], ca. 1867-1868 Bancroft Library
referencedIn Gordon Hendricks research files on American artists Archives of American Art
creatorOf Taber, I. W. (Isaiah West), 1830-1912. San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1868 [graphic] UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. [View of ladies and officers in flower garden on Alcatraz Island] [graphic]. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn University of Pennsylvania. Scientific Society. Records, 1882-1891. University of Pennsylvania, Archives & Records Center
referencedIn 19th Century Western Stereo-views Collection, 1865-1899 Utah State University. Merrill-Cazier Library. Special Collections and ArchivesUniversity Archives
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Stereographs of the Central Pacific Railroad [graphic] / Edw. J. Muybridge. California historical society
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Eadweard Muybridge papers : additions, 1881, 1892-1893, undated. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Johnson, C. W. J. (Charles Wallace Jacob), 1833-1903. Historic photographs of California and the Southwest from the Francis P. Farquhar collection [graphic]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Residence of William Chapman Ralston, Belmont, Calif. [graphic]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Records of the Patent and Trademark Office. 1836 - 1978. Selected Patent Files. 1840 - 2005. 212864 - Method and Apparatus for Photographing Objects in Motion - Edward Muybridge National Archives at College Park
creatorOf Stereographs of Yosemite Valley, ca. 1867-1872 California Historical Society, North Baker Library
referencedIn Stanford, Leland, 1824-1893. Leland Stanford papers, 1840-1896. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Stereographs of Farallone Islands, Geyser Springs, Mariposa Grove of Mammoth Trees, and other California views [graphic] / Muybridge. California historical society
referencedIn Muybridge, Eadweard : [miscellaneous ephemeral material]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thomas J. Watson Library
referencedIn Thomas Weston Fels (AC 1967) Papers, 1972-2008, 1983-2004 Amherst College Archives and Special Collections
creatorOf Photographic collection, 1887-1945. New York State Historical Documents Inventory
referencedIn "The Real West: Empire Builders" [videorecording], 1993 Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Miles, Walter R. Research concerning Eadweard Muybridge, 1928-1932. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Savage, C. R. (Charles Roscoe), 1832-1909. Savage photographs, ca. 1860-ca. 1900. Harold B. Lee Library
referencedIn Miles, Walter R. Research concerning Eadweard Muybridge, 1928-1932 Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn David Starr Jordan papers, 1861-1964 Cecil H. Green Library. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Albert S. Bickmore papers, 1854-1914 (bulk 1865-1903). American Museum of Natural History
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Photographs, ca. 1870-1890. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Leland Stanford collection, 1869-1975 Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Treat, Archibald J. (Archibald Jennings), 1864-1949. Archibald J. Treat papers, 1883-1961 (inclusive), 1883-1941 (bulk). Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Jordan, David Starr, 1851-1931. David Starr Jordan papers, 1861-1964. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn C. R. Savage photograph collection, 1860-ca. 1900 L. Tom Perry Special Collections
referencedIn University of Pennsylvania. Office of the Recorder. Records, 1902-1960. University of Pennsylvania, Archives & Records Center
creatorOf Pond, C. L. (Charles L.), 1832-1891. Sierra Nevada and Utah stereograph views [graphic]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Calaveras Big Trees and Geyser Springs, Calif. views [graphic]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Camp, Charles Lewis, 1893-1975. Charles L. Camp collection of stereographs [picture]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. [California Street Cable Railroad Co. [graphic] : power house at California and Larkin streets]. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf [Scrapbooks of newspaper clippings]. Illinois State University, Milner Library
creatorOf Murat, A. L. George Washington Wilson Collection. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
referencedIn F W Rudler Papers, [ca. 1835]-1912 Aberystwyth University
creatorOf Stereographs of the Modoc War, 1873 California Historical Society, North Baker Library
referencedIn Geological Survey (U.S.). 19th century western stereo-views collection, 1865-1899 (bulk 1865-1885) Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
referencedIn Leland Stanford collection, 1869-1975. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Stereographs of San Francisco, Calif. [graphic] / Muybridge. California historical society
referencedIn George T. Clark papers, 1862-1935 Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn The Chinese in California, 1850-1925 Bancroft Library
creatorOf Centre canadien d'architecture. Eadweard Muybridge et le panorama photographique de San Francisco, 1850-1880 : exhibition publications, 1993. Centre canadien d'architecture, | Canadian Centre for Architecture | CCA
creatorOf Watkins, Carleton E., 1829-1916. Photographs of Yosemite, San Francisco, Oregon, Peru, and other locations [graphic] / taken by Eadweard Muybridge and Carleton E. Watkins. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn [Muybridge, Eadweard : photography related ephemera material collected by the National Library of Australia]. Libraries Australia
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Leland Stanford's Residence Photograph Album : ca. 1878. San Francisco Public Library, Main Library
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Eadweard Muybridge papers, 1876-1955. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Stereographs of Yosemite Valley [graphic] / Muybridge. California historical society
referencedIn Charles Hobson collection: design and production materials for artist's books, 1985-2008 Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Lone Mountain College collection of stereographs [graphic] / by Eadweard Muybridge. UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf Stereographs from the Eadweard Muybridge Pacific Coast series, ca. 1867-1870s California Historical Society, North Baker Library
creatorOf Stereographs of Farallone Islands, Geyser Springs, Mariposa Grove of Mammoth Trees, and other California views., ca. 1867-1870s California Historical Society, North Baker Library
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Eadweard J. Muybridge photograph collection, 1868-1869. [graphic]. Alaska State Library
creatorOf Stereographs from the Helios Pacific Coast series, ca. 1867-1870s California Historical Society, North Baker Library
creatorOf Stereographs of San Francisco, California, ca. 1867-1870s California Historical Society, North Baker Library
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Archives. Record Group IIi, 1897 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Stereographs from the Eadweard Muybridge Pacific Coast series [graphic] / Muybridge. California historical society
creatorOf Stereographs of the Central Pacific Railroad, ca. 1872 California Historical Society, North Baker Library
referencedIn Glass, Philip. [Programs] New York Public Libraries for the Performing Arts, Dance Collection
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Stereographs from the Helios Pacific Coast series [graphic] / Helios. California historical society
creatorOf Eadweard Muybridge photograph collection, 1868-1929 Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Bell, Geoffrey, 1909-. Geoffrey Bell papers, 1950-1989 (bulk 1964-1989). UC Berkeley Libraries
creatorOf William Pepper papers on Eadweard Muybridge Archives of American Art
referencedIn Glass, Philip. [Programs] New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology photographic archives, 1845-1985 (inclusive). Harvard University, Tozzer Library
referencedIn Hobson, Charles, 1943-. Charles Hobson collection : design and production materials for artists' books, 1985-2008. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
referencedIn Geoffrey Bell papers, 1953-1989, bulk 1964-1989 Bancroft Library
referencedIn Stillman, J. D. B. (Jacob Davis Babcock), 1819-1888. Jacob Davis Babcock Stillman papers, 1849-1898. California historical society
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Eadweard Muybridge photograph collection, 1868-1929. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Collection, 1870-1981. University of Pennsylvania, Archives & Records Center
creatorOf Valley of the Yosemite, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and Mariposa Grove of Mammoth Trees by Eadweard Muybridge, 1872 Bancroft Library
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904. Artist file : miscellaneous uncataloged material. Museum of Modern Art (MOMA)
creatorOf Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904,. Occident. Owned by Leland Stanford. Driven by Jas. Tennant [graphic]. Library of Congress
creatorOf American Humane Education Society. Trade catalogs of veterinary and pet supplies 1887-1920. University of California, Santa Barbara, UCSB Library
creatorOf University of Pennsylvania papers relating to Eadweard Muybridge's studies on animal locomotion Archives of American Art
creatorOf Clark, George T., 1862-1940. George T. Clark papers, 1862-1935. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Oral history interview with Sol LeWitt Archives of American Art
Relation Name
associatedWith American Philosophical Society. corporateBody
associatedWith Bell, Geoffrey, 1909- person
associatedWith Bickmore, Albert S. (Albert Smith), 1839-1914. person
associatedWith Bradley & Rulofson. person
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associatedWith Brinton, George, 1868-1890. person
associatedWith Buena Vista Winery and Vineyards (Sonoma County, Calif.) corporateBody
associatedWith California Heritage Project. corporateBody
associatedWith California Street Cable Railroad Co. (San Francisco, Calif.) corporateBody
associatedWith Camp, Charles Lewis, 1893-1975. person
associatedWith Central Pacific Railroad Company corporateBody
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associatedWith Clark, George C. person
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associatedWith Fels, Thomas Weston person
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associatedWith Gummey, Frank Bird, 1867-1955. person
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associatedWith Jordan, David Starr, 1851-1931. person
associatedWith Latta, Thomas Love, 1865-1961. person
associatedWith Leigh, Janet Pendegast. person
associatedWith LeWitt, Sol, 1928-2007 person
associatedWith Liebert, Herman W., person
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associatedWith Woodward's Gardens (San Francisco, Calif.) corporateBody
Place Name Admin Code Country
California
United States
Yosemite National Park (Calif.)
Farallon Islands (Calif.)
Geysers, The (Calif.)
Mariposa Grove (Calif.)
San Francisco Bay (Calif.)
California--Belmont
California
Pescadero (Calif.)
Farallon Islands (Calif.)
Panama
Calaveras Big Trees State Park (Calif.)
California--Sacramento
Alcatraz Island (Calif.)
California
Alaska
Yosemite Valley (Calif.)
San Francisco (Calif.)
Mammoth Tree Grove (Calif.)
Santa Cruz (Calif.)
Alcatraz Island (Calif.)
Victoria (B.C.)
California
Alcatraz Island (Calif.)
California--San Francisco
Año Nuevo Island (Calif.)
Mammoth Tree Grove (Calif.)
Marin County (Calif.)
Farallon Islands (Calif.)
Los Angeles (Calif.)
Utah--Corinne
Mariposa Grove (Calif.)
Geysers, The (Calif.)
Mendocino, Cape (Calif.)
California
California--Alcatraz Island
West (U.S.)
San Francisco Bay (Calif.)
Tahoe, Lake (Calif. and Nev.)
Pescadero (Calif.)
San Francisco (Calif.)
Atherton (Calif.)
Sitka (Alaska)
California--Sonoma County
Woodward's Gardens (San Francisco, Calif.)
Wrangell (Alaska)
Nanaimo (B.C.)
Farallon Islands (Calif.)
Alaska, Southeast
Tahoe, Lake (Calif. and Nev.)
Pennsylvania
Vancouver Island (B.C.)
Pennsylvania--Philadelphia
California--San Francisco
Farallon Islands (Calif.)
Point Reyes Peninsula (Calif.)
California--Oakland
San Francisco (Calif.)
Santa Cruz (Calif.)
Año Nuevo Island (Calif.)
Belmont (Calif.)
Yosemite Valley (Calif.)
San Francisco (Calif.)
Guatemala
Pennsylvania--Philadelphia
Tule Lake (Calif.)
California--San Francisco
California--San Francisco
Siskiyou County (Calif.)
California
Atherton (Calif.)
Yosemite Valley (Calif.)
Belmont (Calif.)
Point Reyes Peninsula (Calif.)
Belmont (Calif.)
California--Santa Cruz
San Francisco (Calif.)
Marin County (Calif.)
Mendocino, Cape (Calif.)
Subject
Animal locomotion
Animal locomotion
Architecture
Business enterprises
Business enterprises
Cable cars (Streetcars)
Carriages and carts
Carriages and carts
Dwellings
Earthquakes
Earthquakes
Formations (Geology)
Gardens
Geysers
Giant sequoia
Harness racing
Historic buildings
Hotels
Human locomotion
Indian scouts
Japanese
Japanese
Lava
Lighthouses
Lighthouses
Lumber trade
Lumber trade
Modoc Indians
Modoc Indians
Modoc Indians
Motion pictures
Palo Alto Stock Farm (Calif.)
Photograph collections
Photographers
Photographs
Photography
Photography
Photography
Railroads
Railroads
Railroads
Railroads, Cable
Railroad tunnels
Railroad tunnels
Seashore
Seashore
Shoshoni Indians
Shoshoni Indians
Spanish mission buildings
Stanford residences
Stanford residences
Streets
Streets
Streets
Occupation
Photographers
Activity

Person

Birth 1830-04-09

Death 1904-05-08

Britons

English

Information

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