Catholic Church. Secretariatus Status
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Biographical History
Enea Sbarretti was born in Spoleto on January 27, 1808, and died in Rome on May 1, 1884. He was a renowned scholar in ecclesiastical law. He became a cardinal on March 12, 1877; he was prefect of the congregations Economica and Propaganda Fide, and president of the Camera degli Spogli.
Luigi Ruffo Scilla was born in Palermo on April 16, 1840, and died on May 29, 1895. He became a cardinal on December 14, 1891.
Tommaso Ciampi served as archivist for the office of the Secretary of State.
Pietro De Silvestri was born in Rovigo on February 13, 1805, and died in Rome on November 19, 1875. He became a cardinal on March 15, 1858. De Silvestri was a member of the following congregations: Visita Apostolica, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, Disciplina Regolare, and Fabbrica. He was protector of the Universit ̉dei Periti Patenti Rigattieri, Archconfraternities of SS. Angeli Custodi, S. Francesco di Paola alla Suburra, S. Michele Arcangelo ai Corridori, and S. Pietro erected in the Chiesa di San Antonio Abate in Udina. Other protectorates included: Romana Curia in S. Lucia della Tinta, Gesu Nazareno in S. Elena ai Cesarini, Congregazione degli Illirici in S. Girolamo, Orfanotrofio Guglielmi in Terni, Monasteries of SSma Incarnazione del Divin Verbo in Rome, SSmo. Bambino Gesu in Palestrina, and Opere Pie Barberini. (Gerarchia Cattolica, 1875)
Luigi Oreglia di S. Stefano was born in Bene Vagienna on July 9, 1828, and died on December 7, 1913. In 1866 he was named apostolic nuncio to Belgium. He became apostolic nuncio to Portugal in 1868. In 1873 Oreglia di S. Stefano became a cardinal. He was then bishop of the suburbicaria of Palestrina and later of Porto e S. Rufina. In 1896 he became a dean in the College of Cardinals and took the see of Ostia and Velletri. He was prefect of the congregations of Indulgenze and Reliquie and the Cerimoniale. He also served as camerlengo of the Camera and arcicancelliere of the University of Rome. He was a member of the following congregations: Concistoriale, Bishops and Regulars, Propaganda Fide, Orientale, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Studi.
The need of the sovereign pontiff for more frequent, prompt, and secret correspondence gave rise to new offices outside the Apostolic Chancery. Among these, in the time of Martin V (1417-1431), were the Camera Secreta, including a number of secretaries, and the Secretaria Apostolica for official correspondence in Latin.
For a time there was no limit to the number of these secretaries a pope could appoint. However, Callistus III (constitution Decet Romanum Pontificem, May 7, 1456) restricted the number to six. As a result they came to be called secretarii numerarii. Sixtus IV (1471-1484) called the chief of these Episcopus ac Superior Officio Secretariatus. Innocent VIII (constitution Non debet reprehensibile, Dec. 31, 1487) defined the functions of the Secretaria Apostolica and extended the number of secretaries to twenty-four, one of whom was known as the secretarius domesticus, because he lived in the pope's residence. To the Secretaria Apostolica can be traced the Chancery of Briefs, the Secretariat of Briefs to Princes and the Secretariat of Latin Letters.
The office of secretarius intimus (private secretary) was entrusted by Leo X (1513-1521) to Pietro Ardighello, an assistant to Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (the future Clement VII [1523-1534] and a cousin of Leo X), who took over the direction of foreign affairs dealing with all correspondence in the vernacular, especially with the apostolic nuncios who were entrusted by that time with diplomatic missions of a permanent character. The correspondence was carried on in the name but no longer under the signature of the pope. So began what has evolved into the modern Secretariat of State.
The office was subsequently directed by the cardinal nephew acting in his capacity as the prime minister of the pope, and thus gradually developed as an office of considerable power and influence, especially during the period of the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
The secretarius intimus, who was also known as the secretary of the pope, or major secretary (secretarius papae/maior) was nearly always invested with episcopal rank. In order to ensure for themselves a greater freedom of action and protection from the pressure of the other cardinals, the popes began to entrust their secretarial work to a prelate chosen from among their own relations and known as the cardinalis-nepos (cardinal nephew). Only at the beginning of the pontificate of Innocent X (1644) was this high office entrusted to a person already a cardinal and not a member of the family of the pope. The appointment of Giangiacomo Panciroli to this office (perhaps the first time the title secretary of state was used on official stationery) together with the later suppression of the Collegio dei Segreteri Apostolici by Innocent XI (constitution Romanus Pontifex, Apr. 1, 1678) were the first signs of the organization of the Secretariat of State in the modern sense of the term.
Later, Innocent XII (constitution Romanum decet Pontificem, Jun. 22, 1692) ordered the complete abolition of nepotism and the consequent elimination of the office of cardinal nephew, which had been extended to include the general superintendence of the Papal States. As a result of this action the office of the Secretariat of State became a reality with a cardinal at the head with the affirmed title of secretary of state. This office would centralize the direction of all political affairs, both internal and external, of the Holy See.
The direction assumed by the Secretariat of State by the end of the seventeenth century was maintained unchanged throughout the eighteenth and remained substantially the same even after the restoration of the Papal States in 1814. However, some restructuring occurred as when (Aug. 3, 1814) Carlo Mauri was named sostituto and absorbed, along with his other responsibilities, the tasks of the segretario della cifra. Pius IX later (1847) established the segretario della cifra.
Gregory XVI, finding it a burden for one secretary to handle both internal and external affairs, directed a chirograph (Feb. 20, 1833) to the cardinal secretary of state instituting a Segreteria per gli Affari di Stato Interni. The new secretariat was defined as "the organ of communication for the various ministers and dicasteries of the State of all the orders relative to internal affairs." This change was of short duration. Pius IX (Aug. 1, 1846) suppressed the new office and, though retaining the two divisions of the secretariat, reunited the two offices once again under one person. Pius IX's motu proprio of December 29, 1847 named the cardinal secretary of state president of the Consiglio dei Ministri and ministro degli affari esteri. This last task was relinquished when the Ministero degli Affari Esteri was transferred to lay hands.
With the loss of the territories of the Papal States and the concurrent curtailment of the temporal power of the pope in 1870, the power and range of activities of the office of the Secretariat of State inevitably declined. The office adjusted itself quickly to the change of direction, but was not freed from some confusion until Pius X gave it a new form.
Pius X (constitution Sapienti consilio, Jun. 29, 1908) divided the Secretariat of State into three sections. This form was incorporated into the 1917 Code of Canon Law (canon 263). The three sections were: (1) extraordinary ecclesiastical affairs, presided over by the secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, who handled questions related to civil laws and concordats concluded between the Holy See and civil governments; (2) ordinary affairs under the direction of the sostituto (substitute) who directed correspondence with the nuncios and legates, prepared the nomination of members of the Roman Curia approved by the pope, replied to messages of loyalty and congratulation sent to the pope; expedited the bestowal of pontifical honors and distinctions on clerics and lay persons, had the custody and use of the cipher reserved for secret messages, and handled the appointments to the papal diplomatic corps; and (3) dispatches, documents, or briefs related to the business of the Secretariat of State, under the direction of the chancellor for apostolic briefs, who compiled and transcribed the final drafts of papal briefs. The document stipulated that the cardinal secretary of state be the "supreme moderator" of the Secretariat of State, namely, of the three sections.
Formerly the cardinal secretary of state was only a member of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, leaving the senior cardinal present with more weight in the discussions than the secretary. In July 1925 Pius XI changed this. In a letter to Cardinal Pietro Gasparri he gave the cardinal secretary of state the title of prefect of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.
Pius XII initiated a still broader development of the Secretariat of State, but dispensed altogether with a cardinal secretary of state during the last fourteen years of his pontificate (1944-1958), serving as his own secretary of state and leaving the heads of the first two of the three sections of the secretariat jointly in charge. John XXIII (motu proprio Boni Pastoris, Feb. 22, 1959) ordered that the Pontifical Commission for Motion Pictures, Radio, and Television be joined to the Secretariat of State as an office of the Holy See.
Paul VI (motu proprio In fructibus, Apr. 2, 1964) extended the scope of the Pontifical Commission for Motion Pictures, Radio, and Television to include the press; changed its name to the Pontifical Commission for the Media of Social Communications; and defined its functions, including that of assisting the bishops in developing the pastoral use of these media. In his reorganization of the Roman Curia on August 15, 1967 (constitution Regimini Ecclesiae universae), based on the recommendations of the Roberti Commission, the Secretariat of State was assigned a coordinating role among the congregations. The pope also defined as the major role of the secretariat that of assisting the pope in his care of the universal church. The Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs was replaced by the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church to deal with civil governments, including the supervision of papal legates. The cardinal prefect of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church and the papal secretary of state were required to be the same person. The Secretariat of State and the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church were to supervise jointly the Pontifical Commission for the Media of Social Communications.
Quo aptius (motu proprio, Feb. 27, 1973) dissolved the Apostolic Chancery as a separate curial department and transferred its functions to the Secretariat of State's third section under the direction of the Chancery of Apostolic Letters. The Secretariat exercises supervision over the government of the Vatican City State and the publication of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis and the Annuario Pontificio (official yearbook). The General Statistics Office for the Church is also subordinate to it. It has the power to grant diplomatic and service passports issued under the name of the cardinal secretary of state, and identification cards for all the officers of the Curia.
Pope John Paul II in the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus (Jun. 28, 1988) ordered modifications of the Curia based on the broad outline of Paul VI's reorganization. The Secretariat of State now has two sections: (1) General Affairs, which assists the pope in expediting the daily business of the Holy See; coordinates curial operations; prepares drafts of documents entrusted to it by the pope; has supervisory duties over the Acta Apostolicae Sedis and the Annuario Pontificio, the Vatican Press Office, and the Central Statistics Office; and (2) Relations with States (formerly the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church, a separate body), which handles diplomatic and other relations with civil governments. The Pontifical Commission for Russia is also attached to the secretariat. A special group of fifteen cardinals offers advice to the Secretariat of State on financial matters related to the Vatican. The cardinal secretary of state is one of the palatine cardinals.
The Congregatio pro Negotiis Ecclesiasticis Extraordinariis has been associated with the Secretariat of State. See the agency history for that congregation for more information.
The records of the Secretariat of State constitute the largest section of the ASV. Taken as a whole the records amount to 4,900 linear meters.
To see a general agency history for theCuria romana, enter "FIN ID VATV214-A"
Francesco Nardi was born in Vazzola-Ceneda June 18, 1808.
Enrico Gasparri was born in Ussita on July 25, 1871, and died on May 20, 1946. He was apostolic delegate to Chile, bishop of Velletri, subdean of the College of Cardinals, and prefect of the Signatura Apostolica. He became a cardinal on December 14, 1925.
Giuseppe Bofondi was born on October 24, 1795, in Forli. He was a distinguished student in the field of jurisprudence and served as uditore of the S. Rota between 1820 and 1842. At that point, he was appointed decano of the Rota, a post that he held until 1847. Bofondi became a cardinal on December 21, 1846, the same year in which he became pro-legato straordinario of Ravenna. In 1848 he moved to a post in the offices of the secretary of state. Bofondi was protector of the Collegio Capranica and an apostolic visitor of the hospitals S. Lucia and Brefotrofio in Narni. (Enciclopedia Cattolica and Moroni, Dizionario).
Very little information is available for Angelo Giansanti. The inventory to the Spolgi notes only the following: "Avvocato consistoriale del fisco e della Camera."
Giovanni Janni worked in the office of Uditore di Sua Santità during the pontificates of Gregory XVI and Pius IX.
Tommaso Bernetti was born in Fermo on December 29, 1779, and died there on March 21, 1852. Bernetti, a nephew of Cardinal Brancadoro, served the papacy from the early days of his ecclesiastical career. On June 27, 1827, he became a cardinal and was soon after nominated as legate to Ravenna. Due to ill health, however, he returned to Rome and in 1828, he began to work in the offices of the secretary of state. He was elevated to the dignity of vice-chancellor of the church in 1844. (Enciclopedia Cattolica, II)
Giuseppe Cardoni was born on February 28, 1802, in Balangero (Torino). He was bishop of Loreto and Recanati, and president of the Accademia pontificia dei nobili ecclesiastici.
Enrico Sibilia was born in Anagni on March 17, 1861, and died on August 4, 1948. He was uditore of the Rota and an apostolic nuncio to Chile (1908-1914) and Austria (1922-1935). Sibilia became a cardinal on December 16, 1935, and was bishop of Sabina and Poggio Mireto.
Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevado was born in Santopadre on December 14, 1797, and died in Rome on January 13, 1867. His ecclesiastical career was diverse. He served as avvocato concistoriale, apostolic delegate to Perugia and Spoleto (1832-1835), pro-legato pontificio of Ferrara (1835-1836), secretary of the Consulta and uditore of the Camera (after 1836). He became a cardinal on January 22, 1844, and then bishop of Senigallia (1844-1848). (Moroni, Dizionario)
Andreas Fr¡hwirth was born in S. Anna (Styria) on August 21, 1845, and died in Rome on February 9, 1933. He served as nuncio to Bavaria. In 1915 he became cardinal. He served as penitenziere maggiore and cancelliere of the Camera.
Girolamo Feliciangeli was secretary of the nunciature to Munich, Bavaria.
Charles Januarius Acton was born in Naples on March 6, 1803 and died there on June 23, 1847. He became a cardinal on February 18, 1839. Acton served as a member of the following congregations: Visita Apostolica, Concistoriale, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, Immunita, Propaganda Fide, Indice, Riti, Disciplina Regolare, Indulgenze e Sacre Reliquie, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, Speciale per la riedificazione della Basilica di S. Paolo. He was a protector of the Nobile Accademia Ecclesiastica, Ordine dei Minori Cappuccini, Monaci Benedettini Cassinesi, PP. della Penitenza in S. Maria delle Grazie a Porta Angelica, Ordine Premonstratense, Monastero di S. Susanna alle Terme Diocleziane, Collegio Inglese, SS. Bartolomeo ed Alessandro della Nazione Bergamasca, Arciconfraternite del SS. Sacramento in S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Madonna del Buon Consiglio, SS. Celso e Giuliano in S. Maria del Soccorso, Madonna del Carmine alle tre Cannelle, Confraternita del Gonfalone e del SSmo. Rosario unite nella Chiesa di S. Maria in Monticelli, SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio alla Regola, Comune di Genazzano, Compagnia del Buon Consiglio in Urbania, Confraternita delle Sacre Stimmate eretta in Velletri.
Michele Di Pietro, cardinal, was born in Albano on January 18, 1747, and died in Rome on July 2, 1821. He received his doctorate at Rome, taught in the Roman College, was appointed secretary for various commissions, and with his friend Cardinal Gerdil was named to the commission charged with studying the decisions of the Synod of Pistoia. He was appointed as apostolic delegate to the governor of Rome (1798) during the imprisonment of Pius VI and was patriarch of Jerusalem (1800); in 1801 he was named a cardinal. Imprisoned by Napoleon (1811) he was freed for the negotiations at Fontainbleau and was one of those who advised Pius VII to revoke the pseudo-agreements of the concordat. On his return to Rome he became bishop of Albano (1820). He was prefect of the Indice, the penitenziere maggiore, and a member of various congregations. (Moroni, Dizionario; Enciclopedia Cattolica, v. IV, 1683).
Raphael Merry del Val was born in London on October 10, 1865, and died in Rome on February 26, 1930. He was president of the Pontificia Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Merry del Val became a cardinal and was nominated secretary of state by Pius X on November 9, 1904. Later, he also became secretary of the Holy Office.
: Johannes Baptist Franzelin was born in Altino on April 15, 1816, and died in Rome on February 11, 1886. He became a Jesuit priest and a celebrated theologian. Franzelin became a cardinal on April 3, 1876.
No information could be found for Eugenio Giordani.
Luigi Ciani served as archivist for the office of the Secretary of State.
Lorenzo Simonetti was born in Rome and died there on January 9, 1855. He was successively secretary of the Congregazione degli Studi and assessor of the Inquisizione. He became a cardinal on November 24, 1845, and became segretario dei memoriali.
Giovanni Rusconi was vice-president of the Consulta di Stato per la Finanza during the pontificate of Pius IX. He also served in the Camera and was in commenda to the Abbey of SS. Gregorio e Siro in Bologna. Rusconi also served as apostolic delegate to Ancona.
Teodolfo Mertel was born in Allumiere on February 6, 1806, and died on July 9, 1899. He received a degree in law in Rome and served as uditore of the Rota and later as president of the Tribunale Civile di Roma (1843). In 1848 Mertel became secretary of the Commissione Cardinalizia di Redigere lo Statuto di Pio IX. After the return of Pius IX from Gaeta, Mertel served in the ministry of Grazia e Giustizia and then in the Ministero dell'Interno. In February 1858 he was created cardinal deacon. Pius IX named Mertel vice-cancelliere and executor of his will. Mertel was also involved in the preparations for the revisions of canon law in 1917. He was a member of the following congregations: Concilio, Propaganda Fide, Vescovi e Regolari, Censo, Visita Apostolica, and Fabbrica; and he was president of the Consiglio di Stato. He was a protector of many religious institutes.
Girolamo Petri was minutante of the Secretary of State during the pontificate of Pius IX.
Massimo Massimi was born in Rome April 10, 1877 and died March 6, 1954. He served as prelate and dean of the Rota. Massimi became a cardinal December 16, 1939. He was prefect of the Segnatura.
Luigi Misciatelli was vice-prefect of the Sacri Palazzi Apostolici during the pontificate of Benedict XV.
Lorenzo Nina was born in Recanti on May 12, 1812, and died on July 25, 1885. He was created cardinal on March 12, 1877. He was secretary of state for Leo XIII and then served as prefect of the Concilio. He was a member of the following congregations: Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, Propaganda Fide, Orientale, and the Inquisizione.
Giorgio Lana was a captain in the Genio, "con mansione direttive."
Carlo Cremonesi was born on November 4, 1866, and died in Vatican City on November 25, 1943. He became a cardinal in 1935 and was president of the Amministrazione per le Opera di Religione.
Camillo Caccia Dominioni was born on February 7, 1877, in Milan and died in Rome on November 22, 1946. He was ordained September 23, 1899, and became a cardinal on December 16, 1935.
Carlo Sacconi was born in Montalto on May 9, 1808, and died on February 25, 1889. He was apostolic nuncio in Paris, prodatario, and prefect of the Congregazione Cerimoniale. He became a cardinal on September 27, 1861, and was bishop of Ostia and Velletri.
Andrea Aiuti was born on June 17, 1849, in Rome. He completed his studies at the Seminary of St. Apollinare. His posts included aggiunto in the Congregazione del Concilio, secretary of the internunciature and charge d'affaires in Rio de Janeiro, and apostolic delegate in India. He was elevated to archbishop in 1887. In 1891 he was recalled to Rome to work in the Propaganda Fide. After a short stay Aiuti was appointed apostolic nuncio to Munich in 1893 and then to Lisbon in 1896. He was made a cardinal on June 22, 1903. He died in Rome on April 28, 1905. He was a member of the following congregations: Concilio, Cerimoniale, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Lauretana. Aiuti was also a member of the Commissione Cardinalizia per l'esame dei visitatori apostolici in Italia and protector of the Confraternita del Sacramento a S. Lorenzo in Lucina and the Societa di Mutuo Soccorso San Gioacchino.
Giulio Maria Della Somaglio was born on July 29, 1744, in Piacenza of a noble Italian family and died on April 2, 1830. In 1774 he became secretary of the Congregation of Indulgences and Relics and in 1784 of the Congregation of Rites. He was named a cardinal in June 1795, and during the French occupation of Rome he was imprisoned. He attended the conclave at Venice (1800). He was one of thirteen cardinals, out of twenty-seven invited, who refused to attend the marriage of Napoleon I and Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. As a result he and other cardinals were deprived of their benefices and exiled. After Napoleon's abdication, Della Somaglia governed Rome until the return of Pius VII in June of 1815. He was bishop of Frascati (1814), secretary of the Holy Office (1814), bishop of Ostia and Velletri (1820), dean of the College of Cardinals, and vice cancelliere and sommista of the Camera. Leo XII appointed him secretary of state in 1823, a position he held until 1828.
Fabio Maria Asquini was born in Fagagna on August 14, 1802, and died in Rome in December 1878. He became a cardinal on January 22, 1844. His ecclesiastical career spanned many decades and included posts in the following congregations: S. Romana ed Universale Inquisizione, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, speciale per la revisione dei Concili provinciali, Ceremoniale, Fabbrica, Speciale per la Riedificazione della Basilica di S. Paolo, Indulgenze e Reliquie, Immunita, and the Cong. dei Brevi. He was protector of the Congregazione Benedettina di Monte Vergine, dell'Instituto delle Figlie della Carita dette Cannosiane, del Monastero de S. Caterina de'Funari, del'arciconfraternita dei SS. Bartolomeo ed Alessandro della Nazione Bergamasca, della Confraternita del SSmo Sagramento in Fagagna, and dell'Accademia Teologica nell'Universita Romana.
Frederic de Merode was born in Brussels on March 20, 1820, and died in Rome on July 10, 1874. After serving in the Belgian military he became a priest and transferred to Rome as a military chaplain for the papal military. He was cameriere segreto partecipante e ministero delle Armi from 1860 to 1865. On October 6, 1865, he was nominated elemosiniere pontificio. (Enciclopedia Cattolica, v. VIII, 734.)
Luigi Amat di San Filipo e Sorso was born on June 20, 1796, in Cagliari, and died in Rome on March 30, 1878. He was protected by Cardinal Consalvi and was part of the nunziatures in Naples (1826) and Madrid (1833-1835). Amat di San Filippo became a cardinal in 1837. He also served as bishop of Palestrina (1852), bishop of Porto e S. Ruffino (1870), and Ostia and Velletri (1877).
Giulio Tonti was born in Rome on December 9, 1844, and died on December 11, 1918. He became a cardinal on December 6, 1915, and was prefect of the Congregazione dei Religiosi.
Vincenzo Macchi was born at Capodimonte in the diocese of Montefiascone on August 31, 1770, and died on September 30, 1860, in Rome. He was assigned to the nunciature for Lisbon when the French invaded Portugal in 1808, but Macchi, following the court, left for Brazil. Between 1808 and 1817 Macchi was internuncio and apostolic delegate in Portugal. In 1818 he was appointed nuncio to Switzerland and in 1819 transferred to Paris where he remained until 1827. He was named a cardinal in 1826. When he returned from France he assumed the tasks of legate to Ravenna (1828-1830), president of the Congregation for the Revision of Accounts and Public Administration (1832-1835), prefect of the Congregation of the Council, the signatura, Dataria, and the Segreterio dei Brevi; and many other positions within the Roman Curia. From 1830 to 1840, with some interruptions, he was commissario straordinario and legate to Bologna.
Pius IX (1846-1878) in the first years of his pontificate named Vincenzo a member of a commission to examine certain affairs of state. On the death of Cardinal Micara (1847) he was made bishop of Ostia and Velletri and dean of the College of Cardinals. He interested himself in the restoration of a famous castle, restored the cathedral, and made other improvements in his diocese. His sepulchre is at the church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo.
Luigi Frezza was born in Civita Lavinia on May 27, 1783, and died in Rome on October 15, 1837. He became a cardinal on June 23, 1834. Frezza was consultore della Propaganda Fide, secretary of the Consistory and of the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. He was a member of the Indice. (Annuario Pontificio, 1837)
Lorenzo Litta was born in Milan on February 23, 1756, and died in Sabina on May 1, 1820. He studied at the Collegio Clementino in Rome and was ordained in 1789. On June 23, 1793, he was posted to the apostolic nunciature in Poland. From there, he served as extraordinary ambassador to St. Petersburg. He became a cardinal in 1801 and was sent to France. He returned to Rome in 1809 and became cardinal-bishop of Sabina and prefect of the Propaganda Fide. (Enciclopedia Cattolica)
Litta was also prefect of other congregations including Residenza de'Vescovi, Correzione de' Libri della Chiesa Orientale, Spirituale del Collegio, and Stamperia di Propaganda Fide. In addition, he was a member of the following congregations: Offizio, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, Immunita, Propaganda, Cina e Indie Orientali, Riti, Esame de Vescovi, Consulta, Acque, Economica, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Studi. (Notizie,1819)
Litta was protector of the following organizations: PP. Chierici Regolari delle Scuole Pie, Collegio Nazareno, Congregazione de' PP. Filippini di Norcia, Congregazione Basiliana di S. Giovanni in Soairode' Greci Melchiti, Monaci Armeni in S. Gregorio Illuminatore, Maestre Pie, religiosi non Claustrali, Compagnia di S. Orsola (Tours), Ordine di S. Giorgio di Dio (Benefratelli), la Sapienza, the Nobile Accademia Ecclesiastica, Arciconfraternit ̉di S. Maria del Gonfalone, SS. Nome di Maria, S. Trifone, Capitolo della insigne Collegiata Parrochiale, chiesa di S. Paolo Naufrago (Valetta), Gozo (Malta), Civitavecchia, the Confraternita dell'Adorazione perpetua del SS. Sagramento di Posi, the city of Norcia, the terre di Monticelli, Palombara e Monte Rotondo, and the Veneranda Arciconfraternita della Dottrina Cristiana in S. Maria del Pianto. He was protector of the following monasteries: Camaldolesi, Passioniste di Corneto, S. Francesco di Paola alla Suburra, and the church and monastery of S. Caterina de Funari; and these conservatories: S. Croce (la Scalette), S. Pasquale, and the Assunta. (Notizie, 1819)
Roberto Roberti was born in San Giusto on December 23, 1788, and died in Rome on November 6, 1867. He was apostolic delegate to Perugia, sostituto for the Segreteria di Stato per gli Affari Interni, and uditore generale of the Camera. He became a cardinal on September 30, 1850. He was segreterio dei memoriali.
Antonino De Luca was born in Bronte on October 28, 1805, and died in Rome on December 28, 1883. He became a cardinal March 16, 1863. His major posts included bishop of Palestrina and Aversa, nuncio for Baveria (1854-1856), nuncio for Vienna (1856-1863), vice-cancelliere of the Camera (1878-1883), sommista delle Lettere Apostoliche (1878-1883), commendatario di San Lorenzo in Damaso (1878-1883), and prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi (1879-1883) and of the Indice (1867-1877). He was a member of the following congregations: Inquisizione, Vescovi e Regolari, Propaganda Fide, Rito Orientali, Indice, Cerimoniale, Disciplina Regolare, and Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. De Luca was a protector of the Ordine del Minore Conventuali, Congregazione di S. Suplizio di Francia, Istituto Nazionale Teutonico in S. Maria dell'Anima, Congr. delle Suore di Nostra Signora di Nazaret, Figlie del S. Cuore di Maria di Francia, Istituto Bavarese delle povere Suore delle Scuole di Nostra Signora, Religiose Spedaliere, Fate-bene sorelle di Milano, Sovrano Militare Ordine Gerosolimitano, Pontificia Accademia de'Nobili Ecclesiastici, Arciconfraternita del Gonfalone in S. Lucia, Confraternita del SSmo. Rosario eretta in S. Pietro di Poli, Pia Societa di S. Cecilia in Germania, and the Comune di Palombara. (Gerarchia Cattolica, 1883)
Domenico Bartolini was born May 16, 1813 in Rome and died in Florence October 2, 1887. He was a biographer and author of historical works.
Carlo di Conti Belgrado was born on May 2, 1809, and became a bishop on September 28, 1855. Between 1845 and 1847, he served as apostolic delegate in Perugia. Conti Belgrado then served as bishop of Ascoli from 1855 to 1860.
Gabriele Ferretti was born on January 31, 1795, in Ancona and died in Rome on September 31, 1860. He became a cardinal on November 30, 1838. He was bishop of Sabina and perpetual abate of S. Maria in Farfa. Ferretti also served as commendario dei SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio alle Tre Fontane, gran priore commendatario in Roma del Sacro Ordine Militare Gerosolimitano, penitenziere maggiore, and apostolic visitor of Luoghi pii dei Catecumeni.
Luigi Lambruschini was born on May 16, 1776, in Sestri Levante and died in Rome on May 12, 1854. He was a Barnabite and served as an examiner of bishops, consultor to the Inquisizione, and secretary for the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. In 1819 he became bishop of Genoa, then nuncio to Paris (1827-1831). In 1831 he became a cardinal. Lambruschini was prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi, Segretario dei Brevi, bibliotecario of the S.R. Chiesa, bishop suburbicario di Porto e S. Rufino and of Civitavecchia, and a subdean of the College of Cardinals.
Clement Villecourt was born in Lyons, France, on October 9, 1787, and died in Rome in 1867. He was bishop of La Rochelle (1836-1855). He became a cardinal on December 17, 1855. He was a member of the following congregations: Bishops and Regulars, the Council, the Index, and Rites. He also was a protector of various religious societies. (Moroni, Dizionario and Notizie).
Giovanni Rufini was consultant to the office of the secretary of state.
Carenzi was minutante of the office of the secretary of state.
Giuseppe Marozzo was apostolic nuncio to the court of Florence (1802-1804).
Egidio Lari was born in Borgo a Buggiano March 8, 1882 and died in Rome November 17, 1965. He was apostolic delegate in Persia (1931-1936), and nuncio to Bolovia (1939-1944).
Francesco De Medici was born in Naples on November 8, 1808, and died in Rome on October 11, 1857. He became cardinal deacon on June 16, 1856, and was Maggiordomo di Sua Santita.
This collection likely relates to Monsignor George Talbot, the younger son of Lord Talbot. He was received into the church in 1847, and later ordained by (then) Bishop Wiseman. Talbot's position in the Vatican was unique. He was not only chamberlain to Pius IX but a close friend and his constant attendant. This gave Talbot unusual influence in Rome which was considered by many to be unwarranted. Talbot also remained a close friend of Cardinal Manning. In 1869 Talbot was removed from the Vatican to an asylum where he died in 1886.
Domenico Jorio was born in S. Stefano on October 7, 1867, and died in Rome on October 21, 1954. He served in the Datary, presiding over the sezione matrimoniale. He became a cardinal on December 16, 1935, and was prefect of the Congregazione per la Disciplina Regolari, and a member of the following congregations: de Propaganda Fide, Orientale, Concilio, Uffizio, Seminari e Universita, and the Signatura Apostolica.
Lorenzo Randi was born in Bagnacavallo on July 18, 1818, and died in Rome on December 20, 1887. He entered the prelature and was commissario straordinario and apostolic delegate in the Marche. Randi also served as vice-camerlengo, governor of Rome, and director general of the police. He became a cardinal on March 15, 1875.
Nicola Riganti was an official in the Consulta at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Cosimo Corsi was born in Florence in 1798 and served as uditore and then dean of the Rota until 1841.
Gaetano Bedini was born in Senigallia on May 15, 1806, and died in Viterbo on September 6, 1864. He served as the commissario pontificio straordinario di Bologna from 1849 to 1851. After that post, Bedini became the apostolic nuncio in Brazil, secretary of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (1854-1861), and archbishop of Viterbo and bishop of Toscanella. He became a cardinal on September 27, 1861.
Francesco Marmaggi was born in Rome August 31, 1876 and died there November 3, 1946. He became a cardinal December 16, 1935. Marmaggi served as prefect of the Concilio.
Francesco Gaude was born in Cambiano April 5, 1809, and died in Rome on December 14, 1860. He was a member of the Dominican order and became cardinal on December 17, 1855.
Pietro Marini was born in Rome on October 5, 1794 and died there on August 9, 1863. He distinguished himself in the field of jurisprudence where he soon became prelate uditore of the Rota. He became a cardinal deacon on December 21, 1846, and was legate to Forli. Marini also served as prefect of the Signatura and was a member of other tribunals, both civil and ecclesiastical. He was a member of the following congregations: Censo, Studi, Indice, Indulgenze, Reliquie, Visita Apostolica, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, Propaganda, and Chiesa Orientali.
Ignazio Nasalli was born on October 7, 1750, in Parma and died on December 2, 1831. He was apostolic nuncio to the Netherlands and Switzerland. (De Marchi)
Ercole Consalvi was born in Rome on June 8, 1757, and died in Anzio on January 24, 1824. Consalvi came from a noble family of Toscanella. His ancestors belonged to the noble line of the Brunacci in Pisa but one of them settled in Toscanella in the seventeenth century. The grandfather of Ercole, Gregorio Brunacci, inherited a large fortune on condition of taking the name and arms of the Consalvi family. In this way Gregorio Brunacci became Marchese Gregorio Consalvi with residence in Rome.
From 1771 until 1776 Consalvi attended the seminary in Frascati where he won the admiration and protection of Henry Stuart, duke of York, who was the cardinal bishop of Frascati. While in Frascati, he served successively as ponente al Buon Governo, volante di Segnatura, assessore della Segreteria di Stato, and uditore di Rota. Returning to Rome he entered the Accademia Ecclesiastica and on May 20, 1800, became a cardinal deacon but was never ordained a priest. He quickly moved into a curial career.
In 1783 Pius VI named him a private chamberlain. A number of curial positions followed; in 1792 he obtained nomination as an auditor of the Rota. After the death of Pius VI (1799), the cardinals assembled in Venice for the conclave and Consalvi was chosen as secretary by an almost unanimous vote. Cardinal Chiaramonti, elected as Pius VII (1800-1823), soon appointed Consalvi as pro-secretary of state; consequently, Consalvi accompanied the pope to Rome where Consalvi was definitively appointed secretary of state.
During his first years in that office Consalvi was only moderately successful in his efforts to restore the Papal States. His main achievement was the short-lived 1801 Concordat with France which made possible the reestablishment of the church in France after the Revolution. Napoleon later managed to obtain his dismissal from office and force his retirement to Reims. Consalvi was not intimidated. On Napoleon's abdication in 1814, Consalvi was immediately reappointed as secretary of state and represented the pope at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. It was there that he secured the restoration of the Papal States, the reorganization of which occupied the last years of his life. (Moroni, Dizionario v. 17; Enciclopedia Cattolica, v. IV, p. 3945)
Achille Maria Ricci was born in Naples. In 1835 he was prelato abbreviatore and later uditore of the Camerlengo. He was apostolic delegate to Camerino, Civitavecchia, Ancona, Ravenna, and Velletri. He also served as commendatore di S. Spirito and president of the Commissione degli Ospedali di Roma.
Joseph Hergenrother was born in W¡rzburg on September 17, 1824, and died on October 3, 1890. He was a professor of history in the faculty of theology. He became a cardinal on May 12, 1879, and served as prefect of the Vatican Archives from 1879 to 1890.
Filippo Invernizzi was dean of the avvocati concistoriali and presided over various special commissions concerning judicial matters in the Papal States.
Francesco Tiberi was born in Rieti January 4, 1775 and died October 29, 1839. He became a cardinal September 30, 1831. He also served as prefect of the Segnatura di Grazia.
Carlo Zen was apostolic nuncio in Switzerland.
Campana was known in nineteenth-century Rome for his knowledge of archeology and of the ancient world.
Francesco Pentini was born in Rome on December 11, 1797, and died there on December 17, 1869. He was well versed in the law and served as referendario of the Segnatura. Pentini also had a long tenure with the Camera and held the office of ministero dell'Interno for some years both before and after the establishment of the Roman Republic in 1848. He became a cardinal on March 26, 1863.
Wlodimiro Czacki was born in Poryck, Poland, on April 16, 1834, and died in Rome on March 8, 1888. He became a cardinal on September 25, 1882, and served as secretary of the Congregazione degli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari.
Angelo Luchini was the primary sostituto commissario of the Reverenda Camera Apostolica from 1862 to 1880.
Demetrio Silvagni-Loreni was luogotenente of the Tribunale Criminale del Camerlengato, assessor of the Direzione Generale di Polizia, and a judge of the Supremo Tribunale della Consulta during the pontificates of Gregory XVI and Pius IX.
Pietro Giannelli was born in Termi on August 11, 1807, and died in Rome on November 5, 1881. He became a cardinal in 1875. He was apostolic nuncio to Naples and secretary of the Concilio. Giannelli was a member of the following congregations: Inquisizione, Vescovi e Regolari, Indulgenze e Sacre Reliquie, and Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. He was protector of the Arciconfraternita di S. Girolamo della carita, the Oblate Convittrici del SSmo. Bambino Gesu, and the Monastery of S. Giacomo alla Longara. (Gerarchia Cattolica, 1881)
Bartolomeo Pacca was born in Benevento on December 25, 1756, and died in Rome on April 19, 1844. In 1785 he was named nuncio to Cologne. He later served as nuncio to Portugal. In 1795 he became a cardinal. When the French entered Rome in 1808-1809, he accompanied Pope Pius VII to prison in France. After the fall of Napoleon, he became pro-secretary of state. Pacca served as camerlengo of the Sacra Romana Chiesa, segreterio of the Holy Office, and prefect of the Congregazione Cerimoniale and Pro-Datary.
Luigi Paolucci de Calboli was Apostolic Delegate to Forli from 1830 to 1851.
Emanuale De Gregorio was born in Naples on December 18, 1758, and died in Rome on November 7, 1839. He became a cardinal in 1816.
Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi was born on September 22, 1787, and died on July 3, 1849, in Lenola. He studied civil and canon law at the Sapienza and became a lawyer in 1819. He was uditore for the nuncio in Switzerland and in 1827 became internuncio. He was successively charge d'affaires in Turin (1829-1835), apostolic delegate to Ancona (1837-1839), internuncio to Belgium (1839-1841), and nuncio to Turin (1841-1844). Gizzi became a cardinal on July 12, 1841. He was legate to Forli between 1844 and 1846. In 1846 he became secretary of state. (Enciclopedia Cattolica, 863-864)
Antonio Antonucci was born in Subiaco on September 17, 1789. He was bishop of Ancona, charge d'affaires and vice superior of the mission in Holland. He became a cardinal on March 15, 1858, and died in Ancona on January 29, 1879.
Giulio Gabrielli was born on July 20, 1748, in Rome and died in Albano on September 16, 1822. He was a cardinal and also was abate commendatario for several communities: S. Paolo in Valdiponti in Perugia, S. Giovanni dell'Eremo di Citta della Pieve, and SS. Vito e S. Pancrazio di Todi. Gabrielli served as prodatario di Sua Santit.̉ He was a member of the following congregations: Uffizio, Concistoriale, Concilio, Residenza de'Vescovi, Propaganda, Esame de'Vescovi in Sagri Canonici, Buon Governo, and Affari Ecclesiastici. He was protector of the Augustinians, Congregazione dei Sacerdoti di S. Lucia de Ginnasi, and the following monasteries: di S. Lucia (Pieve), S. Lucia (Perugia), S. Maria in Betlam (Foligno). He was also a protector of the conservatorio delle Mendicanti, Collegio Ghislieri, Confraternit ̉di S. Caterina (Assisi), and of the cities of Assisi, Nepi, Gualdo di Nocera, Cascia, Otricoli, Toscanella, and Massa di Todi. (Notizie, 1822)
Francesco Della Volpe was born December 24, 1844 in Ravenna and died in Rome November 5, 1916. He was created a cardinal in 1899 and served as camerlengo of the Camera, arcicancelliere dell'Università Romana, and prefect of the Index.
Giuseppe Mezzofanti was born in Bologna on September 19, 1774, and died in Rome on March 12, 1849. He became a cardinal on February 12, 1838. Mezzofanti served as prefect of the Congregazione della Correzione dei Libri, the Chiesa Orientale, and Studi.
Giuseppe Ugolini was born in Macerata on January 9, 1783, and died in Rome on December 19, 1867. He served successively as apostolic delegate to Frosinone, pro-segretario di Propaganda Fide, presidente delle Armi, and giudice della Commissione Speciale Deputata per le Cause Politiche. Ugolini was nominated cardinal on February 12, 1838. He was a member of the Censo.
Vincenzo Santucci was born in Gorga on February 18, 1796, and died on August 19, 1861. He served as charge d'affaires in the nunciature for Turin, sostituto for the secretary of state, and in 1847, secretary for the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. Santucci became a cardinal on March 7, 1853, and became prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi.
Luigi Ciacchi was born on August 16, 1788, in Pesaro, and died in Rome on December 17, 1865. His ecclesiastical service included postings as prolegate for the province of Bologna and apostolic delegate in Macerata. He also led the papal police force. He became a cardinal in 1838. (Enciclopedia Cattolica)
Gennaro Granito Pignatelli de Belmonte was born in Naples on April 10, 1851, and died on February 16, 1948. He was apostolic nuncio in Belgium. He became a cardinal on November 27, 1911, and received the suburbicarian dioceses of Albano and Ostia. He was prefect of the Congregazione Cerimoniale.
The Lattanzi brothers were a diverse group. Domenico Lattanzi was a priest and canon in Rome who taught at Collegio Romano and Lorenzo was a lawyer at the ufficio di Sostituto Luogotenente Criminale del Tribunale del Vicariato di Roma.
Enrico Piccoli was under-archivist for the office of the Secretary of State during the pontificate of Pius IX (1846-1878).
Annibale Capalti was born in Rome on January 21, 1811, and died in 1877. He became a cardinal in 1868. He served as amministratore generale, abate commendatario and ordinary of SS. Vincenzo e Anastasio alle Tre Fontane, and first secretary and then prefect of the S.C. degli Studi. He was a founder of the Societa asili d'infanzia.
Giovanni Barberi held several important financial posts in the papacy including procurator general for the Camera. He is noted for helping to restore financial matters after the reestablishment of the Papal States in 1814. (Moroni, Dizionario, v. 30,p. 157; v. 53 p. 136; v. 74, p. 323; and v. 103, p. 485.
Antonio Matteucci was born in Fermo on March 15, 1802, and died on July 9, 1866. He spent many years in the Ufficio di Giudice of the Fabbrica. Matteucci became a cardinal on June 22, 1866.
Luigi Pallotti was born in Albano Laziale on March 3, 1829, and died in Rome in 1890. He was secretary for the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari and the Congregazione degli Studi. He also served as prefect of the Segnatura. Pallotti became a cardinal on May 23, 1887.
Giuseppe Mignone was cameriere segreto partecipante for Benedict XV (1917-1920) and elemosiniere segreto for Pius XI.
Domenico Passionei was born in Fossombrone December 2, 1682 and died in Camaldoli July 5, 1761. He served as nuncio in Switzerland and Vienna. He became a cardinal June 23, 1738 and was Secretary of Briefs.
Camillo Di Pietro, cardinal, was born on January 10, 1806, in Rome and died there on March 6, 1884. He was a nephew of Michele Di Pietro who was named cardinal during the pontificate of Pius VII. He studied at the Roman seminary and held a public theological disputation (dialectical debate) in the presence of Leo XII. In 1829 he was named a judge of the Consulta, then governor of Orvieto, and finally an auditor of the Rota in 1835. He was a member of the Commissioni Speciali Cardinalizie that investigated the powers of the judiciary. He became titular archbishop of Berito and nuncio to Naples and Lisbon. In Portugal he was successful in obtaining for the church notable concessions regarding the Portuguese territory of India.
Pius IX appointed him a cardinal in the consistory of 1853 but it was in pectore and not announced until 1856. On September 20, 1867, he chose to take the sede suburbicaria of Albano and then the sede di Porto e S. Rufina. He played a significant role in the conclave of 1878, which resulted in the election of Leo XIII (1878-1903). The new pontiff, in gratitude, named him the successor in the office of camerlengo. On the death of Cardinal Amat (1878), Di Pietro became bishop of Ostia and dean of the College of Cardinals. He also served as arcicancelliere della Universit ̉Romana, prefect of the Cong. Cerimoniale, and dean of the College of Cardinals. (Moronoi, Dizionario; Enciclopedia cattolica)
Placido Zurla was born in Segnano on April 2, 1769, and died on October 20, 1834. He was a member of the Camaldolese order. He became a cardinal on May 16, 1823. He served as vicar general for the diocese of Rome under the pontificate of Gregory XVI. He was also prefect of the Congregazione della Residenza dei Vescovi and Studi.
Giovanni Caccia Piatti was born on March 8, 1751, in Novara and died on September 15, 1833. He served as apostolic delegate to Pesaro, uditore generale of the Camera, prefect of the Segnatura, and was appointed to the Congregazione dei Riti, Cerimonie, Consulta, and delle Acque. Caccia Piatti was a protector of various religious orders and of the city of Pesaro and the terra of Orciano.
Alessandro di Sanmarzano was first assessor and vice president of the Tribunale Criminale del Governo di Roma during the pontificate of Gregory XVI.
Luigi Lavitrano was born in Forio on March 7, 1874, and died on August 2, 1950. He became a cardinal on December 16, 1929. Lavitrano was archbishop of Palermo and prefect of the Congregazione per Religiosi. He was a member of the following congregations: Chiese Orientali, Sacramenti, Concistoriale, and Concilio.
Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli was born on April 12, 1806, in Sonnino, near Terracina (Latium), Italy, of a middle-class family that prospered through government farm contracts and land reconstruction. The family was later enobled by Gregory XVI. The family remained faithful to the pontiff during the French occupation and with the help of a Dominican prelate obtained a family prelature.
Giacomo studied at the Roman Seminary and at the Sapienza but never proceeded beyond the diaconate to which he was ordained in 1840. In the offices he held under Gregory XVI he apparently demonstrated intelligence and rare gifts of administrative and executive ability. Support from Cardinals Luigi Lambruschini, papal secretary of state (1836-1846), and the Camaldolese Giacinto Zurla, confessor of Gregory XVI and prefect of studies at the Collegio Urbino, opened the way for Giacomo to a successful career that included many papal posts (e.g., referendario of the Segnatura; assessor of the criminal tribunal in Rome; apostolic delegate to Orvieto, Viterbo, and Macerata; protesoriere della Camera; tesoriere della Camera; sostituto del Cardinal Mattei; and a number of other diplomatic posts). He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pius IX in 1847. He first became pro-secretary of state in 1848 and then secretary of state in 1852, a post he held until his death at the Vatican on November 6, 1876.
Giacomo Antonelli helped formulate and administer the liberal reform of Pius IX who selected him to be premier of the first constitutional ministry of the Papal States. Antonelli arranged the temporary papal residence at Gaeta (1848), when violence arose in the Papal States. He became head of the papal government in exile. His diplomacy was extremely important in the resistance of the papacy to Italian national unification. He reduced dependence on Austria but after 1859 looked to France to protect the States of the Church. He opposed the calling of the First Vatican Council lest it adversely affect relations with France and advised the pope to drop the infallibility question. Nicknamed the "Red Pope," he became the virtual temporal ruler of Rome until 1870. A statesman rather than a prelate, he was praised by his friends but regarded as unscrupulous by his enemies.
Through his efforts the invasion of Rome in 1870 took place with a minimum of violence. He advised Pius IX to remain in Rome and successfully rearranged the papal finances in accord with the reduction of papal temporal sovereignty.
Carlo Autilio was Vicario generale of Mons. Girolamo dei Marchesi D'Andrea (later Cardinal D'Andrea) and inspector of the mail in Naples.
Francis Aidan Gasquet was born in London on October 5, 1846, and died in Rome on April 5, 1929. He entered the Benedictine novitiate in 1865. In 1896 he was nominated to the Commissione Pontificia per la Questione della Validita delle Ordinazioni Anglicane and in 1900 became the resident abbot of the Bendictine order in England. He was also head of a commission to revise the Vulgate Bible. He became a cardinal in 1914 and was nominated as librarian and archivist of the S. R. Chiesa in 1919.
Bianchi was born on November 19, 1817, in Rome and died on January 22, 1897. He served as maestro delle Ceremonie Pontificie and charg ̌d'affaires in Switzerland. In 1874 he was designated segretario of the Congregation for Bishops and Regulars, a post that he left to become apostolic nuncio for Madrid. In 1882 he became cardinal and in 1889 served as pro-datarius.
Benedetto Cappelletti was born in Rieti on November 2, 1764, and died on May 16, 1834. He was educated by Benedictine monks. His ecclesiastical career included service as referendario of the Segnatura; pronotario and ponente of the S.C. del Buon Governo; and pontifical delegate to Viterbo, Macerata, and Urbino-Pesaro. Cappelletti also served as governor of Rome, director general of the police, and after he became a cardinal on September 30, 1831, bishop of Rieti. (Moroni, Dizionario, v. 9, p. 168; Enciclopedia Cattolica)
Carlo Odescalchi was born on March 5, 1786. He became a cardinal on March 10, 1823, and was vicar general of Sua Santita for the diocese of Rome. He renounced his post as cardinal and became a Jesuit.
Marco Evangelisti was an employee in the office of the Secretary of State (1848-1856)
Alberto Zama was sotto-archivista for the office of the secretary of state.
Mariano Cordovani was Maestro del Sacro Palazzo Apostolico from 1936 to 1950. He was a member of the Dominican order.
Carlo Cristofori was born in Viterbo on January 5, 1813, and died in Rome on January 30, 1891. He became a cardinal July 27, 1885, and served as reggente of the Penitenzieria and prefect of the S. Congregazione Indulgenze e Reliquie.
Luigi Vannicelli Casoni was born in Amelia on April 16, 1801, and died in Rome on April 21, 1877. He was vice-commissario delle Quattro Legazioni and later governor of Rome. Vannicelli Casoni became a cardinal in 1842. He served as vice-camerlengo, legate to Bologna, and president of the Censo. In 1850 he was elected archbishop of Ferrara and in 1870, pro-datario. He continued to act as archbishop after becoming pro-datario.
Luigi Armelli served as primo minutante della Segretario di Stato.
Francesco Sabatucci was minutante for the secretary of state during the pontificate of Gregory XVI. Under Pius IX he was segretario del consiglio dei ministri.
Carlo Maria Pedicini was born in Benevento on November 2, 1769, and died in Rome on November 19, 1843. He became a cardinal on March 10, 1823. Over the years he served as prefect of the Riti and Immunita, pro-segretario dei memoriale, vice-cancelliere of the Sacra Romana Chiesa, and bishop of Porto and S. Rufino, and Civitavecchia.
Carlo Laurenzi was born in Perugia on January 12, 1821, and died in Rome in 1893. He served as uditore di Sua Santita. He became cardinal priest on December 13, 1880, in pectore. He was a member of the following congregations: Studi, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, Riti, Inquisizione, and Vescovi e Regolare.
Giuseppe Evangelisti was cifrista of the office of the Secretary of State.
: Luigi Maglione was born in Casoria on March 2, 1877, and died there on April 22, 1944. He became a cardinal on December 16, 1935. He was secretary of state during the pontificate of Pius XII.
Giuseppe Berardi was born in Ceccano (Frosinone) on September 28, 1810, and died in Rome on April 6, 1878. He served the papacy in several different capacities. Beginning in 1849, Berardi was commissario straordinario pontificio di marittima e campagna as well as vice-legate to Velletri. Later, he became, successively, sostituto della segretario di stato and segretario delle cifre. Berardi became a cardinal on March 13, 1868. He was a member of the following congregations at the time of his death: Bishops and Regulars, Council, Disciplina Regolare, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Studi. He was also a protector of various religious orders. (Moroni, Dizionario and Gerarchia Cattolica, 1877, 1878, 1879)
Ugo Spinola was born in Genoa on June 29, 1791, and died in Rome on January 23, 1858. He was apostolic delegate to Perugia, Macerata, and then Tolentino. Spinola became a cardinal on July 12, 1832. He served as commissario straordinario a Bologna (1833-1835) and then as pro-datario.
Eustachio Gonella was born in Turin on September 9, 1811, and died in Rome on April 15, 1870. He was apostolic delegate to Viterbo and apostolic nuncio in Belgium. Gonella became a cardinal on March 13, 1868. He was later bishop of Viterbo and Toscanella.
Filippo Frassinelli was aggiunto in the office of the Secretary of State.
Anton-Maria Orioli was born in Bagnacavallo on December 10, 1778, and died in Rome on February 20, 1852. He entered the order of the Minori Conventuali. He became a cardinal on February 12, 1838. He was prefect of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars.
Federico Amadori Cattani was born in Marradi on April 17, 1856, and died in Rome on April 11, 1943. He served as secretary for the Supremo Tribunale della Segnatura Apostolica and Auditor Sanctissimi (1924). He was dean of the Rota and a member of the Congregazioni dei Sacramenti and dal Concilio. He became a cardinal in 1935.
Raffaele Monaco La Valletta was born in L'Aquila on February 23, 1827, and died in Rome on July 14, 1890. He became a cardinal on March 13, 1868, and was cardinal vicar of Rome and the penitenziere maggiore. He also served as prefect of the Congregazione Cerimoniale, as bishop of Ostia and Velletri, and as dean of the College of Cardinals.
Benedetto Lorenzelli was born in Badi on May 11, 1853, and died in Bucciano on September 15, 1915. He served as internuncio to the Netherlands and Luxemburg, beginning May 30, 1893. He then became nuncio to Bavaria (October 10, 1896), and later nuncio to France (May 8, 1899). He became archbishop of Lucca (November 14, 1904) and was named cardinal on April 15, 1907. Lorenzelli was prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi and a member of the following congregations: Propaganda, Affari di Rito Orientale, Indice, Riti, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and the Commissione per gli Studi Biblici.
Tiberio Trani was director of customs during the pontificate of Pius IX.
Camillo Tarquini was born in Marta on September 27, 1810, and died in Rome on February 15, 1874. He distinguished himself as a legal scholar in canon law, taught at the Collegio Romano, and was a consultor to various congregations. He became a cardinal on December 22, 1873.
Pietro Francesco Galleffi was born on October 27, 1770, and died in Rome on June 18, 1837. He completed his studies in Rome and became a cameriere segreti participanti of Pope Pius VII. He served as economo and later prefect of the Fabbrica, and co-visitor of the hospital of S. Spirito in 1800. On July 12, 1803, he became a cardinal. Galleffi then became abate commendatario of Subiaco and prefect of the Congregazione della Disciplina Regolare. He was exiled during the Napoleonic wars and upon the return of the pope to Rome in 1814, he became secretary of memoriali and in 1820 archpriest of the Basilica Vaticano and bishop of Albano. He also served as subdean of the S. Collegio and bishop of Porto and Civitavecchia (1830), camerlengo della S.R. Chiesa, and arcicancelliere dell'Universita Romana.
Galleffi was a member of the following congregations: Uffizio, Concistoriale, Disciplina Regolare, Indulgenze e Sacre Reliquie, Esame dei Vescovi in Sacri Canoni, Economica, Studi, Speciale per la riedificazione della Basilica di S. Pietro. He was protector of these religious communities: Minori osservanti e riformati; Minore conventuali; Terz'Ordine di S. Francesco; Camaldolese; Chierici Regolari minori; Santissimo Salvatore; S. Brigida and the Chiesa di'Neofiti alla Madonna de Monti; Conservatorio Pio and conservatorio di S. Eufemia; the monasteries of S. Urbino, S. Susanna alle Terme Diocleziano, Sette dolori, S. Chiara (Montecastrillo), the archconfraternities of Santissima Trinita de Pellegrini e Convalescenti, S. Maria del Carmine alle Tre Cannelle, the Chiesa della Madonna Santissima di Loreto dei Fornari, S. Giuliano (Banchi), Ospizio di Cofti, S. Stefano di Mori (Rome), Chiesa Nazionale de SS. Venanzio ad Ansuino de Camerinese, Madonna (Quercia), Confraternita di S. Emidio (Trastevere), Chiesa di S. Giuseppe de Falegnami al Foro Romano, and the Arciconfraternita del Santissimo rosario. (Enciclopedia Cattolica)
Pietro Giuseppe D'Avella y Navarro was born in Barcelona in 1775 and died circa 1853. He was dean and then uditore of the Rota and apostolic visitor to the Convento dei PP. Trinitari in Via Condotti.
Mario Mattei was born in Pergola September 6, 1792 and died October 7, 1870. He became a cardinal July 2, 1832. He served in the Tesoriere Generale and in the internal affairs section of the office of the Secretary of State. Mattei was also Pro-Datario, prefect of the Congregazione Cerimoniale, archpriest of the Patriarcal Basilica of Saint Peter's, and prefect of the Fabbrica. He was appointed bishop of Ostia and Velletri and dean of the College of Cardinals. Mattei was a member of the following congregations: Inquisizioni, Visita Apostolica, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, and Censo.
Lorenzo Caleppi was born on April 29, 1741, in Cervia, Italy, and died on January 10, 1847, in Rio de Janiero. He began his studies at the College of Nobles at Ravenna but transferred to Rome to study jurisprudence. He began his prelature career as auditor of the nunciature when Giuseppe Garampi, appointed nuncio to Warsaw (1772), took Lorenzo with him. Always accompanying Garampi, Lorenzo held the same office in Vienna from 1776 until 1785 when Pius V selected him to present the red biretta to Garampi on the latter's appointment as cardinal. In June 1786, Lorenzo was invited to Naples to assist in concluding a concordat with that court. Pius VI called on him for special tasks includiing working with the Oeuvre Pie de I'Hospitalite, through which several thousand French emigres, including priests, were enabled to live at the expense of the papal treasury at the time of the French Revolution. In 1797 he was a member of the delegation that signed the treaty of Tolentino.
In 1801 he succeeded Bartholomeo Pacca as nuncio to Lisbon and in 1808 he followed the royal family to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, where he won the esteem and gratitude of John VI. Caleppi maintained the Portuguese nunciature for Brazil until 1816. Pius VII named him a cardinal (1816), the first in the Americas. He died at Rio de Janeiro on 10 Jan 1817.
Giovanni Simeoni was born in Paliano on July 23, 1816, and died on January 14, 1892. He was a nuncio in Spain. Simeoni became cardinal on September 12, 1875. He succeeded Cardinal Antonelli as secretary of state and was later prefect of the Propaganda Fide.
Giuseppe Albani was born in Rome on September 13, 1750, and died in Pesaro on December 3, 1834. He was sent by the papacy to Vienna in 1784 to foster better relations. After he became cardinal on February 23, 1801, Albani became protector of the emperor of Austria (1803). Other posts he held included secretary of state, prefect of the Congregazione di Buon Governo, pro-secretary of the Congregazione dei Brevi, legate to Bologna, and cardinal librarian of the Holy Roman Church. When he died he was legate to Pesaro and Urbino.
Boccali was uditore di Sua Santita.
Gaetano Ludovici was scrittore in the Penitenzieria.
Antonio Pallotta was born in Ferrara on February 23, 1770, and died in Monte Cassiano (Macerata) on July 19, 1834. He began his ecclesiastical career in 1796 and became referendario of the Segnatura. In 1816 Pallotta became uditore generale of the Camera. He was made a cardinal on March 10, 1823. He also served as legate a latere in the provinces of Campagna and Marittima where he assisted in judicial matters.
Nicola Paracciani Clarelli was born in Rieti on April 12, 1799, and died in Vico Equense on July 7, 1872. He served as bishop of Montefiascone e Corneto and as a member of the apostolic delegation in Portugal (1820). He became a cardinal in 1844. Clarelli also assumed the roles of chierico di Camera and tesoriere generale of the Camera; and secretary of the S. Congregazione delle Acque, dei Brevi, and delle Congregazione Cardinalizia di Consulta. He was prefect of the S. Congregazione dei Vescovi e Regolari (1860), of the Disciplina Regolari, and of the Rev. Fabbrica di S. Pietro. He was president of the Commissione dei Sussidi, of the Pubblica Beneficienza, and of the Istituto Sordo-muti.
Raffaele Fornari was born in Rome on January 23, 1788, and died there June 15, 1854. He became a cardinal on December 21, 1846. Fornari was prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi and a member of the following congregations: Inquisizione, Vescovi e Regolari, Concilio, Immunita, Indice, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, Propaganda Fide, and Esame dei Vescovi in Sagra Teologia e in Sacri Canoni. He was a protector of the Societa di S. Vincenzo de'Paoli, the Accademia Teologica of Rome University, the Ordine dei Carmellitani Calzati e Scalzi, Minori Cappuccini, Congregazione Benedittina di Francia, L'Ordine Premostratese, l'Opera Pia Spontini in Majolati, and the cities of Vetralia and Cento. (Notizie, Rome, 1854)
Annibale Sermattei Della Genga was born on August 22, 1760, and died on February 10, 1829. He became Pope Leo XII on September 28, 1823. He studied at Osimo and in Rome and was ordained in 1783. He served successively as nuncio to Lucerne, Cologne, and Munich. Della Genga became a cardinal on March 8, 1816, then bishop of Senigallia; in 1820 he became vicar of Rome. (Enciclopedia cattolica, v. VII, 1156-1157)
Alessandro Franchi was born on June 25, 1819, in Rome and died there on July 31, 1878. His ecclesiastical career centered around work in the office of the secretary of state, and included service as charge d'affaires ad interim in Spain, internuncio to the Tuscan court, secretary for the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, apostolic nuncio for Spain, extraordinary ambassador to Constantinople, and secretary of state. He became a cardinal on December 22, 1873. Franchi also served as prefect of Sacri Palazzi Apostolici, the Propaganda Fide, and the Congregazione Lauretana. He was a member of the following congregations: Inquisizione, Concili, Vescovi e Regolari, Propaganda, Propaganda per gli affari orientali, Indulgenze e Sacre Reliquie, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Studi.
Franchi was also protector of the following groups: Istituto di N.S. delle Missioni, Opera Apostolica per le Missioni estere affidata alle Suore di S. Giuseppe dell'Apparizione, Istituto delle Suore di S. Giuseppe dell'Apparizione, Istituto delle Suore di S. Giuseppe di Cluny, Istituto di S. Giuseppe di Chambery, Istituto delle Suore di Carita di Montreal nel Canada, Confraternita del Divino Amore unita alla Confraternita di S. Francesco di Paola alle Fratte, Arciconfraternita delle S. Stimmate di Firenze, and the Universita Cattolica Laval a Quebec. (Hierarchia Cattolica, 1878; Enciclopedia Cattolica)
Silvio Valenti Gonzaga was Secretary of State under Pope Benedict XIV.
Angelo Mai was born in Schilpario on March 7, 1782, and died in Albano on September 9, 1854. A Jesuit, he served as scrittore of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana and prefect of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. He became a cardinal on February 12, 1838.
Raffaello Rossi was born in Pisa on October 28, 1876, and died on September 17, 1948. He entered the Discalced Carmelites and was ordained in 1901. He became bishop of Volterra on April 22, 1920. Rossi became a cardinal on June 30, 1930. He was secretary for the Congregazione Concistoriale from 1931 to 1948.
Antonio Tosti was born in Rome on October 4, 1776, and died there on March 20, 1866. He was charg ̌d'affaires for the Holy See in Turin and later tesoriere generale. He became a cardinal on February 12, 1838. In 1854, Tosti was nominated librarian of the Holy Roman Church. (Enciclopedia Cattolica).
Salvatore Vitelleschi was born in Rome on July 21, 1818, and died on October 17, 1875. He was secretary for the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. He became a cardinal on September 17, 1875.
Giovanni Pierantozzi was a minutante in the office of the secretary of state during the pontificates of Pius IX (1846-1878) and Leo XIII (1878-1903). He died in 1909.
Antonio Gamberini was born on October 31, 1760, and died on April 25, 1841. He was noted for his juridical and theological learning as well as his pastoral activities. He was uditore of Rome and secretary of the Concilio. He served as bishop of Orvieto. On December 15, 1828, he was named cardinal. In 1839 he was given the suburbicarian see of Sabina. Gamberini was a principal collaborator of Pope Gregory XVI and had the title segretario di stato per gli affari interni. (Enciclopedia Catolica, Annuario Pontificio)
Bernardo Tirabassi was a minutante in the office of the secretary of state.
: Innocenzo Ferrieri was born in Fano on September 11, 1810, and died in Rome on January 13, 1887. He served as charge d'affaires for the Netherlands, pontifical ambassador to Constantinople, and apostolic nuncio to Naples. He was protector for the Frati Ospitalieri called the Concettini, the monastery of S. Cecilia, and the Accademia Teologica. He was also camerlengo for the S. Collegio, prefect for the Congregazione dei Vescovi e Regolari and the Disciplina Regolare.
Paolo Campa served as archivist for the Office of the Secretary of State.
Giovan Francesco Falzacappa was born in Corneto April 7, 1767 and died in Rome November 18, 1840.
Prospero Caterini was born in Orano on October 15, 1795, and died in Rome on October 28, 1881. He became a cardinal on March 7, 1853. He served as prefect of the Concilio for many years. During the First Vatican Council he was president of the Commissione della Disciplina Ecclesiastica. Caterini also participated in the Congregazioni Cardinalizie per la Revisione dei Concili Provinciali, della Immunita and della S. Romana ed Universale Inquisizione. He was a protector of various societies and an apostolic visitor to the Ordine dei Fate Bene Fratelli. (Moroni, Dizionario)
Giuseppe Luigi Bartoli served as advocate general of financial matters for the Camera. (Moroni, Dizionario, v. 90, p. 33)
Bartolomeo Artibani served as minutante to the Secretary of State from 1873 to 1908.
Giuseppe Pinchetti Sanmarchi was a prelate in Rome and later canon of S. Maria Maggiore.
Luigi Galimberti was born on April 25, 1836, in Rome and died on May 7, 1896. He was secretary for the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari and apostolic nuncio to Vienna. Galimberti became a cardinal on January 16, 1893, and served as prefect of the Vatican Archives.
Luigi Tripepi was born in Cardeto on June 21, 1836, and died on December 29, 1906. He became a cardinal on August 15, 1901. Tripepi was prefect of the Congregazione delle Indulgenze e Reliquie and sostituto for the office of the secretary of state.
Terenziano Moreschi was minutante of the Secretary of State during the pontificate of Pius IX.
Flavio Chigi was born in Rome on May 31, 1810, and died there on February 15, 1885. His ecclesiastical career included posts as nuncio to Munich (1850-1851) and Paris (1861-1873). He was protector of the church, archconfraternity, and college of Piceni in Rome; as well as protector of the archconfraternities del SS. Sacramento al Laterno, degli Agonizzanti, and del SS.mo Crocifisso in S. Marcello. He was also a protector of the Insigne Cappella Corsini in S. Giovanni in Laterano and archpriest of the Patriarcale Arcibasilica Lateranense. Chigi was segreteria dei memoriali di sua santita.
Lorenzo Barili was born on December 1, 1801, in Ancona and died in Rome on March 8, 1875. His ecclesiastical career began in Ancona. In November 1845 he became cameriere d'onore of the uditore in the nunciature for Lisbon. In 1851 he received the title of domestic prelate (monsignor) and was appointed internuncio of New Granada (Bogot , Colombia). In 1857 Barili became apostolic nuncio in Spain. He was created a cardinal March 13, 1868, and participated in the First Vatican Council. When he died, he was a member of the following congregations: Concistoriale, Riti, Indice, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Studi. He was protector of the Congregazione Benedettina Camaldolese.
Federico Tedeschini was born in Antrodoco on October 12, 1873, and died on November 2, 1959. He served as cancelliere dei Brevi and sostituto for the office of the Secretary of State (1914-1921). After that he was named apostolic nuncio in Spain, where he remained until 1935. Tedeschini became a cardinal on March 13, 1933. He was bishop of Frascati, archpriest of the Basilica of S. Pietro, prefect of the Fabbrica, datario, and a protector of many religious institutes and a member of many congregations.
Domenico Guidi was minutante for the secretary of state.
Giuseppe Alberghini was born on September 18, 1770. He was raised to the rank of cardinal April 6, 1835. Algerghini served as librarian of the Sapienza (Alessandrina), Avvocato Consistoriale, and Assessor of the S. Uffizio. He died on September 30, 1847. He was a member of the following congregations: S. Uffizio, Visita Apostolica, Vescovi e Regolari, Propaganda Fide, Esami dei Vescovi in Sacri Canoni, Economica, Fabbrica, Buon Governo, Acque, and Speciale per la riedificazione Basilica di S. Paolo.
Giovanni Soglia was born in Casola Valsenio October 11, 1779 and died in 1856. He became a cardinal February 18, 1839. Soglia served in the office of the Secretary of State and was bishop of Osimo and Cingoli.
Tiberio Pacca was born on August 31, 1786, and died in Naples on June 29, 1837. He was a nephew of Cardinal Bartholomeo Pacca and also followed the pope into exile during the Napoleonic invasion. Pacca was apostolic delegate in Romagna and in Civitavecchia. He also served as governor of Rome and camerlengo of the Sacra Romana Chiesa.
Giuseppe Spina was born in Sarzana on March 12, 1756, and died on October 13, 1828. He was archbishop of Genoa and prefect of the Signatura di Giustizia.
Ludovico Gazzoli was born in Terni on May 5, 1774, and died on February 12, 1858. He was apostolic delegate to the province Pesaro-Urbino. He became a cardinal on September 30, 1831. He served as president of the Congregazione del Buon Governo.
Adriano Fieschi was born in Genoa on March 7, 1788, and died in Rome on February 6, 1858. His ecclesiastical career centered around the office of the secretary of state. Fieschi was vice-legato to Bologna and apostolic delegate to Perugia and Spoleto. He became a cardinal on June 23, 1834. Between 1847 and 1857 he was legate to the province of Pesaro and Urbino. He was a member of the Concilio, Immunita, and Riti.
Riccardo Magnanensi was Segretario dell'Ufficio del Maestro di Camera.
Gaetano De Ruggero was born in Naples on June 12, 1816, and died in Rome on October 9, 1896. He was created cardinal deacon on May 5, 1889. He served as Segreterio dei Brevi and gran cancelliere degli Ordine Equestri Pontifici. Materials contained in the busta concern a cause between DeRuggero and the Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro and the confiscation of ecclesiastical properties.
Paolo Polidori was born in Jesi on January 4, 1778, and died in Rome on April 23, 1847. He was sostituto in the office of the secretary of state and secretary for the Consistory. He became a cardinal on June 23, 1834, and was prefect of the Concilio and the Congregazione della Disciplina Regolare.
Giuseppe Sala was born in Rome on October 27, 1762, and died there on June 23, 1839. He was a member of the delegation seated in Rome during the absence of Pius VI, assisting with the Napoleonic Concordat. Pius VII (1800-1823) sent him to Paris as secretary of the legation of Cardinal Caprara (1801); he proved to be a zealous, objective, and loyal informer for Pius VII of the events taking place during the pope's imprisonment at Savona (1809-1814).
Sala returned to Rome and was appointed secretary of the new apostolic delegation for the second French occupation. With the restoration he began the publication of his Piano di riforma in which he proposed as a remedial principle the laicization of the public tasks. This was interrupted, however, by Consalvi, legate to the Congress of Vienna.
After 1815 Sala was secretary for many commissions and committees as well as for the following congregations: Riforma, Affari Ecclesiastici, Riti, and Concilio. He also aided in improving papal relations with the Piedmont He also involved himself in workinig with the hospitals of the city. Gregory XVI raised him to the cardinalate on September 30, 1831, and named him prefect for the Congregation for the Index and then for the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. Among his unedited writings he left a copy of his Piano di reforma, which gives an objective account of the events of the years 1798 and 1799.
Castruccio Castracane became a cardinal in 1833. He also served as bishop of Palestrina and penitenziere maggiore. He died in Rome in 1852.
Pacifico Masella was Segretario delle Lettere Latine (1913-1922).
Giacomo Giustiniani was born on December 29, 1769, and died February 24, 1843. He was successively vice-legato of Ravenna (1794), governor of Perugia (1795), presidente della Giunta di Stato di Roma, and pro-governor of Rome (1814). He was nuncio to Spain between 1817 and 1826. Giustiniani became a cardinal on October 2, 1826, and was bishop of Imola until 1832. He served as camerlengo of the S. R. Chiesa, prefect of the Fabbrica and the Indice, and segretario dei Memoriali.
Ludovico Micara was born in Frascati on October 12, 1775, and died in Rome on May 24, 1847. He was a member of the Capuchins. Micara became a cardinal on March 13, 1826. He was bishop of Ostia and Velletri and a dean of the College of Cardinals. Later, Micara also served as legate to Velletri. His nephew, Clemente Micara, was also a cardinal. Micara was prefect of the S.C. Cerimoniale e dei Riti and president of the Camera.
Giuseppe Fesch was born on January 3, 1763, in Ajaccio (Corsica) and died in Rome on May 13, 1839. Through his mother's second marriage, he was uncle to Napoleon Bonaparte. Fesch studied in the seminary in Aix en Provence and became a priest in 1785. In 1802, he became archbishop of Lyon and in 1803 he became a cardinal. At that time Fesch also became ambassador from France to the Holy See. Fesch was perpetual director of the Arciconfraternita degli Amanti di Gesu e Maria, called the Via Crucis. He was protector for the archconfaternities of Santa Maria dell'Orazione (called della Morte) and of Santissima Assunta in S. Maria dei Miracoli; the Collegio Ghislieri; the Congregazione Basiliane del Santissimo Salvatore e di S. Giovanni in Soairo dei Greci Melchiti; the Monache Passioniste di Corneto; the Venerabile Compagnia di S. Lorenzo in Lucina; the monastero di Fognano; and the Diocese of Faenza. (Enciclopedia cattolica)
Pier Filippo Boatti was minutante della Segreterio dei Confini.
Ercole Dandini was born on July 25, 1759, and died on July 22, 1840. He served as cameriere d'onore and ablegato to Viterbo. He was created a cardinal in 1823 and served as economo and then secretary of the Fabbrica di San Pietro, prefect of the Congregazione del Buon Governo and visitatore apostolico dell'Arciospedale e Pio Istituto di S. Spirito in Sassia. (Moroni, Dizionario)
Carlo Vizzardelli was born in Monte S. Giovanni on July 21, 1791, and died May 24, 1851. He was secretary for Lettere Latine and then secretary for the Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. He became a cardinal on January 20, 1848. He served as prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi and followed Pope Pius to Gaeta in 1848-1849.
Bonaventura Cerretti was born in Bardano di Orvieto on June 17, 1872, and died in Rome on May 8, 1933. He was ordained in 1895 and entered the office of the secretary of state. Cerretti served as part of the apostolic delegations in Mexico and the United States and was apostolic delegate in Australia (1914). From 1917 to 1921, he served as secretary for the S. Congregazione per gli Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari. Then, Cerretti became apostolic nuncio to Paris (1921-1925). In 1925 he became a cardinal. At the same time he became bishop of Velletri. (Enciclopedia Cattolica, v. 3, 1326)
Angelo Quaglia was born in Corneto on August 28, 1802, and died in Rome on April 28, 1872. He studied law and was prelato uditore of the Rota. He became a cardinal on September 27, 1861. Quaglia was prefect of the Congregation for Bishops and Regulars.
Carlo Mauri was sostituto in the office of the Secretary of State.
Carlo Giovanni Villani was consigliere di stato during the pontificate of Pius IX.
Vincenzo La Puma was born in Palermo on January 22, 1874, and died in Rome on November 4, 1943. He became cardinal on December 16, 1935, and served as prefect of the Congregazione dei Religiosi.
There are two means of locating documents in the Secretary of State, Fondo Moderno series (Interni-Esteri, 1814-1822; Interni, 1822-1833; Esteri, 1815-1850; and Esteri, 1846-1922). One method is directly through the rubric numbers; the other possibility is through the Rubricelle and Protocolli registers. Note that the rubric numbers form a subject-based system of classification. The Rubricelle, on the other hand, are registers of correspondence. The rubric numbers and the Rubricelle are two completely different elements and are not interchangeable. Each approach is described in the next several paragraphs, along with a description of the uses of all the ASV Indici that provide information on these series.
Giovanni Battista Cannella was born in L'Aquila and died in Rome on March 27, 1859. He served as revisore of the Commissioni, apostolic delegate to Orvieto, sostituto for the segreteria per gli Affari di Stato Interni (1846), and segretario of the S.C. Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari (1853).
Loreto Santucci was a minutante in the office of the Secretary of State.
Karl August von Reisach was born in Roth (Bavaria) on July 6, 1800, and died in Rome on December 29, 1869. He was archbishop of Munich and Freising. He became a cardinal on December 17, 1855. Reisach served as prefect of the Congregazione degli Studi and became bishop suburbacario of Sabina and of the Abbey of S. Maria di Farfa.
Giacomo Brignole was born on May 8, 1797, in Genoa and died on June 23, 1853. His ecclesiastical service included the roles of nuncio to Florence, vice-commissario pontificio straordinario and pro-legate to Bologna, tesoriere generale of the Camera, prefect of the S. Congregazione dell'Indice, president of the Commissione speciale per la riforma delle carceri e luoghi di pena, and presidente of the Consulta di stato per le finanze. He became a cardinal on January 20, 1834.
Francesco Bertazzoli was born in Lugo on May 1, 1754, and died in Rome on April 7, 1830. He studied theology in Bologna and was a favorite of Pope Pius VII. He was nominated bishop of Montalto, canon of S. Maria Maggiore, and elemosiniere segreto, and became cardinal on March 10, 1823. (Enciclopedia Cattolica II)
Costantino Patrizi was born in Siena on September 4, 1788, and died on December 17, 1876. The son of Giovanni who was a hereditary standard bearer of the Holy Roman Church and a senator of Rome, Costantino was ordained a priest in 1821. Under Pius VII he was named a domestic prelate and appointed a referendary of the apostolic Signatura; Leo XII inscribed him among the auditors of the Rota; Gregory XVI appointed him his major domo. In the consistory of 1834 Gregory also named him a cardinal in pectore but did not publish the fact until 1836. In 1841 Costantino became vice general of Rome. In the consistory held by Pius IX at Gaeta in 1849, he was selected for the suburban see of Albano. He moved successively to Porto and S. Rufina (1860), then to prefect of the Congregation of Ceremonies and Rites, then to secretary of the Congregation of the Holy Office. In 1870 he became dean of the College of Cardinals. He officiated as procurator for Carlo Cardinal Odescalchi in the consistory of 1838 when the cardinal abandoned his "purple" in order to work with the missions. He was legate of Pius IX to Paris for the baptism of Prince Eugene, son of Napoleon III (1856).
Francesco Leggeri was Procuratore Generale del Fisco and of the Reverenda Camera Apostolica from 1828 to 1846.
Francesco Capaccini was born in Rome on August 14, 1784, and died there on June 15, 1845. His ecclesiastical career included minutante for the secretary of state; sostituto for the secretary of briefs (1815); legate to Holland and Munich (1828); sostituto for the secretary of state (1831); diplomatic missions to Vienna, Berlin and Bonn (1837), and to the Netherlands (1841); apostolic delegate to Lisbon (1842-1844); and uditore for the Camera (1844). He became a cardinal on July 22, 1844, shortly before his death. (Dizionario; Enciclopedia Cattolica, v. III)
Francesco Guido-Bono Cavalchini was born in Tortona on December 4, 1755, and died in Rome on December 5, 1828. He served in the Camera, the Consulta, and in various posts concerning the Papal States, including governor of Rome. He became a cardinal August 14, 1807. He was arrested during the French occupation of Rome but was restored as governor in 1814. He was a member of the Congregazione del Buon Governo. (Moroni, Dizionario, V. XI. 5-6)
Luigi Bilio was born in Alessandria in the Piedmont on March 25, 1826, and died in Rome on January 30, 1884. He was a member of the Barnabites. He was nominated consultor for the Congregazione della Curia Romana and on April 22, 1866, created cardinal. He served as penitenziere maggiore and secretary of the S. Romana ed Universalis Inquisizione. He also served in the following congregations: Immunita, Propaganda Fide, Affari di Rito Orientale, Indice, Sacri Riti, Indulgenze e Sacre Reliquie, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, and Studi. He is considered the principal author of the "Sillabo" of Pius IX. Bilio was also president of the Commissione dogmatica and president general for the First Vatican Council. (Moroni, Dizionario; Campana, Il Concilio Vaticano; Cecconi, Storia del Concilio Ecumenico Vaticano I)
Pietro Lasagni was born in Caprarola on June 15, 1814, and died in Rome on April 19, 1885. He served as secretary of the Congregazione dei Vescovi e Regolari and the Conclave. He became a cardinal on December 13, 1880. He later became Segretario dei Memoriali.
Raffaele Mazio was born in Rome on October 24, 1765, and died on February 4, 1832. He was successively secretary for the Congregazione Ceremoniale, a participant with Cardinal Consalvi in the Congress of Vienna, assessor of the Inquisizione, and segreterio delle Lettere Latine. Mazio became a cardinal on March 15, 1830.
Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro was born in Polizzi (Sicily) on August 17, 1843, and died in Rome on December 16, 1913. In 1882 he was named apostolic nuncio to Spain. He assisted in the mediation of Leo XIII between Spain and Germany concerning the Caroline Islands. Rampolla del Tindaro became a cardinal on May 27, 1887, and secretary of state until the death of Leo XIII (1903). Among other posts, Rampolla was vicar-apostolic of the Belgian Congo.
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Briefs, Papal
Canonization
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Cardinals
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Cholera
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Civil law
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Conspiracies
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World War, 1914-1918
Waterloo, Battle of, Waterloo, Belgium, 1815
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Tiber River (Italy)
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Tuscany
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Piacenza (Italy)
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Milan (Italy)
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Africa, Central
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Toscanella (Italy)
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Sri Lanka
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Urbino (Italy : Legazione)
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Spoleto (Italy : Delegazione)
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Piemonte (Italy)
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Senegal
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Gaeta (Italy)
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Benin
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Italy--Rome
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Italy--Papal States
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Camerino (Italy : Delegazione)
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Switzerland
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England
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Spoleto (Italy)
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Rimini (Italy)
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Germany
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Sardinia (Italy)
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Rocca di Papa (Italy)
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Ferrara (Italy)
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Corneto (Italy)
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Vetralla (Italy)
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Urbino e Pesaro (Italy : Legazione)
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Velletri (Italy : Legazione)
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Frosinone (Italy)
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Spain
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Italy--Tuscany
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Catholic Church
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Orvieto (Italy)
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Scotland
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Aversa (Italy)
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Bavaria (Germany)
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Munich (Germany)
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Corsica (France)
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Romagna (Italy)
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Ireland
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Bavaria (Kingdom)
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Holy Roman Empire
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Ostia (Italy)
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Bologna (Italy)
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Papal States
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Vienna (Austria)
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Poland
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South Africa
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Senigallia (Italy)
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Tolentino (Italy)
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Ascoli Piceno (Italy)
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Orvieto (Italy : Delegazione)
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Foligno (Italy)
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Terni (Italy)
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Viterbo (Italy)
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Ethiopia
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Lombardy (Italy)
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Urbino (Italy)
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Algeria
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San Leo (Italy)
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Avezzano (Italy)
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Cologne (Germany)
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Rieti (Italy : Delegazione)
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Venice (Italy)
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Montalto di Castro (Italy)
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Angola
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Belgium
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Po River (Italy)
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Forli (Italy : Legazione)
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Mirandola (Italy)
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Modena (Italy)
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Morlupo (Italy)
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Emilia (Italy)
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Dalmatia (Croatia)
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Great Britain
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Campagna (Italy)
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Citta di Castello (Italy)
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Sierra Leone
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Visitations, Ecclesiastical
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Civitavecchia (Italy)
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Ravenna (Italy : Legazione)
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Fenestrelle (Italy)
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Lucerne (Switzerland)
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Genoa (Italy)
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Italy--Po River Valley
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Romania
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Forli (Italy)
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Marche (Italy)
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Italy--Avezzano
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Bologna (Italy : Legazione)
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Rome
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Austria
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South America
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Mexico
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Cologne (Electorate)
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Mantua (Italy)
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Pavia (Italy)
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Perugia (Italy)
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Velletri (Italy)
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Reggio nell'Emilia (Italy)
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Marittima (Italy)
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Turin (Italy)
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Parma (Italy)
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Malta
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Italy
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Padua (Italy)
as recorded (not vetted)
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Gibraltar
as recorded (not vetted)
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Florence (Italy)
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Montefiascone (Italy)
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Ravenna (Italy)
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Fermo (Italy : Delegazione)
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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
as recorded (not vetted)
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Russia
as recorded (not vetted)
AssociatedPlace
Rome (Italy)
as recorded (not vetted)
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Albano Laziale (Italy)
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Ancona (Italy)
as recorded (not vetted)
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Naples (Kingdom)
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Romagna (Italy : Legazione)
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Australia
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Ferrara (Italy : Legazione)
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Tanzania
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Balkan Peninsula
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Prague (Czech Republic)
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Bavaria (Electorate)
as recorded (not vetted)
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Comacchio (Italy)
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Savoy (France and Italy)
as recorded (not vetted)
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Rhineland (Germany)
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Egypt
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Camerino (Italy)
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Canada
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AssociatedPlace
United States
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Macerata (Italy)
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Portugal
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Flanders
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Lebanon
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Poli (Italy)
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Rieti (Italy)
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Pesaro (Italy)
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Middle East
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Avignon (France)
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France
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Belgrade (Serbia)
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Naples (Italy)
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Civitavecchia (Italy : Delegazione)
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Brazil
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North America
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Tuscany (Italy)
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Netherlands
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