Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958
Crothers was born on December 12, 1878 in Bloomington, Illinois, to Dr. Eli Kirk Crothers and Dr. Marie Louise (de Pew) Crothers. Crothers' mother, an independent-minded woman whose father had been friends with Abraham Lincoln, went to medical school at forty and became one of the first woman physicians in Illinois, encountering and eventually overcoming much opposition to her practice in Bloomington. Though her parents were religious and conservative, with no particular interest in theater, issues of money, equality, risk-taking, and a woman's place in the world were a part of Crothers' life from her earliest years.
The family intended that their daughters should be educated, and Crothers graduated from Illinois State University High School in 1891, at the precocious age of thirteen. The following year, she attended the New England School of Dramatic Instruction in Boston, where her passion for the stage was nurtured. Her hopes of moving to New York to seek a career in theater were opposed by her parents, who insisted she return home to Illinois. Her interest in acting continued even there, however, and she was a founding member of the Bloomington Dramatic Club. (Her taste in plays was rather advanced for the time: Ibsen's still-scandalous A Doll's House was one of her suggestions for a Club production.) By the age of nineteen, five years after her father's death, Crothers was allowed to realize her dream and move on her own to New York. "I knew no one in New York," she later recalled, "but I had heard of David Belasco and Daniel Frohman, and they were kind enough to answer my letters." That was encouragement enough and, though the famous producers' help ended there, she left Bloomington for Manhattan (with the financial backing of her mother), enrolled in acting classes, and found small parts in stock and touring companies.
By 1899, Crothers was writing her own one-act plays, and over the next few years, as these plays received showcase productions and good notices, she gained a reputation as a young dramatist of serious potential with an interest in the Ibsen-style "social problem drama." Her big break came in 1906, at the age of twenty-eight, when her first full-length play, The Three of Us, was produced and enjoyed a 277-performance run at the Madison Square Theatre in New York City. The play received its London premiere at Terry's Theatre on June 10, 1908, with Fannie Ward playing the leading role.
From that time on, through the 1940s, Crothers was a major name in the Broadway theater world. Her commercial record was erratic—hits and flops, equally mixed—but she was a productive and respected writer with a considerable body of work to her name by the time she was middle-aged.
In 1917, during World War I, Crothers founded and led the Stage Women’s Relief Fund. In 1932, she helped found the Stage Relief Fund, a response to the Great Depression, and remained a director until 1951. In 1940, she led in organizing the American Theatre Wing, which operated the famed Stage Door Canteen, and remained its executive director until 1950.
Rachel Crothers' plays often dealt with contemporary social themes and moral problems affecting women, including the sexual double standard, trial marriage, "free love," divorce, prostitution, and Freudian psychology. Though some of her plays are clear, provocative expressions of sympathy for the challenges twentieth-century women had to confront and present young female characters of boldness and originality, others involve an element of comedy, even parody, and an implied criticism of radical feminism; thus, her work cannot be easily characterized in a political sense. In some plays, her free-spirited young women revert to traditional roles at the end, especially when they are in danger of losing a man they love, and in other plays "Crothers records a sense of disillusionment with the women's movement and a tendency to blame it for deficiencies in women's emotional life."
Crothers, who never married, died in her Danbury, Connecticut home in 1958 at age 79.
Role | Title | Holding Repository | |
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creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. The captain of the gray horse troop : a play / by Rachel Crothers and Louise Morgan Sill ; founded on the novel by Hamlin Garland. | University of Missouri -- Columbia, MU Libraries; University of Missouri; MU; Ellis Library; University of Missouri Columbia | |
referencedIn | Souvenir programs for theatrical productions, 1906-2005. | Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University | |
referencedIn | Friedman, Philip Allan. Correspondence to Philip Allan Friedman, 1952-1953. | Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library | |
referencedIn | Theatre Arts Monthly, collection of portraits, ca., ca., 1924-1939 (bulk), 1916-1964 (inclusive). | Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University | |
referencedIn | American Women Writers, 1850-1936 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
referencedIn | Driscoll, Emily,. American women writers, 1850-1936 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. Correspondence to Van Wyck Brooks, 1953. | University of Pennsylvania Library | |
referencedIn | Stark, Samuel. Theatre scrapbook collection, 1860-1950. | Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives | |
referencedIn | Roman Bohnen papers, 1918-1976 | The New York Public Library. Billy Rose Theatre Division. | |
referencedIn | John Mason Brown papers, 1922-1967. | Houghton Library | |
referencedIn | Shinkman, Paul A. Papers, 1924-1969. | Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project | |
creatorOf | Barringer family. Letters received by Paul B. Barringer and Anna Barringer, 1900-1955. | University of Virginia. Library | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. Young wisdom, n.d. | New York Public Library System, NYPL | |
referencedIn | Beals, Jessie Tarbox. Photographs, 1896-1941 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. Correspondence with H. L. Mencken, 1916. | University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library | |
referencedIn | John Phillips Marquand correspondence | Houghton Library | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. Letter, New York, N.Y., to Mrs. Charles F. Marble [manuscript] May 17. | University of Virginia. Library | |
creatorOf | Ballou, Ellen Bartlett, 1905-. Letters : from various correspondents, 1926-1927. | Houghton Library | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. The Herfords: typescript, n.d. | New York Public Library System, NYPL | |
referencedIn | Gertrude Wolf, papers, undated, 1899-1944 | American Jewish Historical Society | |
referencedIn | Kauser, Alice, ca. 1872-1945. Papers of Alice Kauser, ca. 1895-1940 (inclusive). | Houghton Library | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. Correspondence with Mr. Goodman, Nov. 27 and Dec. 30, 1940 / Rachel Crothers. | University of Wisconsin - Madison, General Library System | |
referencedIn | Personality files, [ca. 1800]-1986, 1900-1986 (bulk) | New York State Historical Documents Inventory | |
referencedIn | Photographs, 1896-1941, n.d. | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
creatorOf | Crothers, Rachel, 1878-1958. Myself Bettina: typescript, n.d. | New York Public Library System, NYPL | |
referencedIn | Ellen Bartlett Ballow letters from various correspondents, 1926-1937. | Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University | |
referencedIn | John Golden papers, 1874-1971, 1925-1954 | The New York Public Library. Billy Rose Theatre Division. | |
referencedIn | Stark, Samuel. Theatre scrapbook collection., 1860-1950 | Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and University Archives |
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Filters:
Relation | Name | |
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associatedWith | Ballou, Ellen Bartlett, 1905- | person |
associatedWith | Barringer family. | family |
associatedWith | Beals, Jessie Tarbox, 1870-1942 | person |
associatedWith | Bohnen, Roman, 1894-1949 | person |
correspondedWith | Brown, John Mason, 1900-1969 | person |
associatedWith | Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. | corporateBody |
associatedWith | Driscoll, Emily V. | person |
associatedWith | Friedman, Philip Allan. | person |
associatedWith | Garland, Hamlin, 1860-1940. | person |
associatedWith | Golden, John, 1874-1955 | person |
associatedWith | Goodman, Jules Eckert, b. 1876. | person |
associatedWith | Kauser, Alice, ca. 1872-1945. | person |
associatedWith | Marble, Charles F., Mrs., | person |
correspondedWith | Marquand, John P. (John Phillips), 1893-1960 | person |
associatedWith | Museum of the City of New York. | corporateBody |
associatedWith | Shinkman, Paul A. | person |
associatedWith | Sill, Louise Morgan. | person |
associatedWith | Stark, Samuel | person |
associatedWith | Wolf, Gertrude, -1966 | person |
Place Name | Admin Code | Country | |
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Danbury | CT | US | |
Bloomington | IL | US | |
New York City | NY | US | |
Boston | MA | US |
Subject |
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American literature |
Broadway |
Women writers |
Occupation |
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Playwright |
Theater Director |
Activity |
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Person
Birth 1878-12-12
Death 1958-07-05
Female
Americans
English