Columbia University. Office of the President

After World War II and before his terms as President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower served as President of Columbia University. His prior roles as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe and General of the Army during World War II had made him a household name, a distinction that did not diminish during his tenure at the University. Thusly, Eisenhower received many letters while at Columbia.

This collection of correspondence was coined the "CP" file by Eisenhower's staff as an abbreviation for "Crazy People." The letters are characterized by assertions of conspiracy theories, fear of war, and opinions on a range of topics- homosexuality, ethnicity, and religion being only a few. There is no evidence that the letters were answered, but their existence gives voice to the anxieties that surrounded post World War II America, the Korean War, and societal change.

Some letters are from veterans or the mothers of soldiers, others are from individuals who firmly believe in peace or who believe they have important knowledge that would be helpful to Eisenhower with regard to military or government affairs.

From the description of Dwight D. Eisenhower: Letters to the President, 1949-1952. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 671301872

BIOGHIST REQUIRED Central Files grew out of the information needs, working relationships, and activities of the president of the University as well as the secretary, provost, and other administrators. In order to comprehend the scope and content of Central Files, it is helpful to understand the changing relationships between the president and secretary of the University, the working relationships and administrative patterns established at Columbia during the 1890s and the early years of the twentieth century, and the changing needs and structure of the University administration over time.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED The records that eventually became Central Files originated in the Office of the President during the 1890s. President Seth Low's correspondence was organized by his personal secretary, William H.H. Beebe. Beebe later became the first secretary of the University, a position that was created in 1895 to assist the president in carrying out an ever-increasing number of administrative duties. As University secretary, Beebe continued to keep the president's correspondence, and this task remained a responsibility of the secretary's office until the 1970s.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED Close cooperation between the president and secretary continued throughout the administration of Nicholas Murray Butler, particularly until the 1920s. As new administrative responsibilities emerged, they often devolved on the president and the secretary until new posts could be created to undertake them. Information for the president was often funneled through the secretary.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED A closely interacting group of administrators and the centralization of administrative functions also helped to create and maintain Central Files. From the 1890s to 1920, in particular, administrative responsibilities were placed in the hands of these few individuals, many of whom remained at the University for decades. The president, treasurer, secretary, registrar, superintendent of buildings and grounds, and deans handled most administrative tasks. In addition, University Presidents Seth Low and Nicholas Murray Butler were actively and personally involved in administrative issues, kept close tabs on a range of issues and projects and frequently requested information from their staffs. Because Low and Butler were so intimately involved in administrative affairs, their records acted as the administrative files of the University.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED This close collaboration among administrators, the personal involvement of presidents, and a continuously increasing number of administrative tasks resulted in the creation of the large body of interrelated correspondence and other records that became Central Files. The patterns established in the 1890s and early 1900s of channeling information to the president and secretary, filing records under the name of the sender, and centrally collecting and disseminating information continued even as the University administration developed into a larger and more complex organization. Eventually, however, these patterns no longer served the differing business needs and administrative styles of a more modern, professionalized administration.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED Several important changes in the nature of Central Files occurred during Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration as president of the University from 1948 to 1952. During this time, there appears to have been a less direct relationship between the president, secretary, and Central Files. In addition, Eisenhower was often absent from the University and seems to have delegated many tasks to the provost, secretary, vice presidents, and other top administrators. These officers used Central Files as a depository and sent batches of records to the files as needed. It also appears that Eisenhower kept his own separate set of files and may not have used Central Files as much as his predecessors did. Finally, most of the records relating to Eisenhower’s administration were removed from the University following his election as president of the United States. As a result, while Central Files remains an important resource for documenting the University and its administration during the late 1940s and the early 1950s, the records from this period provide less information on the presidency.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED Throughout the 1960s, Central Files seems to have become less useful to the majority of administrators. Documents regarding Central Files cite difficulties locating information; the length of time needed to retrieve records; lack of subject filing; and administrators’ concerns that, because of the filing system employed in Central Files, clerks were not able to locate all the materials relevant to their particular requests as reasons for reluctance to use the files and their proposed reorganization. (Plans for reforming the filing system were never realized. However, during the 1960s or 1970s, file clerks purged certain records dating prior to the 1940s. No documentation regarding what materials were removed from the files has been located). Other collections in the Archives that include records from this period show that many administrators were keeping their own separate sets of files. In fact, three top-level administrators made significant deposits of records to the files in 1967, apparently at the request of the secretary of the University. The absence of a single central figure requesting and filing information may also have contributed to the declining usefulness of the files as did the changing role of the secretary, whose post had become more administrative and less closely tied to the president and high-level policy decisions. For example, the Office of the Secretary was placed under the vice president in 1959, where it remained until 1969. Most importantly, the secretary’s role as a link between the president and the rest of the administration appears to have lessened after the 1940s.

BIOGHIST REQUIRED A third important change in Central Files occurred in 1971. After seventy-six years, responsibility for Central Files was transferred from the secretary to the president’s office. At the time, a major argument in support of the move was that the president’s records should be managed by the president’s office rather than that of the secretary. The relationship that began with William Beebe overseeing the president’s voluminous correspondence had been outgrown by a burgeoning University administration, changing administrative styles, and differing concepts of the role of key administrative offices.

From the guide to the Central Files, 1890-1984, [Bulk Dates: 1890-1983], (Columbia University. University Archives. Rare Book and Manuscript Library)