Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.). Mars Pathfinder Project.

The Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars July 4, 1997. It was the first spacecraft ever to send a rover out to independently explore the Martian landscape. Mars Pathfinder also was the second of NASA's planetary Discovery missions designed to foster low-cost spacecraft with highly focused science objectives.

The Mars Pathfinder (formerly known as the Mars Environmental Survey, or MESUR, Pathfinder) was developed by the Ames Research Center and was transferred from Ames to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1991 after which it was divided into two activities, MESUR Pathfinder and MESUR Network. The concept of a direct Earth-Mars Mission was new and the capital investment in a multi-lander network was large.

The MESUR Pathfinder was conceived as a technology demonstration for MESUR Network. It did, however, have the capability to perform important science experiments in the atmosphere and on the surface of the planet.

MESUR Pathfinder was planned for a fiscal year 1994 start by NASA's Office of Space Science with a cost cap of $150 million in fiscal year 1992 dollars. Mars Pathfinder was launched atop a Delta 7925, a Delta II Lite launch vehicle with nine strapped-on solid-rocket boosters and a Star 48 PAM-D upper third stage booster, on 4 December 1996, from the launch complex 17B at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The mission consisted of a small (10-kilogram or 22-pound) surface rover that was funded by the NASA Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology and a stationary lander controlled by a derivative of the commercially available IBM 6000 computer that had a processor and associated components that were radiation-hardened and mounted on a single electronics board.

The computer had a 32-bit architecture that executed about 20 million instructions per second. The computer stored flight software as well as engineering and science data, including images and rover information, in 128 megabytes of dynamic random access memory.

The mission's primary objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of low-cost landing on and exploration of the Martian surface. The objectives included technology experiments, science experiments and mission experiments. These objectives were met by tests of communications between the rover and lander, the lander and Earth and tests of the imaging devices and sensors.

Also, the maneuverability and systems of the free-ranging robotic rover (technically named the Micro-rover Flight Experiment or MFEX, finally it was named Sojourner, after African-American abolitionist Sojourner Truth) as a technology experiment on the red planet's surface.

The rover was a six-wheeled "rocker-bogie" suspension vehicle, which was controlled and operated by remote control by an Earth-based operator, who used images obtained by both the rover and lander systems to guide the rover across the planet's terrain.

The scientific objectives included atmospheric entry science, long-range and close-up surface imaging, rock and soil composition and material property experimentsand meteorology, with the general objective being to characterize the Martian environment for further exploration.

The spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere on 4 July 1997 directly from its approach at about 7300 m/s without going into orbit around the planet. The cruise stage was jettisoned 30 minutes before atmospheric entry trajectory at 26, 460 kilometers per hour (16,600 miles per hour) and a mean flight path of 14.2 degrees.

The lander took atmospheric measurements as it descended. The entry vehicle's heat shield slowed the craft to 400 m/s in about 160 seconds. A 12.5-meter billowing parachute was deployed at that time, slowing the craft to about 70 m/s. The heat shield was released 20 seconds after parachute deployment, and the bridle, a 20-meter long braided Kevlar tether, deployed below the spacecraft.

The lander separated from the backshell and slid down to the bottom of the bridle over about 25 seconds, at an altitude of about 1.6-km. The radar altimeter acquired the ground and about 10 seconds before landing, four air bags inflated in about 0.3 seconds forming a 5.2 meter diameter protective 'ball' around the lander. Four seconds later at an altitude of 98 meters, the three solid rockets, mounted in the back-shell, fired to slow the descent and about two seconds later the bridle was cut 21.5 meters above the ground, releasing the airbag-encased lander.

After landing, the airbags deflated and retracted. Pathfinder opened its three metallic triangular solar panels (petals) 87 minutes after landing. The lander first transmitted the engineering and atmospheric science data collected during entry and landing, the first signal being received at Earth at 2:34 p.m. EDT. The imaging system obtained views of the rover and immediate surroundings and a panoramic view of the landing area and transmitted it to Earth. Much of its mission was focused on supporting the rover with imaging telecommunications and data storage.

The landing site, Ares Vallis, was chosen because scientists believed it was a relatively safe surface to land on and contained a wide variety of rocks washed down into this flood basin during a catastrophic flood. During its exploration of the surface, Sojourner did rely on the lander primarily for communications with Earth and for imaging support. After some maneuvers to clear an airbag out of the way, ramps were deployed and the rover, stowed against one of the petals, rolled onto the surface on 6 July 1997 at about 1: 40 a.m. EDT. This began the exploration of the Martian northern lowlands.

The Pathfinder Lander and the Sojourner Rover were great successes in July and August 1997. During its initial thirty-day mission, the lander returned 1.2 Gbits of data and 9600 images. Sojourner returned 384 images. On September 27, 1997, communication was lost with the Pathfinder, after meeting the August predictions that its battery would be the first thing to fail. Pathfinder had a design lifetime of thirty days, Sojourner of seven days. Both exceeded expectations.

The Mars Pathfinder mission cost approximately $265 million including launch and operations. Development and construction of the lander cost $150 million and the rover about $25 million.

Missions operations for Mars Pathfinder were conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Manager was Tony Spear; Roger Bourke was the Mission Engineer; Dr. Matthew Golombek was project scientist and Donna Pivirotto-Shirley was the Micro-Rover Development Manager.

Science data, both raw and processed, was transferred after a period of validation to NASA's Planetary Data System. The Deep Space Network's 70-meter (230-foot) and 34-meter (110-foot) antennas in Madrid, Spain were used to support entry communications.

From the description of Mars Pathfinder Accounting, Budget, Cost and Workforce Reports Collection, 1992-1998. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory Library and Archives). WorldCat record id: 733102133