California College of Medicine

Before it became part of the University of California, Irvine (UCI), the UCI College of Medicine went through several incarnations as a school of osteopathy. Osteopathy splintered from mainstream (or allopathic) medicine in the mid-nineteenth century in a climate of poor, commercially driven medical education and the proliferation of dangerous and ineffective medical practices such as blood-letting and the prescription of calomel and emetics. The first osteopaths were opposed to the use of any drugs for their patients; pharmacology was introduced into osteopathic practice in the early twentieth century. Andrew Still, the M.D. who founded osteopathy, "discovered" the Osteopathic Principle, which states that all disease can be attributed to lesions in the spine, and thus may be alleviated by manipulation of the vertebrae (this is why osteopathy is often confused with chiropractics, although chiropractors do not have the same medical training that osteopaths have, and are only qualified to treat skeletal complaints). Dr. Still began training osteopaths at his American School of Osteopathy in Kirksville, Missouri in 1892. The Pacific School of Osteopathy and Infirmary (PSO) -- the second osteopathic school -- was established in Anaheim in 1896 by Aubrey C. Moore, D.O., who had studied under Dr. Still, and an M.D., B.W. Scheurer (for a short time, PSO awarded both the D.O. and the M.D.). For the first four years, PSO awarded the Diplomate of Osteopathy, D.O. In 1900 California legally recognized the profession, and PSO began awarding the Doctor of Osteopathy, D.O.The Pacific School of Osteopathy moved to Los Angeles in 1897, to South Pasadena in 1903, then back to Los Angeles in 1904 into quarters on the corner of Mission and Daly. The school changed its name to the Pacific College of Osteopathy (PCO) in 1904.In 1905 Harry Forbes, D.O. and several other former members of the faculty of the S.S. Still College of Osteopathy, Des Moines established the Los Angeles College of Osteopathy (LACO). Because LACO offered both a two-year course and a three-year course, the state Board of Medical Examiners did not recognize the degrees LACO was granting. Additionally, the American Osteopathic Association would not accept LACO as a member because there was already an osteopathic school in Los Angeles, PCO. Despite these difficulties, which also included a suit brought against LACO by PCO and a suit against the California Board of Medical Examiners brought by LACO, LACO persisted until 1914 when it merged with PCO to form the College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons (COPS). There was one other osteopathic school in California during this time. The California College of Osteopathy was founded in San Francisco in 1898. This school merged with the American School of Osteopathy in 1912.COPS was the most enduring of California's osteopathic schools. It garnered several concessions from the medical profession over the years that enabled it to adequately train osteopaths who were then able to go on to productive careers in California and elsewhere. For example, in 1915 COPS formed an agreement with the Los Angeles County General Hospital (LACGH) to train interns there. COPS brought suit against the Medical Examiners in 1919 after they discontinued recognizing COPS as a qualified educator. During the trial, the burden was on the Medical Examiners to prove that education at COPS was sub-standard compared to education at California schools granting the M.D. degree. In 1921, while the suit was still being argued, the internship program sponsored by the LACGH was discontinued. However, the courts ruled in favor of COPS in June of 1921 (Decision by the Court of Appeal of California, 53 Cal. App. 138; 199 P. 1093; 1921 Cal. App. LEXIS 354). The decision enabled an initiative to be passed in 1922 providing for a separate California Board of Osteopathic Examiners. This eliminated the former problem of M.D.s on the Board of Medical Examiners making all the decisions about the suitability of particular osteopaths to practice their profession. That same year LACGH reinstated the residency training program for COPS.The California Osteopathic Association (COA), affiliated with the AOA, was incorporated in 1900 as the osteopathic professional organization in California. The administration of COA and the faculty of COPS overlapped a great deal.The California osteopathic tradition led by COPS and COA ended in 1961 by consensus among these two groups and the California Medical Association (CMA) when the two California medical professions merged and D.O.s were no longer awarded in the state of California. The merger was led by Forest Grunigen, D.O., who had begun talks with the CMA in the mid-1940s. In 1962 all COPS graduates were offered an M.D. degree in exchange for their D.O. degree and a $65 fee, with no additional qualifying examination. The new degrees were problematic for some, the M.D.s were not accepted for licensure out-of-state, and few academic or hospital appointments were given to the former D.O.s, but many went on to have successful careers. The AOA was vehemently opposed to the merger, and many osteopaths in California agreed. A splinter group, naming themselves the Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California (OPSC), was formed in 1960 from the 500 osteopaths in California who decided against exchanging their D.O.s for M.D.s. In 1974 OPSC succeeded in convincing the California Supreme Court to rescind their decision that had formalized the merger. The problems encountered by Californians dissuaded osteopaths in other states from attempting mergers of their own, and the California experiment was a unique phenomenon. In 1967 after much debate, the UC-CCM was assigned to UCI, and the college, its faculty, and its administration moved to Irvine.

From the description of California College of Medicine records, 1860-1998, 1896-1967 (University of California, Irvine). WorldCat record id: 566037316

The Southeast Asian Genetics Program (SEAGEP) was established in 1984 to identify services for Southeast Asian communities concerning birth defects and developmental disabilities, and conduct community and cross-cultural education.

It was a four-year program funded by the Federal Bureau of Maternal and Child Health (MCH), a division of the Department of Health and Human Services. SEAGEP existed longer than its original grant cycle due to the continued support of MCH and other organizations. SEAGEP was directed by Kenneth W. Dumars and coordinated and administered by faculty and staff from the Division of Development Disabilities and Clinical Genetics, a University Affiliated Program at University of California, Irvine.

From the description of Southeast Asian Genetics Program records, 1984-1991. (University of California, Irvine). WorldCat record id: 53008869

Historical Background

Before it became part of the University of California, Irvine (UCI), the UCI College of Medicine went through several incarnations as a school of osteopathy. Osteopathy splintered from mainstream (or allopathic) medicine in the mid-nineteenth century in a climate of poor, commercially driven medical education and the proliferation of dangerous and ineffective medical practices such as blood-letting and the prescription of calomel and emetics. The first osteopaths were opposed to the use of any drugs for their patients; pharmacology was introduced into osteopathic practice in the early twentieth century. Andrew Still, the M.D. who founded osteopathy, "discovered" the Osteopathic Principle, which states that all disease can be attributed to lesions in the spine, and thus may be alleviated by manipulation of the vertebrae (this is why osteopathy is often confused with chiropractics, although chiropractors do not have the same medical training that osteopaths have, and are only qualified to treat skeletal complaints). Dr. Still began training osteopaths at his American School of Osteopathy in Kirksville, Missouri in 1892.

The Pacific School of Osteopathy and Infirmary (PSO) -- the second osteopathic school -- was established in Anaheim in 1896 by Aubrey C. Moore, D.O., who had studied under Dr. Still, and an M.D., B.W. Scheurer (for a short time, PSO awarded both the D.O. and the M.D.). For the first four years, PSO awarded the Diplomate of Osteopathy, D.O. In 1900 California legally recognized the profession, and PSO began awarding the Doctor of Osteopathy, D.O.

The Pacific School of Osteopathy moved to Los Angeles in 1897, to South Pasadena in 1903, then back to Los Angeles in 1904 into quarters on the corner of Mission and Daly. The school changed its name to the Pacific College of Osteopathy (PCO) in 1904.

In 1905 Harry Forbes, D.O. and several other former members of the faculty of the S.S. Still College of Osteopathy, Des Moines established the Los Angeles College of Osteopathy (LACO). Because LACO offered both a two-year course and a three-year course, the state Board of Medical Examiners did not recognize the degrees LACO was granting. Additionally, the American Osteopathic Association would not accept LACO as a member because there was already an osteopathic school in Los Angeles, PCO. Despite these difficulties, which also included a suit brought against LACO by PCO and a suit against the California Board of Medical Examiners brought by LACO, LACO persisted until 1914 when it merged with PCO to form the College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons (COPS).

There was one other osteopathic school in California during this time. The California College of Osteopathy was founded in San Francisco in 1898. This school merged with the American School of Osteopathy in 1912.

COPS was the most enduring of California's osteopathic schools. It garnered several concessions from the medical profession over the years that enabled it to adequately train osteopaths who were then able to go on to productive careers in California and elsewhere. For example, in 1915 COPS formed an agreement with the Los Angeles County General Hospital (LACGH) to train interns there. COPS brought suit against the Medical Examiners in 1919 after they discontinued recognizing COPS as a qualified educator. During the trial, the burden was on the Medical Examiners to prove that education at COPS was sub-standard compared to education at California schools granting the M.D. degree. In 1921, while the suit was still being argued, the internship program sponsored by the LACGH was discontinued. However, the courts ruled in favor of COPS in June of 1921 (Decision by the Court of Appeal of California, 53 Cal. App. 138; 199 P. 1093; 1921 Cal. App. LEXIS 354). The decision enabled an initiative to be passed in 1922 providing for a separate California Board of Osteopathic Examiners. This eliminated the former problem of M.D.s on the Board of Medical Examiners making all the decisions about the suitability of particular osteopaths to practice their profession. That same year LACGH reinstated the residency training program for COPS.

The California Osteopathic Association (COA), affiliated with the AOA, was incorporated in 1900 as the osteopathic professional organization in California. The administration of COA and the faculty of COPS overlapped a great deal.

The California osteopathic tradition led by COPS and COA ended in 1961 by consensus among these two groups and the California Medical Association (CMA) when the two California medical professions merged and D.O.s were no longer awarded in the state of California. The merger was led by Forest Grunigen, D.O., who had begun talks with the CMA in the mid-1940s. In 1962 all COPS graduates were offered an M.D. degree in exchange for their D.O. degree and a $65 fee, with no additional qualifying examination. The new degrees were problematic for some, the M.D.s were not accepted for licensure out-of-state, and few academic or hospital appointments were given to the former D.O.s, but many went on to have successful careers.

The AOA was vehemently opposed to the merger, and many osteopaths in California agreed. A splinter group, naming themselves the Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California (OPSC), was formed in 1960 from the 500 osteopaths in California who decided against exchanging their D.O.s for M.D.s. In 1974 OPSC succeeded in convincing the California Supreme Court to rescind their decision that had formalized the merger. The problems encountered by Californians dissuaded osteopaths in other states from attempting mergers of their own, and the California experiment was a unique phenomenon.

In 1967 after much debate, the UC-CCM was assigned to UCI, and the college, its faculty, and its administration moved to Irvine.

• 1896: Pacific School of Osteopathy and Infirmary (PSO) incorporated
• 1900: California Osteopathic Association (COA) incorporated D.O. degree is recognized in California First Doctor of Osteopathy degree is granted at PCO
• 1904: PSO changes its name to Pacific College of Osteopathy (PCO)
• 1905: Los Angeles College of Osteopathy (LACO) incorporated
• 1914: PCO and LACO consolidate to form the College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons (COPS)
• 1922: California passes initiative to provide for a separate Board of Osteopathic Examiners
• 1928: Los Angeles County General Hospital opens Unit 2, an osteopathic unit
• 1941: COA and CMA reach an agreement for unification, though it is rejected by the American Medical Association on the grounds that it is illegal. The AOA was also opposed to it at this time, as well as 20 years later when the merger actually went through.
• 1955: CMA appoints the Committee on Other Professions
• 1961: COA merges with the California Medical Association (CMA) COPS awards M.D.s to qualified/willing D.O.s. COPS changes its name to California College of Medicine (CCM)
• 1963: Bill passes to fold CCM into UC system
• 1967: Agreement is signed to make CCM part of Irvine campus
• 1968: CCM moves to Irvine campus

• 1896: B.W. Scheurer, M.D. (PSO)
• 1897 - 1898 : Aubrey C. Moore, D.O. (PSO)
• 1898 - 1903 : Charles A. Bailey, M.D., D.O. (PSO)
• 1904 - 1913 : George Finley Burton, D.O. (PCO)
• 1905 - 1914 : Harry Forbes (LACO)
• 1913 - 1914 : W.J. Hayden (PCO)
• 1914 - 1920 : Harry Forbes (COPS)
• 1920 - 1923 : Louis Chandler
• 1922: Edward H. Light, acting
• 1923 - 1935 : L. van Horn Gerdine
• 1935 - 1939 : Carle H. Phinney
• 1940 - 1970 : W. Ballentine Henley (COPS and CCM, Provost of UCI-CCM)

From the guide to the California College of Medicine records, 1860-1998, (bulk 1896-1967), (University of California, Irvine. Library. Special Collections and Archives.)

Organizational History

In 1984 the Southeast Asian Genetics Program (SEAGEP) was established to identify services for Southeast Asian communities concerning birth defects and developmental disabilities, and conduct community and cross-cultural education. It was a four-year program funded by the Federal Bureau of Maternal and Child Health (MCH), a division of the Department of Health and Human Services. SEAGEP existed longer than its original grant cycle due to the continued support of MCH and other organizations. SEAGEP was directed by Kenneth W. Dumars and coordinated and administered by faculty and staff from the Division of Development Disabilities and Clinical Genetics, a University Affiliated Program at University of California, Irvine.

At the time of SEAGEP's establishment, the growing Southeast Asian communities consisted predominately of refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and members of the Cham ethnic group. Many of these groups resettled in Orange and south Los Angeles counties.

A persistent language and cultural barrier between Western-educated medical practitioners and their Southeast Asian patients became apparent. Western practitioners also had little information regarding the cultures and medical histories of Southeast Asian populations. Therefore, SEAGEP worked with Southeast Asian communities as well as the practitioners who would be serving these communities through seminars, bilingual literature, cooperative efforts with other public health organizations, and the production of a video, Southeast Asia: The Land, The People, and The Culture . SEAGEP also collected much-needed data and conducted intensive research regarding thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder common to the Mediterranean and Asian regions, and other prevalent genetic blood disorders.

As reflected in a pamphlet printed in 1987, SEAGEP more specifically sought to achieve the following goals:

By 1991, SEAGEP had dissolved due to lack of grant funding.

From the guide to the Southeast Asian Genetics Program records, 1984-1991, (University of California, Irvine. Library. Special Collections and Archives.)