Robinson, Therese, 1797-1870

Therese Albertine Luise von Jakob Robinson (26 January 1797 – 13 April 1870) was a German-American author, linguist and translator, and second wife of biblical scholar Edward Robinson.[1] She published under the pseudonym Talvj, an acronym derived from the initials of her birth name.

She wrote a brief autobiographical preface in the Brockhausischen Conversations-Lexikon (1840).[2] For a complete English biography of her life and work, see Irma Elizabeth Voigt (1913).[3]

Biography
Russian years
She was born 1797 in Halle, to Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob, political writer and professor of philosophy. In 1806 or 1807,[a] she accompanied her father's appointment to the University of Charkow, Russia (now Kharkiv, in Ukraine), where he served three (five?) years, during which she commenced the study of Slavic languages.[b] She was deprived of formal education, though she had access to the university library at this time.[2] In 1810 or 1811[c] her father was called to a position in St. Petersburg to aid in the revision of the criminal code,[2] and during this time she was even further denied instructions, though she read voraciously ("unendlich viel"), especially books on history.[2][d] According to Voigt, none of the poetry she wrote in her St. Petersburg years were published during her lifetime, and most of it was probably destroyed, though poems such as "Sehnsucht" ('Nostalgia') from 1813 did appear in print.[e][2][f][4]

Repatriation to Germany
In 1816, the family moved back to Halle. Though she continued to write poetry and short stories, she was reluctant to publish them publicly in her own name.[f] She translated Walter Scott's Old Mortality and The Black Dwarf, which she published under the pseudonym "Ernst Berthold" (Halle, 1822), but this she purportedly did so for a little "pin-money" and "against her own inclination".[5] In 1822, she submitted a series of literary criticisms, which were self-denigratingly signed "ein Frauenzimmer".[g]

Talvj was the pen name she invented, an acrostic formed from the initials of her maiden name (née Therese Albertine Louise von Jacob) which she would use to sign her works thereafter, beginning with Psyche (1825), a collection of three short stories.[4][5][6]

Serbian language and Goethe
Her interest in the Serbian language was triggered by reading Jakob Grimm's criticism of the Serbian folk songs, and she delved into its study to obliterate her sorrow following the loss of a sister in 1823.[5] With her background in the Russian language, she soon mastered the language, initiating work on translating Serbian folk songs. Learning Goethe had struck up interest in such Serbian songs, she "despite an almost overpowering timidity" ventured to write to him about her project, accompanied by sample drafts of songs she completed.[7] After receiving from Goethe much encouragement through correspondence and meetings in person, her translation Volkslieder der Serben ('Folk songs of the Serbs') appeared in 1826. Goethe glowingly recommended her creation in Kunst und Altertum, and compared her efforts which were in popularly accessible language favorably against Grimm's strict literal translations.[g] And the work became the lasting hallmark of her reputation for posterity.[7][8]

Marriage and coming to America
In August 1828, she married the American theologian Edward Robinson. She had suffered the losses of both her mother and her father in and around this time, and it was an agonizing step for her to leave Germany. The couple remained in Europe another two years, sojourning in several countries.[9]

In 1830 they reached the United States, settling in Andover, Massachusetts where awaited his professorship at the Andover Seminary.[6] There will be no published literary output from her for some four years. But shortly upon arrival in America, she began the study of the languages of Native American Indians, which later culminated in a translated handbook.[6][10] She worked in her personal capacity as a bridge between German and American culture, and assisted her husband's work in introducing German theology and thought through the press Biblical Repository, which her husband established 1831.[11]

They moved to Boston in 1833, and she found herself in the intellectual circles around Karl Follen.[12] The following year, she resumed her literary activity in her own right, first[h] translating into German John Pickering's "Indian Languages of North America" printed in Encyclopedia Americana (1830–1831), which appeared as Über die Indianischen Sprachen Amerikas (1834). Pickering's work proposed a standard orthography for phonetically transcribing Native American words to remedy the fact that scholars from different nationalities adopted inconsistent romanization schemes. This system was based on the German pronunciation model.[11][13][14][15] The same year, she wrote Historical View of the Slavic Languages published by her husband's Biblical Repository (Andover, 1834),[4] It was later reissued in expanded book form as Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the Slavic Nations, with a Sketch of their Popular Poetry (New York and London, 1850).[i]

In 1836, she anonymously submitted "Popular Poetry of the Teutonic Nations," to the North American Review (Robinson 1836, NAR 91, 295-).[16] The piece included a number of translated poems from Scandinavian languages, later included in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ed., The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1847).[17] Her article was later published as a book in German, entitled Charakteristik der Volkslieder germanischen Nationen mit einer Uebersicht der Lieder aussereuropäischer Völkerschaften ('[Attempt at an Historical] Characterization of the Popular Songs of the German Nations, with a Review of the Songs of the Extra-European Races') (1840).[16][j]

Germany 1837-1840
1837, she left her Bostonian circle of friends, and made her home in New York, where her husband obtained position at the seminary. However they were immediately bound for Europe on Edward's investigatory assignment, and during 1837–1840 she would reside in her native Germany, while Edward was engaged in his mission in Palestine.[18]

During this period came her book asserting proof that Ossianic poems were forgeries by the discoverer James Macpherson; it appeared under the title Die Unächtheit der Lieder Ossian's und des Macphersonschen Ossian's insbesondere or 'The spuriousness of Ossian's songs' (Leipzig, 1840).[4][8][19]

New York 1840-1863
The literati who frequented their New York home were George Bancroft, William Cullen Bryant, Bayard Taylor, and Frederick Law Olmsted.[20] She also struck up friendship with Washington Irving starting in 1846.[21]

Other works in German were: Aus der Geschichte der ersten Ansiedelungen in den Vereinigten Staaten (Extracts from the history of the first settlement of the United States; 1845), Die Colonisation von Neu England (The colonization of New England; 1847), imperfectly translated into English by William Hazlitt, Jr.,[1] Three tales originally published in German were translated into English by her daughter, appearing under the titles of Heloise, or the Unrevealed Secret (New York, 1850), Life's Discipline: a Tale of the Annals of Hungary (1851), and The Exiles (1853).[1] Of her fiction, Exiles (orig. Die Auswanderer 1852) received the most critical acclaim and sold the most copies,[8] and was republished as Woodhill, or the Ways of Providence (1856).

Later years
After the death of her husband in 1863, she returned to her native Germany and resided in Hamburg,[20] where her son, Edward, was American consul. Her last work was published in the United States under the title of Fifteen Years, a Picture from the Last Century (New York, 1870).[k] A collection of her tales, Gesammelte Novellen, with her biography by her daughter, was published in Leipzig (2 volumes, 1874).