Gordon, Laura de Force, 1838-1907

Laura de Force Gordon—journalist, lawyer and suffragette—was born in Erie County, Pennsylvania on August 17, 1838. In 1862 she married Dr. Charles H. Gordon of Scotland,followed him to New Orleans where he was stationed during the Civil War, and subsequently traveled with him to Nevada in 1867 and to Lodi, California in 1870.
Prior to her marriage Mrs. Gordon had lectured on spiritualism on the east coast, and continued her lectures when she moved west. An early advocate of women's rights, she was instrumental in founding the California Woman Suffrage Society in 1870, serving as its president in 1877 and from 1884 to 1894. She also lectured widely in California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington Territory on behalf of the movement. In 1871, nominated for state senator in San Joaquin County by the Independent Party, she received some two hundred votes.
Her journalistic career appeared to have begun in 1873, when she wrote a column for the Stockton Narrow Gauge, a semi-weekly. Later that year she edited and published the Stockton Weekly Leader, which became a daily in 1874, and which she sold in 1875. Moving to Oakland, she edited the Oakland Daily Democrat until 1878, and in her editorial capacity championed women's rights and the Democratic party. In 1877 she played an important role in lobbying for the passage of a landmark bill, first drafted by Clara Shortridge Foltz, permitting women to practice law in California. The two women collaborated again in successfully appealing to the California Supreme Court a case against the Hastings College of Law which denied them official admission. The case made legal history, and the two women were admitted to the California Bar in December 1879. Mrs. Gordon maintained a law office first in San Francisco,and later moved to Stockton.
An eloquent speaker, she vigorously campaigned in the California mining country on behalf of the Democratic Party in 1888 and 1890, and in Nebraska and Utah in 1892. Always an ardent feminist, Mrs. Gordon twice served as delegate, to the National Woman Suffrage Association, and with Susan B. Anthony appealed at the Liberal Republican Convention in 1872 for adoption of a suffrage plank. She retired to manage her farm near Lodi in 1901, and died there at the age of sixty-eight, on April 5, 1907.

Laura de Force Gordon (née Laura de Force; August 17, 1838 – April 5, 1907) was a California lawyer, newspaper publisher, and a prominent suffragette. She was the first woman to run a daily newspaper in the United States (the Stockton Daily Leader, 1874), and the second female lawyer admitted to practice in California.

As an activist, Gordon was a key proponent of the Woman Lawyer's Bill, which allowed women to practice law in California. She also pushed for the inclusion of a section in the California Constitution that prohibited the state from barring women from practicing any profession.

Early life
Laura de Force Gordon (née Laura de Force) was born in North East, Pennsylvania, on August 17, 1838, After the death of one of the children, the family turned to Spiritualism in 1855.[2]: 6  Gordon toured the Northeast of the United States giving public speeches, starting as young as 15,[2]: 6  including a speech in Boston at age 18.[3] During one such event, she met a Scottish physician named Charles H. Gordon, and married him in 1862.[1][3] They moved west gradually, first to New Orleans (where he was posted during the Civil War),[4] then to Nevada,[5] and finally settling in California in 1870.[1]

Before 1878, she divorced her husband on grounds of adultery.[1] She later referred to herself frequently as a widow, rather than a divorcée, since widowhood was "a more acceptable explanation ... for ... lack of male protection".[6]: 24  In 1873, Gordon became an editor and reporter for the Stockton Narrow Gauge. In 1874, she bought the Stockton Weekly Leader and converted into a daily newspaper,[a] becoming the first female publisher of a paper in the United States.[7][8] Between 1876 and 1878, she published the Oakland Daily Democrat.[3] During that period, she also served as a correspondent for the Sacramento Bee and other papers, with a press desk on the floor of the state Assembly.[1][6]: 27  She also served as an organizer of the Pacific Coast Press Association.[9]

Suffrage activism

Advertisement in the San Francisco Daily Alta for a talk on suffrage given by Gordon in 1870.
In the late 1860s, Gordon's speaking career turned from Spiritualism to women's rights, perhaps influenced by Spiritualism's emphasis on egalitarianism and equality between the sexes. Gordon's February 19, 1868 speech in San Francisco, titled "The Elective Franchise: Who Shall Vote", was the first in California on the suffrage movement.[2]: 7–8 [10] It attracted a healthy crowd, some of whom went on to become leaders in California's suffrage movement.[2]: 7–8 

In 1870, she helped found the California Women's Suffrage Society, and gave more than 100 speeches on suffrage.[11][12]: 13 [13] Gordon also worked for suffrage in Nevada, speaking throughout the state in the late 1860s and in front of the state legislature in 1871.[14] One paper writing about her speaking at this time described her speaking as "like a stream of liquid fire".[15]

Gordon also traveled outside of the Southwest, representing California at the 1872 National Woman Suffrage Association in New York City.[16] At the 1872 Liberal Republican convention, alongside Susan B. Anthony, she asked the party to seat her as a representative from California (to "laughter") and submitted a pro-suffrage resolution.[17][18][19]

After beginning her legal career in 1879, she continued her suffrage activism. She was elected president of the California State Suffrage Association from 1884–1894, and a paid speaker on behalf of the movement in the 1888 presidential election.[20] In 1892, she spoke at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago.[21]

Gordon was considered part of the "radical" branch of women's suffrage activists,[12]: 15  in part because of her divorce and association with Spiritualism.[22] Her correspondents included Henry George[9] and Susan B. Anthony.[3]

Legal activism and career
As a result of her suffrage and publishing work, Gordon was well known in California political circles, and even received 200 votes for State Senate in 1871.[3]: 216  This positioned her, along with fellow suffragette Clara Shortridge Foltz, to manage the lobbying campaign for the Woman Lawyer's Bill, which granted women the right to practice law in California in January 1878. Gordon used her position as a journalist covering the debate to stay in touch with lawmakers and lobby the governor for the final signature.[6]: 27–29 [23]

Later in 1878, Gordon was nominated as a delegate to the California Constitutional Convention, but was defeated.[3] Despite not being elected as a delegate, during the convention, in February 1879, Gordon and Foltz successfully pushed for the inclusion of Article XX, Section 18, of the Constitution. This clause prohibited state law from barring women from entering any "lawful business, avocation, or profession".[24][6]: 53 

At around the same time, in January 1879, Gordon and Foltz were briefly admitted to the recently opened Hastings College of the Law, and paid the $10 tuition.[15] However, on the third day of classes, they were asked to leave, in part because the school's Dean felt their "rustling skirts" bothered the male students.[6]: 44  In February, the women filed and argued a case that persuaded the state's Supreme Court to overturn that decision.[b][6]: 54  However, because of work, activism, and family obligations, neither Gordon nor Foltz were able to graduate, and so the first female graduate of Hastings was Mary McHenry Keith.[3][6]: 88 

At that time, law school graduation was not necessary for bar admission, so Gordon studied on her own. On December 6, 1879, she was admitted to the State Bar of California, becoming the second female attorney in the state (after Foltz).[6]: 62  In 1880 she established her own firm in San Francisco, where she specialized in general and criminal law. Her work included successful defenses in several murder cases.[1][6]: 77 [9] She was also the first woman in California to argue a case to a jury.[6]: 77  This work attracted national attention, particularly in the case of George Wheeler, where Gordon assisted the defense and Foltz the prosecution, leading New York's National Police Gazette to write that it was a case where "two females will be allowed to wag their tongues to their heart's content".[6]: 75–77 [25]

On February 3, 1883, Gordon became the second woman to be admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court, after Belva Lockwood.[11][26]

Later life and death
Gordon retired from the legal profession in 1901, and spent her last years on her farm in Lodi, California.[11] Her health deteriorated in 1906 after the premature death of her grandchild. She caught pneumonia in March 1907, and died in Lodi on April 5, 1907.[2]: 21