Greenhow, Rose O'Neal, 1814-1864

<p>She was born in 1813 as Maria Rosetta O'Neale on a small plantation in Montgomery County, Maryland, northwest of Washington, D.C. (Note: The biographical note on Greenhow at the National Archives and Record Administration, which holds a collection of her papers, says that O'Neal was born in 1817 in Port Tobacco, Maryland, but it is unclear what the documentation is for this.) She was the third of five daughters of John O'Neale, a planter and slaveholder, and his wife Eliza Henrietta Hamilton, who were Catholic. Called Rose as a child, O'Neal was the third born and close to her next older sister, Ellen (Mary Eleanor) and the final "e" was dropped off the family name in Rose's early childhood. Their father died in 1817, murdered by his black valet. His widow, Eliza O'Neal, had four daughters to support and a cash-poor farm.</p>

<p>After being orphaned as children, Greenhow and her sister Ellen were invited to live with their aunt in Washington, D.C., around the year 1830. Their aunt, Mrs. Maria Ann Hill, ran a stylish boarding house at the Old Capitol Building (later the Old Capitol Prison) and the girls met many important figures in the Washington area. Her olive skin "delicately flushed with color" earned her the nickname "Wild Rose."</p>

<p>In the 1830s, she met Robert Greenhow Jr., a prominent doctor, lawyer, and linguist from Virginia. Their courtship was well received by Washington society, including famed society matron Dolley Madison. In 1833, Greenhow's sister Ellen O'Neal married Dolley's nephew James Madison Cutts. In 1856, their daughter Adele Cutts married the widower Stephen A. Douglas, the senator from Illinois.</p>

<p>In 1835, Rose married Dr. Robert Greenhow Jr. with Dolley's blessing, and by the 1850s had long been an established socialite in the capital. Robert Greenhow worked at the U.S. Department of State. Robert's step-sister, Mary Greenhow Lee, would visit him and Greenhow and the two women became close friends.</p>

<p>The Greenhows had four daughters: Florence, Gertrude, Leila, and Rose. Their youngest child was named Rose O'Neal Greenhow (her middle name being her mother's maiden), and was nicknamed "Little Rose".</p>

<p>Robert's work with the State Department prompted the family to move with him to Mexico City in 1850 and then to San Francisco, California. In 1852, Greenhow returned East with her children, a journey of months, giving birth to her last daughter in 1853. Her husband died in an accident in San Francisco in 1854. Being a widow did not disrupt Greenhow's popularity in the capital. A short time later, their oldest child Florence married Seymour Treadwell Moore, a West Point graduate, career army officer, and Mexican War veteran. The couple moved west to Ohio.</p>

<p>After losing her husband, Greenhow became more sympathetic to the Confederate cause. Greenhow was an advocate for secession and "preserving the Southern way of life," including slavery. She was strongly influenced by her friendship with U.S. Senator John C. Calhoun from South Carolina. Greenhow's loyalty to the Confederacy was noted by those with similar sympathies in Washington, and she was recruited as a spy. Her recruiter was U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan, who had set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington. He supplied her with a 26-symbol cipher for encoding messages.</p>

<p>After passing control of the espionage network to Greenhow, Jordan left the US Army, went South, and was commissioned as a captain in the Confederate Army. He continued to receive and evaluate her reports. Jordan appeared to be Greenhow's handler for the Confederate Secret Service during its formative phase.</p>

<p>On July 9 and July 16 of 1861, Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding Union military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run, including the plans of General Irvin McDowell. Assisting in her conspiracy were pro-Confederate members of Congress, Union officers, courier Betty Duvall, and her dentist, Aaron Van Camp, as well as his son who was also a Confederate soldier, Eugene B. Van Camp. Confederate President Jefferson Davis credited Greenhow's information with the Confederates securing victory at Manassas over the Union Army on July 21.</p>

<p>After the battle she received the following telegram from Jordan: "Our President and our General direct me to thank you. We rely upon you for further information. The Confederacy owes you a debt". (Signed) JORDAN, Adjutant-General." She became known as "Rebel Rose" for her work for the South.</p>

<p>Knowing she was suspected of spying for the Confederacy, Greenhow feared for her remaining daughters' safety. Leila was sent to Ohio to join her older sister Florence Greenhow Moore, whose husband Seymour Treadwell Moore had become a captain in the Union Army. (He was breveted a brigadier general in May 1865 for his services and achieved a rank of lieutenant colonel after the war in his army career.) Only Little Rose stayed with Greenhow in Washington.</p>

<p>Allan Pinkerton was made head of the recently formed Secret Service and one of his first orders was to watch Greenhow, because of her wide circle of contacts on both sides of the sectional split. Due to the activities of visitors, he arrested Greenhow and placed her under house arrest at her 16th Street residence on August 23, 1861, along with one of her couriers, Lily Mackall. His agents traced other leaked information to Greenhow's home. While searching her house, Pinkerton and his men found extensive intelligence materials left from evidence she tried to burn, including scraps of coded messages, copies of what amounted to eight reports to Jordan over a month's time, and maps of Washington fortifications and notes on military movements.</p>

<p>The materials included numerous love letters from the abolitionist Republican US Senator Henry Wilson from Massachusetts. She considered him her prize source, and said he gave her data on the "number of heavy guns and other artillery in the Washington defenses," but he likely knew far more from his work on the Military Affairs Committee. The seized Greenhow papers are now held by the National Archives and Records Administration, with some available on line.</p>

<p>Pinkerton supervised visitors to Greenhow's house and moved other suspected Southern sympathizers into it, giving rise to the nickname Fort Greenhow. He was pleased to oversee the visitors and messages, as it gave him more control of the Southern flow of information. While messages continued to be sent to Jordan, he discounted them after Pinkerton mounted his control. When a letter from Greenhow to Seward complained of her treatment was publicized, there was Northern criticism for what was perceived as too lenient treatment of a spy. Pinkerton transferred Greenhow on January 18, 1862, to Old Capitol Prison, shutting down Fort Greenhow. So many political prisoners were detained that a two-man commission was set up to review their cases at what were called espionage hearings. Greenhow was never subjected to trial. Her youngest daughter, "Little Rose", then eight years old, was permitted to stay with her.</p>

<p>Greenhow continued to pass along messages while imprisoned. Passers-by could see Rose's window from the street. Historians believe that the position of the blinds and number of candles burning in the window had special meaning to the "little birdies" passing by. Another account lists her prison room facing the prison yard "so that she could not see or be seen" and "every effort was made to keep Mrs. Greenhow away from the windows." Greenhow also on one occasion flew the Confederate Flag from her prison window.</p>

<p>On May 31, 1862, Greenhow was released without trial (with her daughter), on condition she stay within Confederate boundaries. After they were escorted to Fortress Monroe at Hampton Roads, she and her daughter went on to Richmond, Virginia, where Greenhow was hailed by Southerners as a heroine. President Jefferson Davis welcomed her return and enlisted her as a courier to Europe. Greenhow ran the blockade and, from 1863 to 1864, traveled through France and Britain on a diplomatic mission building support for the Confederacy with the aristocrats.</p>

<p>Many European aristocrats had sympathy for the South's elite; there were also strong commercial ties between Britain and the South. While in France, Greenhow was received in the court of Napoleon III at the Tuileries. In Britain, she had an audience with Queen Victoria. Greenhow met, and in 1864 became engaged to, Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville. The details of her mission to Europe are recorded in her personal diaries, dated August 5, 1863, to August 10, 1864, when she wrote, "A sad sick feeling crept over me, of parting perhaps forever, from many dear to me...A few months before I had landed a stranger--I will not say in a foreign land--for it was the land of my ancestors--and many memories twined around my heart when my feet touched the shores of Merry England--but I was literally a stranger in the land of my fathers and a feeling of cold isolation was upon me."</p>

<p>Two months after arriving in London, Greenhow wrote her memoir, titled My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington. She published it that year in London and it sold well throughout Britain.</p>

<p>On August 19, 1864, Greenhow left Europe to return to the Confederacy, carrying dispatches. She traveled on the Condor, a British blockade runner. On October 1, 1864, the Condor ran aground at the mouth of the Cape Fear River near Wilmington, North Carolina, while being pursued by the Union gunboat USS Niphon. Fearing capture and reimprisonment, Greenhow fled the grounded ship by rowboat. A wave capsized the rowboat, and Greenhow drowned. She was weighed down by $2,000 worth of gold sewn into her underclothes and hung around her neck, returns from her memoir royalties.</p>

<p>When Greenhow's body was recovered from the water near Wilmington, searchers found a small notebook and a copy of her book Imprisonment hidden on her. Inside the book was a note meant for her daughter, Little Rose. She was honored with a military funeral at St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic Church in Wilmington, North Carolina, and the Ladies Memorial Association, in 1888, marked her grave in Oakdale Cemetery with a cross that read "Mrs. Rose O'Neal Greenhow. A Bearer of Dispatches to the Confederate Government."</p>

Rose O''Neal Greenhow (1817-1864) was a famous spy for the South during the Civil War. Her nicknames were Wild Rose and Rebel Rose. She was born in Port Tobacco, Maryland, in 1817. Her father, John O''Neal, was a planter and was murdered when Rose was an infant. Around 1830 she moved into her Aunt Mrs. A. V. Hill''s boarding house at the Old Capitol building in Washington, DC, where she met many politicians who also boarded there. Rose was a popular belle known for her beauty, charm, and wit. In 1835 she married Dr. Robert Greenhow with whom she had four daughters, Florence, Gertrude, Leila, and Rose. During the 1850s in Washington, DC, Rose became a popular socialite and hostess and counted many political figures among her social circle. Her friends included South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun, who privately tutored her and whom she nursed on his deathbed, and President James Buchanan. Dr. Robert Greenhow''s work brought him to California during the 1850s, and he died there in 1854. As a widow Rose''s social influence in the nation''s capital continued to grow.

Once the Civil War began Rose overheard and collected war secrets from her friends and acquaintances. Her admirers included Senator Henry Wilson, then chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon. A passionate secessionist and Southern sympathizer, Rose was recruited as a spy for the South by U.S. Army officer Thomas Jordan, who soon left the Union to join the Southern forces. Jordan provided her with a 26-symbol cipher for encoding messages. Rose enthusiastically pursued her mission, passing encoded (or ciphered) messages to the Confederates and running a spy ring in Washington, DC. Confederate President Jefferson Davis, along with some biographers and historians, credited her with providing the South with information that led to the Confederacy''s victory at the First Battle of Bull Run. She provided the Confederates with intelligence about Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell''s advance in time for Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Brig. Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard''s troops to unite and defeat the Union forces on July 21, 1861. On August 23, 1861 the head of the Union Intelligence Service, Allan Pinkerton, captured Rose, and the Union placed Rose under house arrest at her home on 16th Street. A search of her house revealed letters from friends, family, and lovers; encoded messages; notes on military movements; and singed scraps of writing found in Rose''s stove that she had attempted to destroy. The documents were seized and are now held by the National Archives. Because she continued her clandestine activities during her home confinement, in January 1862 she and her daughter "Little" Rose were transferred to the Old Capitol Prison, which was in the same building her aunt had previously run as a boarding house. She continued her spying activities and cryptic message writing during her imprisonment. In March 1862 Rose Greenhow was given a hearing on the charge of espionage but no trial was later held. In May 1862 the Union deported Rose to the South, and residents of Richmond welcomed her warmly.

In August 1863 Rose Greenhow ran the blockade to travel to England and France, where she served as an official courier for Confederate President Jefferson Davis and promoted the South''s cause to British and French aristocrats. While in Europe she wrote and published a memoir, My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington (1863). In London in 1864 she was engaged to the second Earl of Granville. That same year she embarked on a return trip to the South on the blockade runner the Condor, carrying secret dispatches for the Confederates. Off the coast near Wilmington, North Carolina, the ship encountered Union forces and ran aground. Afraid of being captured and re-imprisoned, Rose requested to be placed in a smaller boat to try to make it ashore. Her rowboat capsized in the stormy weather, and Rose drowned on October 1, 1864. She was forced under by the weight of the gold she carried - her memoir royalties intended for the Confederate treasury. Her body was found washed up on the shore by a Confederate soldier. The Confederate government honored her with a military funeral, and she was buried in Wilmington, North Carolina.