Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900

Maria Isabella Boyd (May 9, 1844[1] – June 11, 1900[2]), best known as Belle Boyd (and dubbed the Cleopatra of the Secession[3][4] or Siren of the Shenandoah,[5][6] and later the Confederate Mata Hari[7][8][9]) was a Confederate spy in the American Civil War. She operated from her father's hotel in Front Royal, Virginia, and provided valuable information to Confederate General Stonewall Jackson in 1862.[citation needed] Maria Isabella "Belle" Boyd was born on May 9, 1844, in Martinsburg, Virginia (now part of West Virginia). Boyd's espionage career began by chance. According to her 1866 account, a band of Union army soldiers heard that she had Confederate flags in her room on July 4, 1861, and they came to investigate. They hung a Union flag outside her home. Then one of the men cursed at her mother, which enraged Boyd. She pulled out a pistol and shot the man, who died some hours later. A board of inquiry exonerated her of murder, but sentries were posted around the house and officers kept close track of her activities. She profited from this enforced familiarity, charming at least one of the officers whom she named in her memoir as Captain Daniel Keily,[14] She wrote in her memoir that she was indebted to Keily "for some very remarkable effusions, some withered flowers, and a great deal of important information."[15] She conveyed those secrets to Confederate officers via her slave Eliza Hopewell, who carried them in a hollowed-out watch case. Boyd was caught on her first attempt at spying and told[citation needed] that she could be sentenced to death.[citation needed]

General James Shields and his staff gathered in the parlor of the local hotel in mid-May 1862. Boyd hid in the closet in the room, eavesdropping through a knothole that she enlarged in the door. She learned that Shields had been ordered east from Front Royal, Virginia. That night, she rode through Union lines, using false papers to bluff her way past the sentries, and reported the news to Colonel Turner Ashby, who was scouting for the Confederates. Boyd was arrested at least six times but somehow evaded incarceration.[22] By late July 1862, detective Allan Pinkerton had assigned three men to work on her case.[23] She was finally captured by Union officials on July 29, 1862, after her lover gave her up, and they brought her to the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C. the next day.[24][25] An inquiry was held on August 7, 1862, concerning violations of orders that Boyd be kept in close custody.[26] She was held for a month before being released on August 29, 1862, when she was exchanged at Fort Monroe.[27] She was arrested again in June 1863, but was released after contracting typhoid fever.[28]

In March 1864, Boyd attempted to travel to England, but she was intercepted by a Union blockade and sent to Canada where she met Union naval officer Samuel Wylde Hardinge. The two married in England.[when?][28] and had a daughter, Grace.[29] Boyd became an actress in England after her husband's death to support her daughter.[citation needed] Following the death of her husband in 1866, she and her daughter returned to the United States.[29]

Boyd assumed the stage name Nina Benjamin to perform in several cities, eventually ending up in New Orleans where she married John Swainston Hammond in March 1869, a former British Army officer who fought for the Union Army during the Civil War. They had two sons and two daughters; their first son died as an infant. Boyd divorced Hammond in 1884 and married Nathaniel Rue High in 1885. She subsequently began touring the country giving dramatic lectures of her life as a Civil War spy.[30]

Confederate spy.\\Born Martinsburg, Va.\\Imprisoned for spying July-Aug. 1862 and Aug.-Dec. 1863.\\She went to England in 1864 and there married Sam Wilde Hardinge, one of the Union officers who had guarded her. After his death several years later she returned to the U.S.\\In 1865 she published a sensational memoir, "Belle Boyd in camp and prison". It appears that she did make several appearances in dramatic productions and gave some public lectures, but the woman who acted and lectured for many years as Belle Boyd was often denounced as an impostor.