Tolstoy, Leo, graf, 1828-1910

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой tr. Lev Nikoláyevich Tolstóy; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy; The Tolstoys were a well-known family of old Russian nobility who traced their ancestry to a mythical nobleman named Indris; Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, a family estate, southwest of Tula, Russia; After his mother died when he was two and his father when he was nine, Tolstoy and his siblings were brought up by relatives; In 1844, he began studying law and oriental languages at Kazan University, Tolstoy left the university in the middle of his studies; In 1851, after running up heavy gambling debts, he went with his older brother to the Caucasus and joined the arm; His conversion from a dissolute and privileged society author to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist of his latter days was brought about by his experience in the army as well as two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860–61; friends with Vasily Botkin, Victor Hugo, Mahatma Gandhi; Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and founded thirteen schools for the children of Russia's peasants; On 23 September 1862, Tolstoy married Sophia Andreevna Behrs, They had 13 children, eight of whom survived childhood: Count Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy (1863–1947) composer and ethnomusicologist;
Countess Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya (1864–1950), wife of Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin; Count Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy (1866–1933), writer; Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy (1869–1945), writer and sculptor; Countess Maria Lvovna Tolstaya (1871–1906), wife of Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky; Count Peter Lvovich Tolstoy (1872–1873), died in infancy; Count Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy (1874–1875), died in infancy; Countess Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya (1875–1875), died in infancy; Count Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877–1916), served in the Russo-Japanese War; Count Michael Lvovich Tolstoy (1879–1944); Count Alexei Lvovich Tolstoy (1881–1886); Countess Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya (1884–1979); Count Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (1888–1895); Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82, Astapovo, Ryazan Governorate; Tolstoy gradually became converted to the ascetic morality upheld in that work as the proper spiritual path for the upper classes; In 1884, Tolstoy wrote a book called What I Believe, in which he openly confessed his Christian beliefs; Tolstoy also received letters from American Quakers; He also opposed private property in land ownership Countess Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya (1864–1950), wife of Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin; Count Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy (1866–1933), writer; Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy (1869–1945), writer and sculptor; Countess Maria Lvovna Tolstaya (1871–1906), wife of Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky; Count Peter Lvovich Tolstoy (1872–1873), died in infancy; Count Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy (1874–1875), died in infancy; Countess Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya (1875–1875), died in infancy; Count Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877–1916), served in the Russo-Japanese War; Count Michael Lvovich Tolstoy (1879–1944); Count Alexei Lvovich Tolstoy (1881–1886); Countess Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya (1884–1979); Count Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (1888–1895); Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82, Astapovo, Ryazan Governorate; Tolstoy gradually became converted to the ascetic morality upheld in that work as the proper spiritual path for the upper classes; In 1884, Tolstoy wrote a book called What I Believe, in which he openly confessed his Christian beliefs; Tolstoy also received letters from American Quakers; He also opposed private property in land ownership; Tolstoy had a profound influence on the development of Christian anarchist thought; During the Boxer Rebellion in China, Tolstoy praised the Boxers;

<p>Bibliogrpahy</p>
<p>The Autobiographical Trilogy: Childhood (Детство [Detstvo], 1852); Boyhood (Отрочество [Otrochestvo], 1854); Youth (Юность [Yunost'], 1856)</p>
<p>Novels: War and Peace (Война и мир [Voyna i mir], 1869); Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина [Anna Karenina], 1877); Resurrection (Воскресение [Voskresenie], 1899)</p>
<p>Novellas: Family Happiness (Семейное счастье [Semeynoe schast'e], 1859); The Cossacks (Казаки [Kazaki], 1863); The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Смерть Ивана Ильича [Smert' Ivana Il'icha], 1886); The Kreutzer Sonata (Крейцерова соната [Kreitserova Sonata], 1889); The Devil (Дьявол [Dyavol] 1889, published in 1911); The Forged Coupon (Фальшивый купон [Fal'shivyi kupon], 1911); Hadji Murat (Хаджи-Мурат [Khadzhi-Murat], 1912, 1917)</p>
<p>Many Short stories written from 1852-1911</p>
<p>Plays: The Power of Darkness (Власть тьмы [Vlast' t'my], 1886); The First Distiller (1886); The Light Shines in Darkness (1890); The Fruits of Enlightenment (Плоды просвещения [Plody prosvesheniya], 1891); The Living Corpse (Живой труп [Zhivoi trup], 1900); The Cause of it All (1910)</p>
<p>Philosophical works: A Confession (1879) – Volume 1 of an untitled four-part work; A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology (1880) – Volume 2 of an untitled four-part work; The Gospel in Brief, or A Short Exposition of the Gospel (1881); The Four Gospel Unified and Translated (1881) – Volume 3 of an untitled four-part work; Church and State (1882); What I Believe (also called My Religion) (1884) – Volume 4 of an untitled four-part work; What Is to Be Done? (also translated as What Then Must We Do?) (1886); On Life (1887); The Love of God and of One's Neighbour (1889); Supplementary essay for Timofei Bondarev's The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism (1888); Why Do Men Intoxicate Themselves? (1890); The First Step: on vegetarianism (1892); The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1893); Non-Activity (1893); The Meaning of Refusal of Military Service (1893); Reason and Religion (1894); Religion and Morality (1894); Christianity and Patriotism (1894); Non-Resistance: letter to Ernest H. Crospy (1896); How to Read the Gospels (1896); The Deception of the Church (1896); Letter to the Liberals[3] (1898); Christian Teaching (1898); On Suicide (1900); The Slavery of Our Times (1900); Thou Shalt Not Kill (1900); Reply to the Holy Synod (1901); The Only Way (1901); On Religious Toleration (1901); What Is Religion and What is its Essence? (1902); To the Orthodox Clergy (1903); Thoughts of Wise Men (compilation; 1904); The Only Need (1905); The Grate Sin (1905); A Cycle of Reading (compilation; 1906); Do Not Kill (1906); Love Each Other (1906); An Appeal to Youth (1907); The Law of Love and the Law of Violence (1908)[4]; The Only Command (1909); A Calendar of Wisdom (Путь Жизни [Put' Zhizni]; compilation; 1909)</p>
<p>Works on art and literature, articles, and pedagogical works published between 1861-1909</p>