Brown, John, 1800-1859

Source Citation

John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist leader. A man of religious conviction,[1][2] Brown believed he was "an instrument of God",[3]:248 raised up to strike the death blow to American slavery, a "sacred obligation".[4][3]:189 Brown felt that violence was necessary to end American slavery, since peaceful efforts had failed.[5][4][3] Brown said repeatedly that in working to free the enslaved he was following the Golden Rule,[6][7] as well as the U.S. Declaration of Independence which states that "all men are created equal".[8][9][10][11]:721

Brown first gained national attention when he led anti-slavery volunteers and his own sons during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of the late 1850s, a state-level civil war over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. He was dissatisfied with abolitionist pacifism, saying of pacifists, "These men are all talk. What we need is action—action!". In May 1856, Brown and his sons killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre, a response to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. Brown then commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie.

In October 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (today West Virginia), intending to start a slave liberation movement that would spread south; he had prepared a Provisional Constitution for the revised, slavery-free United States he hoped to bring about. He seized the armory, but seven people were killed, and ten or more were injured. Brown intended to arm slaves with weapons from the armory, but only a few slaves joined his revolt. Those of Brown's men who had not fled were killed or captured by local militia and U.S. Marines, the latter led by Robert E. Lee. Brown was hastily tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men, and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty of all counts and was hanged on December 2, 1859, the first person executed for treason in the history of the United States.[12]:179

The Harpers Ferry raid and Brown's trial, both covered extensively in national newspapers, escalated tensions that led, a year later, to the South's long-threatened secession and the American Civil War. Southerners feared that others would soon follow in Brown's footsteps, encouraging and arming slave rebellions. He was a hero and icon in the North. Union soldiers marched to the new song "John Brown's Body", that portrayed him as a heroic martyr. Newly-freed African Americans sang the same song, and they often lowered their voices when speaking of Brown, as if he were a saint.[13] Brown has been variously described as a heroic martyr and visionary, and as a madman and terrorist.[14][10][15]

Wikipedia, June 30, 2021

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http://hdl.handle.net/10407/3924914696

Citations

Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52249081

Citations

Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6769627

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79450292

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707638650

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19503248

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519707591

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77979986

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/456453988

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317069786

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48652752

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122569028

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519741505

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29647643

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56730778

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Source Citation

<objectXMLWrap>
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<filename>/data/source/findingAids/umi/clementsmss/hiatts_final.xml</filename>
<ead_entity en_type="persname" encodinganalog="600" source="lcnaf">Brown, John, 1800-1859.</ead_entity>
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http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-4203.1hia?rgn=main;view=text

Citations

Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18204314

Citations

Source Citation

<objectXMLWrap>
<container xmlns="">
<filename>/data/source/findingAids/uks/ksrl.kc.killammarychesley.xml</filename>
<ead_entity en_type="persname" encodinganalog="^700" role="subject" source="lcnaf">Brown, John, 1800-1859.</ead_entity>
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http://hdl.handle.net/10407/6757679220

Citations

Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48463152

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15724336

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298468788

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56714079

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16861633

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Source Citation

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/435542642

Citations

Unknown Source

Citations

Name Entry: Brown, John, 1800-1859

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Note: Contributors from initial SNAC EAC-CPF ingest

Name Entry: Fighting Brown, 1800-1859

Found Data: [ { "contributor": "VIAF", "form": "alternativeForm" } ]
Note: Contributors from initial SNAC EAC-CPF ingest

Name Entry: Braun, Dzhon, 1800-1859

Found Data: [ { "contributor": "VIAF", "form": "alternativeForm" } ]
Note: Contributors from initial SNAC EAC-CPF ingest

Name Entry: Ossawatomie Brown, 1800-1859

Found Data: [ { "contributor": "VIAF", "form": "alternativeForm" } ]
Note: Contributors from initial SNAC EAC-CPF ingest

Name Entry: Old Brown, 1800-1859

Found Data: [ { "contributor": "VIAF", "form": "alternativeForm" } ]
Note: Contributors from initial SNAC EAC-CPF ingest