Van Lew, Elizabeth L., 1818-1900

Elizabeth Van Lew (October 12, 1818 – September 25, 1900) was an American abolitionist and philanthropist who built and operated an extensive spy ring for the Union Army during the American Civil War. Many false claims continue to be made about her life. The single most reliable source is a 2002 biography by University of Virginia professor Elizabeth R. Varon.[1] Elizabeth Van Lew was born on October 12, 1818, in Richmond, Virginia. Her father was John Van Lew and Eliza Baker was her mother.[2] Her maternal grandfather was Hilary Baker, mayor of Philadelphia from 1796 to 1798. John Van Lew came to Richmond in 1806, at the age of 16; within 20 years, he had built up a prosperous hardware business and owned several slaves.[3]

Van Lew was educated in Philadelphia.[4] The Quaker school she attended is thought to have been influential in forming her anti-slavery views. Upon the outbreak of the war, Van Lew began working on behalf of the Union with her mother, caring for wounded soldiers.[5] When Libby Prison was opened in Richmond, Van Lew was allowed to bring food, clothing, writing paper, and other things to the Union soldiers imprisoned there. She aided prisoners in escape attempts, passing them information about safe houses and getting a Union sympathizer appointed to the prison staff.[6] Van Lew reportedly helped Union soldiers by giving them money to bribe Confederates.[7]

Recently captured prisoners gave Van Lew information on Confederate troop levels and movements, which she passed on to Union commanders.[5] She is rumored to have helped hide escaped Union prisoners and Confederate deserters in her own mansion, although no definite proof of such claims has been found.[8]

Van Lew also operated a spy ring during the war, which included clerks in the War and Navy Departments of the Confederacy, as well as free and enslaved African Americans, including Mary Richards Bowser.[1][9] Mary Jane Richards, aka Mary Elizabeth Bowser, was reputedly a formerly enslaved maid in the Van Lew household, and was sent by the family to be educated in a Quaker school in Pennsylvania.[1] She might have used the alias Mary Elizabeth Bowser to conceal her identity.[1] Stories surfaced about the woman having possibly served as a maid for Jefferson Davis, while spying for the Union. She herself admitted to having served as a detective during the war.[1] The spy ring eventually became official agents of the Union when General Benjamin Butler, having heard about Van Lew from two escaped Union Prisoners of War, recruited her to work for the US government.[10]


The Elizabeth Van Lew mansion in Richmond, Virginia; ca. 1906
Van Lew's spy network was so efficient that on several occasions she sent Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant fresh flowers from her garden and a copy of the Richmond newspaper.[6] She developed a cipher system and often smuggled messages out of Richmond in hollow eggs.[6] Union commanders highly valued Van Lew's work; intelligence commander George H. Sharpe, Army of the Potomac, recommended that the government reimburse Van Lew $15,000 because of the great expense she incurred in her efforts, including employment of spies.[1] Because of the merit of her work, General Grant appointed Van Lew Postmaster General of Richmond for the next eight years.[11][1]

In 1864, Van Lew risked her entire spy network to see that the corpse of Union Col. Ulric Dahlgren, who died trying to free Union prisoners in Richmond, was properly buried. Reports of disrespectful display of his corpse had outraged Northern public opinion, and Van Lew herself. After the siege of Petersburg, Van Lew assisted civilians of both sides.[2]

Postwar life
When Richmond fell to U.S. forces in April 1865, Van Lew was the first person to raise the United States flag in the city.[8]

On Grant's first visit to Richmond after the war, he had tea with Van Lew, and later appointed her postmaster of Richmond.[12] Van Lew modernized the city's postal system and employed several African Americans, with the same pay and benefits as white employees, until new President Rutherford B. Hayes had her replaced in 1877.[13] She was allowed to return as a postal clerk in Richmond, where she served from 1883 to 1887.[2]

After Reconstruction, Van Lew became increasingly ostracized in Richmond. "No one will walk with us on the street," she wrote, "no one will go with us anywhere; and it grows worse and worse as the years roll on."[8] Having spent her family's fortune on intelligence activities during the war, she tried in vain to be reimbursed by the federal government.[12] When attempts to secure a government pension also failed, she received support from the family and friends of Union Col. Paul Joseph Revere, whom she had helped while he was held prisoner during the Civil War. These Bostonians gladly collected money for the woman who helped so many Union soldiers during the war.[14][15] However, neighborhood children, including future novelist Ellen Glasgow, were told to consider her a witch.[2] Even into the twentieth century, many white Southerners regarded Van Lew as a traitor. However, among Richmonders of color and white Unionists, Van Lew was an honored figure. Van Lew died on September 25, 1900 (aged 81), and was buried in Richmond's Shockoe Hill Cemetery in the same grave as her niece Eliza Van Lew, who had been her constant companion in her later years, and who had died just a few months before her. n her will, Van Lew bequeathed her personal manuscripts, including her account of the war, to John P. Reynolds, Col. Revere's nephew. In 1911, Reynolds convinced the scholar William G. Beymer to publish the first biography of Van Lew in Harper's Monthly.[18] The biography indicated that Van Lew had been so successful in her spying activities because she had feigned lunacy, and this idea won Van Lew the nickname "Crazy Bet".[14] However, it is highly unlikely that Van Lew actually did pretend to be crazy. Instead, she likely relied on the Victorian custom of female charity to cover her espionage.[19]

The city of Richmond acquired and demolished the Van Lew mansion, her former home, in 1911.[20] Bellevue Elementary School (which still remains) was erected on the site the following year. Historical plaques and a marker now memorialize her activities, and those of Bowser (aka Mary Jane Richards).[21] Furthermore, the daughter of two of Van Lew's servants, Maggie Walker, became a prominent Christian entrepreneur in Richmond, founding the country's first African-American-woman owned bank.

Elizabeth Van Lew was inducted into the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame in 1993.[22]

American abolitionist and federal agent during the Civil War She was born on October 17, 1818 into a family of high social standing in Richmond, Virginia. For her education, she was sent to Philadelphia where her pro-Union leanings may have had their beginnings. When the war came, she was back in Richmond and was openly loyal to the Union which she relentlessly supplied with intelligence reports through relay stations run by her servants. She was reported to have freed her slaves and helped Union prisoners escape from their Southern captors Van Lew was also involved in the "Underground railroad". After the war, Pres. Grant appointed her Postmaster of Richmond and remained in that capacity until 1877. She was then appointed to the Post Office Department in Washington, finally resigning her post during the Cleveland administration. She returned to Richmond where she spent the remaining years of her life working for women's rights. Van Lew died at the age of 82 on September 25, 1900 and was buried in Shockoe Hill Cemetery in Richmond.