Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marqués de 1699-1782
Portuguese statesman and dictator under King Joseph I; chief minister, 1756-1777; promulgator of numerous economic and educational reforms.
Upon the accession of Queen Maria I (1777), Pombal faced charges of having abused his powers; he was found guilty by judicial inquiry (1779-1780), but his punishment was remitted by the Queen except for exile from Lisbon (1781).
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