National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

  1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)


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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)


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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.)

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.)


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NAACP

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N.A.A.C.P. (Organization)

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NAACP (Organization)

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Biographical History

Organizational History and List of Officers

Organizational History

1909 Issued the “Call,” a statement calling for a conference to protest discrimination and violence against African Americans Convened the National Negro Conference on May 31 and June 1, New York, N.Y. Established the Committee on the Negro, also known as the Committee of Forty on Permanent Organization and as the National Negro Committee 1910 Adopted the name National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Undertook first major legal case in defending Pink Franklin against a murder charge in South Carolina Published first issue of the magazine Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races 1910 1934 Crisis edited by W. E. B. Du Bois 1911 Incorporated the NAACP 1911 1914 Organized fifty branches throughout the United States 1914 Published an open letter to Woodrow Wilson protesting segregation in federal agencies 1915 Awarded the first Spingarn Medal to Ernest E. Just for research in biology and physiology Protested the film Birth of a Nation 1916 Established an antilynching committee 1916 1923 Published the Branch Bulletin 1917 Organized the Silent Protest Parade, New York, N.Y. 1919 Published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918. New York: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1930 Opposed the nomination of John J. Parker to the Supreme Court Retained full-time legal services of Charles Hamilton Houston 1934 Resignation of W. E. B. Du Bois 1935 1948 Crisis edited by Roy Wilkins 1939 Awarded the Spingarn Medal to Marian Anderson 1941 Supported proposed March on Washington 1942 Opened the Washington Bureau, Washington, D.C. 1943 Walter Francis White and Thurgood Marshall submitted reports on riots in Detroit, Mich. 1944 Recorded 430,000 memberships, largest in the association's history W. E. B. Du Bois returned to the NAACP Smith v. Allwright voting rights decision 1944 1945 Walter Francis White toured European and Pacific theaters of operation during World War II 1945 Established position of public relations director Walter Francis White published A Rising Wind. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran and Co. Moved national office from Fifth Avenue to West Fortieth Street, New York, N.Y. 1946 Established Labor Department 1947 Established Church Department Elmore v. Ricedecision relating to the Democratic Party primary in South Carolina Harry S. Truman addressed the NAACP's thirty-eighth annual conference, Washington, D.C. 1948 W. E. B. Du Bois resigned from the association Closed Veterans Affairs office, Washington, D.C. Sipuel v. Board of Regents decision 1949 1966 Crisis edited by James W. Ivy 1950 Organized the National Emergency Civil Rights Mobilization, Washington, D.C. Sweatt v. Painter decision 1950 1977 Appointed Clarence Mitchell (1911-1984) head of the Washington Bureau, Washington, D.C. 1953 Established Fighting Fund for Freedom 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision 1956 Legal Defense Fund reorganized as the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., an independent entity Held meeting in Atlanta, Ga., to plan strategy for future desegregation campaigns 1957 Central High School, Little Rock, Ark., integrated NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund allowed to retain NAACP as part of its name Awarded the Spingarn Medal to Martin Luther King, Jr. 1960 Youth members participated in sit-in demonstrations and defended participants from other organizations 1963 Joined other organizations in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Medgar Wiley Evers, NAACP field secretary, murdered in Jackson, Miss. Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) created as a united front by civil rights organizations to register voters in Mississippi 1963 1964 Association lawyers participated in the defense of Freedom Riders 1964 Established NAACP Special Contribution Fund as a tax-exempt fund Broadcast “Freedom Television Spectacular,” a fund-raising telethon 1966 1974 Crisis edited by Henry Lee Moon 1967 Roy Wilkins appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson to the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders Established the Mississippi Emergency Relief program to alleviate hunger in the state 1968 Resignation of the legal staff after the dismissal of Lewis M. Steel by the Board of Directors for publication of his article “Nine Men in Black Who Think White” in the New York Times Magazine Reactivated the Housing Department 1969 Established the Armed Services and Veterans Affairs Department Created the National Afro-American Builders Corp. Reorganized branches in various large cities into multiple branches as an experiment 1971 Established the NAACP National Housing Corp. through which local branches sponsored nonprofit housing programs 1975 Crisis edited by Warren Marr 1976 Claiborne Hardware Co v. NAACP decision, the Port Gibson, Miss., case that threatened to bankrupt the association 1977 Organized NAACP National Energy Conference, Washington, D.C. 1978 Awarded the first Walter Francis White Award to Hubert H. Humphrey Received a five-year, $500,000 educational grant from the Rockefeller Foundation Regents of the University of California v. Bakke decision Organized NAACP Leadership Summit Conference, Chicago, Ill. Created Afro-Academic Cultural Technical Scientific Olympics (ACT-SO) Established Economic Policy Advisory Council 1979 Appointed Leroy Mobley director of prison programs Organized Black Leadership Meeting, New York, N.Y. 1981 Eight persons arrested in alleged conspiracy to bomb the Baltimore, Md., NAACP branch headquarters 1982 Moved national headquarters to 186 Remsen Street, Brooklyn, from 1790 Broadway, New York, N.Y. Established Operation Fair Share program 1983 Executive director Benjamin L. Hooks suspended by the chairman of the board, Margaret Bush Wilson, and later reinstated Board of Directors transferred chairman powers to Kelly M. Alexander, Sr. 1985 Board of Directors authorized move of national headquarters to Baltimore, Md. Suspicious fire destroyed NAACP branch headquarters in Dover, Del. Created Back-to-School/Stay-in-School program 1986 Moved national headquarters to Baltimore, Md., and retained a small office in New York, N.Y. Association sued some of its former salaried lawyers over legal fees 1987 Completed “Long-Range Plan: The Year 2000 and Beyond” report 1989 Awarded Spingarn Medal to Jesse Jackson 1990 Organized the NAACP Conference on the Present Crisis, Washington, D.C. 1993 Benjamin L. Hooks resigned as executive director

List of Officers

1910 1911 Frances Blascoer, secretary 1910 1929 Moorfield Storey, president 1911 1912 Mary White Ovington, secretary 1912 1916 May Childs Nerney, secretary 1916 Mary White Ovington, acting secretary 1916 1917 Royal Freeman Nash, secretary 1917 1918 James Weldon Johnson, acting secretary 1918 1920 James R. Shillady, secretary 1920 1931 James Weldon Johnson, secretary 1930 1939 Joel Elias Spingarn, president 1931 1955 Walter Francis White, secretary and executive secretary 1940 1965 Arthur B. Spingarn, president 1949 1950 Roy Wilkins, acting secretary 1955 1964 Roy Wilkins, executive secretary 1965 1977 Roy Wilkins, executive director 1966 1974 Kivie Kaplan, president 1975 1983 Margaret Bush Wilson, chair, Board of Directors 1976 1982 W. Montague Cobb, president 1977 1993 Benjamin L. Hooks, executive director 1983 James Kemp, president 1983 1984 Kelly Alexander, Sr., chair, Board of Directors 1984 1989 Enolia P. McMillan, president 1985 1995 William F. Gibson, chair, Board of Directors 1990 1992 Hazel N. Dukes, president From the guide to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Records, 1842-1999, (bulk 1919-1991), (Manuscript Division Library of Congress)

Agency History (1909-1967)

This chronology covers key events in the NAACP's history, providing a general framework and points of reference for understanding the visual materials in this collection. Listed events do not necessarily correspond to particular visual materials in the collection; some listed events are well covered in the collection, while others are not.

1909 Oswald Garrison Villard issues the “Call,” a petition calling for a national conference to discuss means for ending social and civil injustices against African Americans. Out of this effort the National Negro Committee, sometimes referred to as the Committee of Forty, is formed. 1910 The National Negro Committee holds its second meeting and changes its name to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. First legal case: Pink Franklin v. State of South Carolina. First issue of the Crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP, is published with W.E.B. Du Bois serving as editor. First NAACP office opens at 20 Vesey Street, New York, N.Y. 1911 NAACP is incorporated in New York, N.Y. 1912 First board of directors is selected. Oswald Garrison Villard is appointed chairman of the board of directors. 1913 50 branches in existence. 1914 Joel Spingarn is elected chairman of the board of directors, replacing Oswald Garrison Villard. Offices move to 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 1915 First Spingarn Medal is awarded to biologist Ernest Just, Howard University Medical School, Washington, D.C. 1916 The first Amenia Conference is held at Troutbeck, Joel Spingarn's estate at Amenia, N.Y. James Weldon Johnson is hired as field secretary. Anti-lynching campaign starts with the formation of a committee to raise funds and public awareness about lynching. 1917 Silent Protest parade is organized to protest the injustices of discrimination and segregation. 1918 John Shillady is appointed executive secretary. Walter White is appointed assistant secretary. 1919 NAACP publishes a major study of lynching entitled Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918. Anti-lynching Conference is held at Carnegie Hall, New York, N.Y. Memberships total 56,000. Mary White Ovington becomes chairman of the board of directors. 1920 James Weldon Johnson is appointed executive secretary. He becomes the first African American to be appointed to this level within the Association. He replaces John Shillady, who resigned after being beaten by a mob in Austin, Texas, while on official business for the Association. William Pickens is appointed field secretary. Offices move to 69 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 1922 25 Involvement in various legal cases concerning restrictive convenants, peonage, and voting rights. 1927 The Life Membership program is initiated. 1929 Moorfield Storey, first president, dies. 325 branches in 44 states. Voting rights, housing, and employment discrimination campaigns accelerate. 1930 Joel Spingarn succeeds Moorfield Storey as president. Daisy Lampkin becomes regional field secretary. James Weldon Johnson resigns. NAACP leads a successful campaign against the nomination of Judge John Parker to the United States Supreme Court. 1931 Walter White is appointed executive secretary. Roy Wilkins is hired as assistant secretary. 1933 Roy Wilkins and George Schuyler investigate working conditions of African Americans employed by the Mississippi Flood Control Project. The second Amenia Conference is held to discuss the social and political progress of African Americans. 1934 Campaigns against employment discrimination get underway. Dr. Louis Wright becomes chairman of the board of directors. W.E.B. Du Bois resigns. 1935 Roy Wilkins becomes acting editor of the Crisis. Charles Houston is appointed special counsel. Youth councils begin to spring up across the nation. 1936 William Pickens becomes director of branches. William English Walling, founding member, dies. NAACP initiates campaigns against unequal salaries for African American teachers--first cases filed in Maryland. Campaigns and legal action to eliminate segregation in education at the college level. 1937 Roy Wilkins becomes editor of the Crisis. 1938 Thurgood Marshall is appointed special counsel, replacing Charles Houston. E. Frederic Morrow becomes coordinator of branches. 1939 Joel Spingarn, president, dies. Legal Defense Fund formed. 1940 Campaigns for elimination of discrimination in the armed services. Arthur Spingarn becomes president. 1941 Ella Baker joins staff as assistant field secretary. Campaigns against discrimination in defense industries hiring practices. 55 youth councils and 14 college chapters exist. 1942 Washington, D.C., bureau is established. 1943 Ruby Hurley is appointed youth director. Ella Baker becomes director of branches. 1944 W.E.B. Du Bois returns to the Association as director of special research. 1945 Offices move to 20 West 40th Street, New York, N.Y. 1946 Campaigns against segregation in education continue--a number of new cases filed. Clarence Mitchell is appointed national labor secretary, Washington, D.C., bureau. Ella Baker, director of branches, resigns. Gloster Current succeeds Ella Baker as director of branches. 1948 Henry Lee Moon is appointed director of public relations. W.E.B. Du Bois, director of special research, resigns. 1949 Walter White, executive secretary, resigns due to poor health. Oswald Garrison Villard, founding member, dies. 1950 Clarence Mitchell is appointed director, Washington, D.C., bureau. The National Emergency Civil Rights Mobilization meets in Washington, D.C., to support enactment of civil rights laws. 1951 “Equality under Law” campaign is initiated to eliminate segregation in elementary and secondary schools. 1952 School desegregation cases reach the United States Supreme Court. Dr. Louis Wright, chairman of the board of directors, dies. 1953 “Fight for Freedom” campaign is initiated, with the goal to eliminate segregation and discrimination by 1963, the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. Organizers vowed to raise $1,000,000 annually through 1963 to help fund the campaign. Channing Tobias is appointed chairman of the board of directors. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decided; the United States Supreme Court decision overturns the “separate but equal” doctrine. 1955 Walter White, former executive secretary, dies. Roy Wilkins succeeds Walter White as executive secretary. Memberships surpass 300,000. 1956 Legal action is initiated against the NAACP by the states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, challenging the right of the NAACP to operate in those states. 1957 Federal court orders Little Rock, Arkansas, to desegregate its schools. Widespread violence breaks out as the first nine African American students try to attend Central High School. Local NAACP leaders Daisy and L.C. Bates direct the strategy for implementing the United States Supreme Court's desegregation orders in Little Rock. Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted through coordinated efforts of the NAACP and other civil rights and labor groups. Prayer Pilgrimage in Washington, D.C., to show support for civil rights. 1959 Branches are involved in voter registration campaigns in the South. The Association celebrates its 50th anniversary. 1960 Dr. Robert Weaver becomes chairman of the board of directors; he resigns one year later to head the Federal Housing and Home Finance Agency. 1961 Bishop Stephen Gill Spottswood is appointed chairman of the board of directors. 1963 Memberships surpass 500,000. Medgar Evers, Mississippi field director, is assassinated. W.E.B. Du Bois dies in Accra, Ghana. 1966 Arthur Spingarn, president, retires. Kivie Kaplan is elected president. 1967 Offices move to 1790 Broadway, New York, N.Y. From the guide to the Visual Materials from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Records (Library of Congress), ca. 1838-1969, bulk 1944-1955, (Prints and Photographs Division Library of Congress)

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