National Extension Homemakers Council (U.S.)

In 1983, the National Endowment for the Humanities awarded a major grant to the National Extension Homemakers Council (NEHC) for a three-year nationwide project to collect, process, and disseminate representative oral histories from rural homemakers throughout the country. The council is a national nonprofit educational organization made up of 30,000 organized groups (or clubs) in forty-four states and two territories, with a membership of approximately 500,000. It is one of the largest women's organizations in the country with a predominantly rural and small town membership. The clubs which comprise the NEHC are the audience groups of the Home Economics Division of the Cooperative Extension Service. Typically, these clubs meet monthly or semi-monthly for educational programming in the areas of home economics and community service. The project, called "Voices of American Homemakers," combined an extensive volunteer effort with careful attention directed to the professional canons of oral history practice. Professional historians guided the effort by offering substantive perspectives on women's history and technical counsel on oral history. Under the terms of the grant, one complete set of project tapes and associated materials were to be presented to one repository in each state at no cost to the institution. The primary product of the effort was a collection of 203 oral histories. In the final edited and transcribed version there are 196 interviews by women from thirty-six states. Typically they describe homemaking, child rearing, and family management in the small towns or rural areas where they live. A seminar was held during the National Conference of Extension Homemaker's Council in 1983. It featured authorities in the fields of oral history and women's studies who presented papers based on material extracted from the tapes. Following each of the presentations, an audience of over 200 homemakers participated in discussion of the points raised in each paper. A slide/sound program was produced in 1984, using photographs and excerpts from the taped interviews. Finally, in 1985 a book was written based on material gathered from the project. Titled Voices of American Homemakers, it proved to be well received and has been reprinted. A copy of the book has been placed in the Special Collections Western Americana Department. The final dissemination of materials was completed in 1986 when the previously selected repositories in each state received the interview transcriptions. These include a subject index, cassette tapes of the interviews, and a bound volume of the paper presented at the 1983 seminar.

A grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities funded the three-year, national women's history project. The project resulted in a publication, Voices of American Homemakers, produced for the National Extension Homemakers Council's 50th anniversary.

The National Extension Homemakers Council is a non-profit educational organization focusing on home economics. It was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1936 by a group of rural farm women. The "Voices of American Homemakers" oral history project was done in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Council's founding. In 1993, the Council changed its name to the National Association for Family and Community Education.

The National Home Demonstration Council, founded in 1936, joined the widespread women's clubs that offered practical demonstrations in agriculture and home economics. These clubs were sponsored by land grant colleges in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. It was renamed the National Extension Homemakers Council in 1963.

In 1982, a federal grant funded a three-year oral history project, conducted by the National Extension Homemakers Council. Interviews of homemakers in all fifty states, taken in small towns and rural areas were recorded and transcribed and the used to produce, "Voices of American Homemakers", edited by Eleanor Arnold.

In 1983, the National Endowment for the Humanities awarded a major grant to the National Extension Homemakers Council (NEHC) for a three-year nationwide project to collect, process, and disseminate representative oral histories from rural homemakers throughout the country. The council is a national nonprofit educational organization made up of 30,000 organized groups (or clubs) in forty-four states and two territories, with a membership of approximately 500,000. It is one of the largest women's organizations in the country with a predominantly rural and small town membership. The clubs which comprise the NEHC are the audience groups of the Home Economics Division of the Cooperative Extension Service. Typically, these clubs meet monthly or semi-monthly for educational programming in the areas of home economics and community service. The project, called "Voices of American Homemakers," combined an extensive volunteer effort with careful attention directed to the professional canons of oral history practice. Professional historians guided the effort by offering substantive perspectives on women's history and technical counsel on oral history. Under the terms of the grant, one complete set of project tapes and associated materials were to be presented to one repository in each state at no cost to the institution. The primary product of the effort was a collection of 203 oral histories. In the final edited and transcribed version there are 196 interviews by women from thirty-six states. Typically they describe homemaking, child rearing, and family management in the small towns or rural areas where they live. A seminar was held during the National Conference of Extension Homemaker's Council in 1983. It featured authorities in the fields of oral history and women's studies who presented papers based on material extracted from the tapes. Following each of the presentations, an audience of over 200 homemakers participated in discussion of the points raised in each paper. A slide/sound program was produced in 1984, using photographs and excerpts from the taped interviews. Finally, in 1985 a book was written based on material gathered from the project. Titled Voices of American Homemakers, it proved to be well received and has been reprinted. A copy of the book has been placed in the Special Collections Western Americana Department. The final dissemination of materials was completed in 1986 when the previously selected repositories in each state received the interview transcriptions. These include a subject index, cassette tapes of the interviews, and a bound volume of the paper presented at the 1983 seminar.

The National Extension Homemakers Council (NEHC), now the National Association for Family and Community Education (NAFCE), was established in 1936 to nationally organize homemakers clubs and cooperative extension work. Cooperative extension work began under the Morril Acts of 1862 and 1890, which provided funding for the establishment of land-grant universities. These universities were created with the aim of educating the state's population in the areas of agriculture and mechanics, as well as the humanities and liberal arts. In 1914, the Smith-Lever Act was created to establish a cooperative service between the US Department of Agriculture and these land grant colleges to provide demonstrations and education to rural populations not able to attend land-grant universities.

Home demonstration in the field of home economics was brought to rural women across America through the cooperative extension service. Specialists and state home demonstration agents would visit local homemakers clubs to teach women about homemaking, with the goal of making household chores less time and energy consuming. Before home demonstration work, knowledge of homemakeing was passed down through generations of women with new technologies and methods slowly integrating into communities. Travel and communication between rural communities was often limited, as was socialization. Local homemakers clubs developed around the purpose of home demonstration work, but these clubs also provided much needed socialization and relaxation for rural women. After a period of time the cooperative extension service started to develop community leaders who would receive more in-depth training that they could bring back to their local clubs, thus further disseminating knowledge. As more local homemakers clubs were established, county, district, and state councils were formed to provide leadership and communication.

By the early 1930s state-wide councils felt the need for a national organization. The presidents of twelve state Extension Homemakers organizations met in Columbus, Ohio in September, 1935. A committee was created to draft a constitution which would be submitted to the state-wide councils before the next meeting. In June, 1936 members from the state councils met at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and established the National Home Demonstration Council. In 1963 the organization's name was changed to the National Extension Homemakers Council. The council underwent another name change in 1992, calling themselves the National Association for Family and Community Education (NAFCE).

In 1981 the NEHC began to plan ways to celebrate the organization's upcoming fiftieth anniversary in 1986. Eleanor Arnold was leading a successful oral history project in Indiana at the time, so the board of directors asked her to develop a similar program for the NEHC. Two grants provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities financially supported the planning an implementation of the oral history project. The project endeavored to document homemakers lives, provide primary source material for research, make homemakers aware of their value, and disseminate material so that the project would have lasting value. Interviewers from each state were selected to attend a two-day training workshop. The interviewers then made one oral history interview to be critiqued. After these preparations, the interviewers performed approximately five oral history interviews using a prepared list of topics that touched upon women's lives and homemaking. Some states only had one oral history interview while others had up to twelve. At its completion, the project interviewed 219 women in 37 states, ranging from age 27 to 100.

The oral history project was completed in multiple stages. In 1983, the NEHC held a seminar on the role of women as homemakers where six papers focusing on various aspects of homemaking were presented. The 1984 NEHC conference featured a thirty minute program using the voices and photographs of women interviewed for the project. The National Endowment for the Humanities provided funding for a copy of the program to be sent to each state. The book, Voices of American Homemakers, was published in 1985. Following the completion of the project, the NEHC sent copies of all of the tapes, transcripts, the book, as well as a copy of the seminar proceedings to every state.