Dickinson, Anna E. (Anna Elizabeth), 1842-1932

Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (October 28, 1842 – October 22, 1932) was an American orator and lecturer. An advocate for the abolition of slavery and for women's rights, Dickinson was the first woman to give a political address before the United States Congress. A gifted speaker at a very young age, she aided the Republican Party in the hard-fought 1863 elections and significantly influenced the distribution of political power in the Union just prior to the Civil War. Dickinson was the first white woman on record to summit Colorado's Gray's Peak, Lincoln Peak, and Elbert Peak (on a mule), and she was the second to summit Pike's Peak.

Dickinson grew up in poverty. Her formal education took place mainly at the Friends’ Select School of Philadelphia, but she was an avid reader and early developed the habit of expressing herself on public questions. At age 14 she published an article in William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator. In 1860 she addressed the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and in early 1861 she spoke in Philadelphia on “Women’s Rights and Wrongs” to such effect that she received invitations to speak from several platforms throughout New England. For a short time in 1861 she held a position at the U.S. mint in Philadelphia, but she was fired for publicly accusing General George B. McClellan of treason in the loss of the Battle of Ball’s Bluff. Thereafter she devoted herself to the speaker’s platform.

Much of Dickinson’s work in 1863 was in behalf of the Republican Party. In January 1864 she addressed a gathering, including President Abraham Lincoln, at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. Her oratory was marked by fiery passion and remarkable vituperation, and these, together with the novelty of her sex and youth, made her enormously popular. After the Civil War she went on the lyceum circuit, delivering addresses across the country on “Reconstruction,” in which she advocated harsh treatment of the South; “Woman’s Work and Wages”; “Whited Sepulchres,” her attack on Mormonism; “Demagogues and Workingmen”; “Between Us Be Truth,” on the “social evil” (venereal disease); and her favourite, “Joan of Arc.” She published What Answer? (1868), on the topic of interracial marriage; A Paying Investment (1876), on various social reforms; and A Ragged Register (of People, Places, and Opinions) (1879), a memoir.

Dickinson’s considerable income went as fast as it came, and when her popularity as a lecturer dwindled she turned to other fields. In May 1876 she appeared in Boston in a play of her own, A Crown of Thorns; both she and the play were dismissed by critics. She wrote several more plays, most of which remained unproduced and unpublished, although An American Girl was a success for Fanny Davenport in 1880. After a ridiculed appearance as Hamlet in 1882, Dickinson retired from the public view.

In 1888 Dickinson returned to the platform at the invitation of the Republican National Committee, but her undiminished gift for denunciation and epithet now proved an embarrassment, and she was let go. Growing signs of mental instability led to her incarceration in a state hospital in Danville, Pennsylvania, for a short time in 1891. On her release she sued those responsible and was awarded nominal damages. Dickinson lived out the rest of her life quietly in New York.