Admiral Richard E. Byrd

It is not possible to know the history of the polar regions or undertake scientific investigation of the areas without being aware of Admiral Richard E. Byrd or benefiting from his contributions. As a navigational aviator, Byrd pioneered in the technology that would be the foundation for modern polar exploration and investigation. As a decorated and much celebrated hero, Byrd drew popular attention to areas of the world that would become focal points of scientific investigation in numerous disciplines. Finally, as a naval officer Admiral Byrd contributed to the role of government in sponsoring and facilitating research in polar regions and topics.

Richard E. Byrd first made his mark in the U.S. Navy. Graduating with the class of 1912 from the U.S. Naval Academy, he served in the battleship fleet until forced into medical retirement in 1916 from the after-effects of a smashed ankle suffered while a midshipman. Recalled to active duty in a retired status, he organized the Commission on Training Camps. In April 1917 he won his wings as Naval Aviator 608.

From the start of his flying career he demonstrated unusual ability. Byrd pioneered the technique of night-time landings of seaplanes on the ocean and flew out over the horizon, out of sight of land, and navigated back to his base. In 1918 he proposed flying the newly built NC-1 flying boats across the Atlantic to the war zone in France. His war service was in Canada as Commander, U.S. Naval Air Forces with responsibility for two air bases in Nova Scotia.

With the conclusion of hostilities, Byrd was called to Washington and assigned responsibility for the navigational preparations for the transatlantic flight attempt of the NC flying boats in l9l9. He was a skilled officer in representing Navy interests under consideration by the Congress. Byrd won wide acclaim for directing the lobbying effort that resulted in the first post-war pay raise for military personnel. Byrd was also invaluable in the long campaign of Naval aviators to establish a Bureau of Aeronautics.

Interested in polar exploration from childhood, his adult involvement began in 1924 when he was appointed navigator for the proposed transpolar flight of the Navy's dirigible Shenandoah from Alaska to Spitzbergen. When the flight was cancelled by President Coolidge, Byrd began to organize his own Navy flight expedition to the Arctic. He was compelled to join forces with the MacMillan Expedition to northwest Greenland sponsored by the National Geographic Society in 1925. At that time Byrd completed the first flights over Ellesmere Island and the interior of Greenland.

In 1926 he took leave from the Navy to organize a privately financed expedition to the Arctic, which was to be based in Spitzbergen. Plans included several flights over the pack ice, including one to the North Pole. Supported by Edsel Ford, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the New York Times and others, Byrd and his pilot, Floyd Bennett, claimed to have reached the North Pole on May 9, 1926. Both men were awarded the Medal of Honor after their return to the United States. In later years scholars have raised questions about the success of the expedition in flying over the North Pole.

Cheered by the outpouring of public support and admiration, Byrd continued his leave from the Navy. With commercial sponsorship, he completed the first trimotor airplane flight across the Atlantic Ocean to France in 1927. Byrd then turned his attention to Antarctica in 1928. During the remaining years of his life he was involved in five expeditions to Antarctica. These explorations accounted for the discovery of hundreds of thousands of square miles of territory which were claimed for the United States. He personified the inception of the mechanical era of Antarctic exploration. No other person in Antarctic history has contributed more to the geographic discovery of the continent than Byrd.

With highly visible accomplishments, he thrilled millions and raised large amounts of funding. He flew over the South Pole in November 1929. He spent most of the winter of 1934 alone in a meteorological hut some 100 miles into the interior. His winter weather observations were the first taken from the interior. This effort almost cost Byrd his life when he was poisoned by carbon monoxide fumes.

Byrd remained a promoter of Antarctic exploration. He merged his plans for a third private expedition with governmental plans and became the commanding officer of the United States Antarctic Service. With the onset of World War II he returned to active service.

In the early post-war years, Byrd participated in the organization of the U.S. Navy Antarctic Developments Project in 1946-47 (Operation Highjump) He supervised the preparation of a study for the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Greenland as a site for military training and operations. In his final years he was called again to serve the nation as Officer in Charge of United States Antarctic Programs. This responsibility gave him authority to coordinate government supported scientific, logistical, and political work in Antarctica. Admiral Byrd remained an influential figure in polar research until his death in 1957.

Richard Evelyn Byrd was born on 25 October 1888 in Virginia. He was educated at the University of Virginia and the US Naval Academy, Annapolis. Receiving his commission in the US Navy in 1912, he was compelled to retire in 1916 because of a leg injury. Relegated to deskwork in the Naval Reserve, he was recalled when the United States entered the First World War, training as a pilot in the newly-formed Naval Air Service. In 1918, Byrd was involved in planning the first long-distance flights of the US Navy seaplanes across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1925, he was seconded to Donald Baxter MacMillan's expedition to northwest Greenland as planning and liaison officer, gaining his first Arctic flying experience over west Greenland and Ellesmere Island. The following year, Byrd organized a private expedition to attempt a flight from Svalbard to the North Pole in a tri-motor Fokker monoplane with Floyd Bennett. Byrd claimed to have reached the North Pole, although recent analysis of his diary suggests that he may have turned back before reaching the Pole due to concerns about aircraft serviceability. In June 1927, Byrd made a non-stop flight across the Atlantic from Newfoundland to France with four companions, crash landing in the sea at Ver-sur-Mer.

His established reputation now made it possible to contemplate larger ventures and Byrd announced his object of reaching the South Pole by air on the United States Antarctic Expedition, 1928-1930. From his base at 'Little America' in the Bay of Whales, a series of exploratory flights were made over and beyond King Edward VII Land, during which the Rockefeller Mountains, Edsel Ford Ranges (now Ford Ranges) and Marie Byrd Land were discovered. Laurence McKinley Gould, chief scientist and second-in-command, led dog-sledging parties to study the geology of the Rockefeller and Queen Maud Mountains.

Advancing to the rank of rear-admiral in the US Naval Reserve, Byrd made full use of media publicity to promote a second United States Antarctic Expedition, 1933-1935, organized to continue previous scientific and geographical exploration in the Antarctic. An extensive scientific and exploratory programme was conducted from both ground and air using the extended base, 'Little America'. His success on this expedition persuaded the US government that Antarctic exploration was no longer a matter for private enterprise and, in 1939, Byrd was given command of the government-backed United States Antarctic Service Expedition, 1939-1941, with the objectives of delineating the coast between 72 and 148 degrees West and consolidating the discoveries of the previous two expeditions. Two bases were established to achieve this, one at 'Little America' and the other on Stonington Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. Planned to last for several years with changing personnel, the expedition ended under threat of the Second World War.

During the Second World War, Byrd advised on cold-weather clothing and equipment, and in planning long-range air routes for war in the Pacific Ocean. He was appointed officer-in-charge of the United States Navy Antarctic Developments Project, 1946-1947 (Operation Highjump), revisiting the continent and flying to the South Pole. His last expedition to Antarctica was as officer-in-charge of the United States Expedition, 1955-1956 (Operation Deep-Freeze), in connection with the International Geophysical Year Programs. He died on 11 March 1957 in Boston, Massachusetts.

Published work Alone by Richard Evelyn Bird, Putnam London (1938) SPRI Library Shelf (7)91(08)[1933-1935 Byrd] Skyward... by Richard Evelyn Bird, Penguin Putnam New York (2000) SPRI Library Shelf 92[Byrd, R.E.] Discovery, the story of the second Byrd Antarctic expedition by Richard Evelyn Bird, G.P. Putnam's Sons New York (1935) SPRI Library Shelf (7)91(08)[1933-35 Byrd]