Marx, Karl, 1897-1985

born in Trier, Prussia 1818, died in London 1883; studied law and philosophy, Ph.D. Jena 1841; political editor Rheinische Zeitung Cologne 1842-1843, Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher Paris 1844, extradited from Paris in 1845, went to Brussels and founded in 1846 the Kommunistische Korrespondenzkomitee with Engels, both joined the Bund der Gerechten/Bund der Kommunisten and wrote its K̀ommunistisches Manifest'; editor in chief of Neue Rheinische Zeitung Cologne 1848/49; its suppression and the defeat of the revolution led to permanent exile in London from 1850; earned a living as a political journalist for e.g. New York Daily Tribune; elaborated his criticism of political economy resulting eventually in D̀as Kapital' (vol. I, 1867) to be the scientific justification of modern socialism; took part in the foundation of the International Working Men's Association (IWMA, F̀irst International') in 1864; member of its General Council and corresponding secretary for Germany until 1872; his conflict with Michail Bakunin, focussing on political organization and parliamentary tactics as means, and proletarian state power as a middle range goal of the workers' movement, led to the end of the IWMA and preformulated the strategy of international social democracy eventually dominant until the First World War.

German composer.

Marx, Karl: born in Trier, Prussia 1818, died in London 1883; studied law and philosophy, Ph. D. Jena 1841; political editor Rheinische Zeitung Cologne 1842-1843, Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher Paris 1844, extradited from Paris in 1845, went to Brussels and founded in 1846 the Kommunistische Korrespondenzkomitee with Engels, both joined the Bund der Gerechten/Bund der Kommunisten and wrote its K̀ommunistisches Manifest'; editor in chief of Neue Rheinische Zeitung Cologne 1848/49; its suppression and the defeat of the revolution led to permanent exile in London from 1850; earned a living as a political journalist for e.g. New York Daily Tribune; elaborated his criticism of political economy resulting eventually in D̀as Kapital' (vol. I, 1867) to be the scientific justification of modern socialism; took part in the foundation of the International Working Men's Association (IWMA, F̀irst International') in 1864; member of its General Council and corresponding secretary for Germany until 1872; his conflict with Michail Bakunin, focussing on political organization and parliamentary tactics as means, and proletarian state power as a middle range goal of the workers' movement, led to the end of the IWMA and preformulated the strategy of international social democracy eventually dominant until the First World War. Engels, Friedrich: born in Barmen, Prussia 1820, died in London 1895; sent to Manchester in 1842 to complete his comm.

Ercial training in his father's spinning mill, he became familiar with labour and living conditions of the factory workers and made contact with the Chartist movement; convinced communist, he started lifelong friendship with Marx in 1844, shared the latter's political activities and joined the editorial board of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848; officer of the revolutionary army in Baden 1849 and forced to flee after its defeat; returned to the firm in Manchester first as a clerk, later as an associate, thus able to secure Marx's life in exile by regular financial support; a member of the IWMA since 1864 and wealthy enough to retire, he joined its General Council in 1870 and, as correspondence secretary for Spain and Italy, played in public the main role in the conflict with Bakunist anarchism; his Ànti-Dühring' 1878 popularized the results of Marx's studies and defined Marxism as opposed to the competing schools of contemporary socialism; after Marx's death he was the undisputed head of the developing Marxist school in international social democracy and influenced it by a vast and widespread correspondence; until his death he spent most of his time editing the unfinished volumes II (1885) and III (1894) of Marx's K̀apital'.