National Board of the Young Men's Christian Associations. Armed Services Dept.

The United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917. On that same day, John Mott, General Secretary of the International Committee of North American YMCAs, informed President Wilson that the YMCA would help provide services for the military forces. Less than a week later, the International Committee appointed the National War Work Council to coordinate this work. William S. Sloane, a New York furniture merchant and for sixteen years chairman of the YMCA's Army and Navy Committee, was designated as the new organization's chairman, and Mott as its chief executive officer. A specific military function was assigned to the YMCA. Its duty was to assist in maintaining and promoting morale and welfare. It had been proved in the Spanish American War and on the Mexican border that YMCA service made better fighters.

The YMCA conducted its war work with soldiers in training camps and troop trains in the United States as well as in Europe, providing recreation, library services, bible study, and religious services. In France the YMCA agreed to run the Post Exchange for the army, and thus sold candy, cigarettes, and other personal items to the soldiers. War work went under several names, including Red Triangle work and AEF work (AEF stood for American Expeditionary Forces, which referred to the American army in France). The National War Work Council also financed similar work for French soldiers under the name "Foyer du Soldat." Additional work was carried out in Italy, Greece, Russia, and a number of other countries. The YMCA also provided services to prisoners of war in a number of countries.

In the course of staffing its assigned operations and the other activities which fell to its lot along the way, the YMCA recruited a grand total of 25,926 workers who, about equally divided between home and overseas assignments, served under the Red Triangle. These workers were selected from approximately 2000,000 applications. Women workers comprised about 20 percent of the total, twice as many of whom served overseas as served on the home front.

In November 1918, the YMCA conducted a fundraising campaign in conjunction with six other welfare organizations: The YWCA, the Jewish Welfare Board, the Knights of Columbus, the Salvation Army, the American Library Association, and War Camp Community Service. The effort, known as the United War Campaign, raised $192 million.

Immediately after the war, the YMCA followed American occupying forces into Germany, working primarily out of the city of Koblenz. This was referred to as AFG work (i.e. American Forces in Germany). Due to unsettled conditions in the war area and the fact that a peace treaty had not yet been signed, work among young men of Allied countries and among prisoners of war was still continuing. In the United States, a postwar program of special significance was an extensive educational service, financed by war work funds, which enabled ex-servicemen to complete studies interrupted by the war or to secure further preparation for re-entry into civilian life.

Although it received much praise for its work, after the war the YMCA was the target of numerous complaints from soldiers. The allegations mostly related to the YMCA's operation of canteens, and involved accusations that it had sold items at inflated prices or items which were to be distributed free. There were a number of official investigations into the YMCA's wartime conduct, for the most part exonerating the Y.

Much of the historical information in this summary was taken from Serving the U.S. Armed Forces, 1861-1986: The Story of the YMCA's Ministry to Military Personnel for 125 Years, by Richard C. Lancaster; and Summary of World War Work of the American YMCA, a 1920 report published by the International Committee of the YMCA.

Work by the YMCA on behalf of individuals serving in the armed forces began during the Civil War and has continued to the present day. What began as a war emergency service was later to become an integral and continuing part of the YMCA's total ministry.

Established in London, the Young Men's Christian Association came into being in 1844 expressly for young men who were flocking to the city, whose home and religious ties had been broken by the Industrial Revolution, and whose way of living tended to be "careless and immoral" due to the fierce temptations of the modern city. In less than a decade, the YMCA had spread throughout England to the Continent, and in 1851, to Canada and the United States where it took root in widely distant cities. Providing services to the young men in the armed forces was a natural extension of the work already underway by the YMCA.

The earliest YMCA work with the armed services was a small peacetime effort on board a naval training ship in Portsmouth, Virginia. Historian C. Howard Hopkins notes that in 1856 the YMCA's Portsmouth Association, with the government's endorsement, placed books in the ship's library and later received permission to hold meetings. Similar services were initiated by the Boston Association in 1859.

The YMCA's broader volunteer service to the Armed Forces, however, dates from April 1861, when a handful of YMCA volunteers sought to assist soldiers and sailors. This initial group aided the soldiers in the encampments where they were stationed temporarily on their way to the front. Later, growing numbers of volunteers accompanied the soldiers to the battlefields. Starting with the small "army committee" set up by the New York Association to extend preaching services, individual religious visitation, and publications to soldiers stationed outside New York City, the work soon grew to a cooperative venture by 15 northern associations which formed the Christian Commission. Following its appointment in November, 1861, the Commission moved quickly to organize on a national scale. Its first meeting was held December 11 in Washington and included a conference with President Lincoln and the securing of endorsements form the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. During its four years of operation, the Commission recruited 5,000 volunteer "delegates" who served in every theater of the war. This was the nation's first large-scale civilian volunteer service corps.

Relief agencies such as the Red Cross had not yet been created, and the military chaplaincy was in its infancy. Therefore, volunteers were recruited from many fields, serving as surgeons, nurses, chaplains and chaplains' assistants. Others distributed emergency medical supplies, food and clothing. They served on the battleground with horse-drawn canteens, built and operated special-diet kitchens in hospitals, brought books and prefabricated chapels to soldiers and sailors, taught enlisted men how to read and write, maintained a hotel for soldiers on furlough and provided free meals. YMCA prisoner-of-war work - undertaken on a massive scale later during World Wars I and II - began during the Civil War, when the U.S. Christian Commission ministered to Confederate soldiers in northern prisons and sent supplies to Union soldiers in Confederate prisons. Throughout the Civil War, the Commission distributed more than 100,000 cases of food, clothing and medical supplies, and 12 million books, magazines and pamphlets. Its volunteer delegates wrote more than 90,000 letters for the sick and wounded, and distributed $1,000 a week in postage for the soldiers' use. To get supplies to the delegates, the Commission created 111 YMCA Army Committees as auxiliary units.

In the three decades of peace following the Civil War, the YMCA movement continued its services to soldiers and sailors, generally in state militia camps. Through its Militia Camp Program, the YMCA established the nation's first recreational, sports and counseling services for military personnel. In 1889, the YMCA established its first permanent Army YMCA, Fort Monroe, Virginia.

The YMCA's tradition of "following the flag" abroad began in the Spanish-American War, when YMCA volunteers were dispatched to Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. So quickly did the YMCA act that its supplies were in Cuba and the Philippines before those of the Army. Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders wrote their early dispatches on YMCA stationery, and troops in the Philippines used YMCA medical supplies.

This work for soldiers and sailors was so highly regarded that the YMCA's central body, in 1898, established a permanent Army and Navy Committee, resulting in a rapidly expanding peacetime development. Within five months after the establishment of a permanent department to serve the Armed Forces, the YMCA began constructing large, well-equipped buildings to serve the military. The first was the Brooklyn, N.Y., Navy YMCA, opened in February 1899. Soon, YMCA Army and Navy buildings were around the world.

In the years before World War I, the YMCA movement developed the type of building and mobile equipment later used during the conflict in Europe. When the United States entered the war in 1917, the YMCA had developed the know-how, skill and experience to launch a massive program of morale and welfare services for the military - both at home and overseas. Its services were offered to the government, and President Woodrow Wilson quickly accepted them. Never in history had an organization brought aid to so many men, over such wide geographic areas and under such adverse conditions, as did the YMCA during the first World War. According to Gen. John J. Pershing, the YMCA conducted 90 percent of the welfare work among American Forces in Europe during the war.

Several innovative projects created by the YMCA during WWI were destined to become institutionalized: 1) Overseas entertainment for the troops, which would be carried on by the United Services Organizations (USO), an organization which the YMCA would help create 20 years later. 2) Overseas "exchanges" for the convenience of the troops, which was continued by the services. 3) Educational scholarships for veterans, which would give rise to the GI Bill. 4) The concept of R & R for battle-weary personnel, which would become routine in future conflicts.

Following WWI, the YMCA was the only civilian organization with an extensive, nationwide peacetime program for serviceman. In these years, a large investment was made in Army and Navy buildings and equipment and an extension of services to meet the needs of military personnel.

After the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and the subsequent build-up of America defense forces, the YMCA prepared for another national mobilization, coordinating its work with military leaders. To better manage a large volunteer effort, in February 1941 the YMCA joined five other national voluntary organizations - the YWCA, the National Catholic Community Service, the Jewish Welfare Board, the Salvation Army, and the National Travelers Aid Association - to create the United Service Organizations for National Defense, or USO.

As the largest participating organization, the YMCA operated 25 percent of the 464 agency-designated USO centers in the United States; and, at its war-time peak, directed a professional staff of 1,022 people, 30 percent of all USO personnel. The YMCA served members of the Armed Forces through both the USO centers and its network of community Associations in cities and towns nationwide.

Following the disestablishment of the USO on Dec. 31, 1947, the YMCA's Army and Navy Department moved immediately to fill the ensuing gap in social services to the Armed Forces. In 1948, its name changed to the YMCA Armed Services Department to conform to the newly organized Defense Department. The YMCA Armed Services Department assumed responsibility for 26 branches operated by the USO. It established work overseas where it owned property and where needs were critical needs, including services on Guam and recreational programs in 19 port cities of the Mediterranean area for the Sixth Fleet.

To meet the increased demands for support during the Korean War, the Associated Services reactivated the USO in January 1951. Once again, without interruption of programs, the YMCA became USO's major operating agency. This role continued through the Vietnam conflict and into the 1970s.

In the mid-'70s, however, the YMCA's National Board of Directors determined that its work with the USO had been successfully completed and that it should resume delivering its unique direct services to the military within its own organization. The establishment of an all-volunteer Armed Forces after the Vietnam conflict brought new demands to organizations serving young military people. It was necessary to keep up with changing social patterns and expectations of young people. Also, the number of young families in the military was increasing and YMCA programs had to meet these new needs.

Following the YMCA's decision to focus on direct services, the USO asked the YMCA to assume responsibility for 12 USO centers in the United States. The YMCA accepted the challenge and added these units to the Armed Services YMCA network on January 1, 1977.

On January 1, 1984, following a two-year organizational review, the YMCA's Armed Services Department was reorganized as the Armed Services YMCA (ASYMCA) of the USA and chartered as a National Member Association of the National Council of YMCAs of the USA. The major philosophical reasoning behind this action was to shift direct programming activities from the National Headquarters to a local member association. This new organizational structure helped clarify its role and provided for greater flexibility in responding to the needs of military leaders. In 1986, the ASYMCA National Headquarters moved to the Washington, D.C., area to better access military leadership. The YMCA continues to serve the military community through its network of Armed Services YMCA branches and units, and through a number of community YMCAs conducting special programs for service members and military families.

Historical information was quoted in large part from the Armed Services YMCA web site (http://www.asymca.org). Additional information was excerpted from Serving the U.S. Armed Forces, 1861-1986: The Story of the YMCA's Ministry to Military Personnel for 125 Years, by Richard C. Lancaster.

The United Service Organizations (USO) was formed in the months before the United States entered World War II by a coalition of six civilian agencies to coordinate their civilian war efforts: the Salvation Army, Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), the Knights of Columbus, National Travelers Aid Association, National Jewish Welfare Board, and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA). The YMCA and other welfare agencies had already been seeking ways to serve the morale needs of the increasing number of young men entering military training. With the September 1940 enactment of the Selective Service and Training Act, the military buildup accelerated, but the federal government had no plan for the provision of recreation facilities and activities in training camp communities. After a series of conference between representatives of the six welfare organization and several government agencies, a plan of cooperation was worked out with the endorsement of the President, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Federal Security Administrator. In January, 1941, the USO was incorporated to provide religious, recreational, welfare, and educational activities for men and women in the armed forces and in the defense industries. By the time of the United States' entry into the war in December, the USO had opened 139 clubs and 35 other units located in 98 towns and cities throughout the country.

The YMCA's contributions to the establishment of the USO and to its performance as a war-service organization were of major importance. With its experience in previous wars, the YMCA brought crucial resources to the new organization's start-up efforts, including a history of good relations with the officers and enlisted men of the Army and Navy, long experience mobilizing volunteers, buildings, and endowment funding. At the time the USO was incorporated, the YMCA already had 69 Army and Navy branches and other operations in place, staffed by 135 professional workers. Many of these operations could be immediately turned over to the joint enterprise as "ready-made" USO clubs. At the peak period in 1944, the YMCA Army and Navy Department had under its administration 464 USO operations (not including the sixty USO industrial units which were under the direction of the YMCA's Industrial Department). During the period from 1942 to 1947, nearly 460,000,000 visits were made to the YMCA-operated USO clubs and Army and Navy branches.

Offerings were varied and included religious programs, forums, lectures, athletics, parties, dances, dramatics, movies, sightseeing, and special events. Also available were personal services such as counseling, and help with matters such as housing, travel, community resources, locating persons, etc. Facilities and equipment provided included showers, swimming, shaving, sports, art, handicraft, photography, games, music, records, dormitories, gymnasiums, and more. In keeping with its historic concern for the religious needs of individuals, the YMCA offered chapel services, fostered relations with local churches and clergy, and developed a program to distribute religious, patriotic, and educational literature prepared especially for the men in the armed forces. The organization also designed a program of counseling seminars to assist ministers, chaplains and USO staff in dealing helpfully with the needs of servicemen.

In recognition of the significant work of the YMCA during the war years, the War and Navy Departments presented it in 1946 with a citation praising its patriotic service and calling its contribution "of substantial aid in the successful prosecution of the war and in preserving the basic values of American democracy."

Historical information was primarily excerpted from Serving the U.S. Armed Forces, 1861-1986: The Story of the YMCA's Ministry to Military Personnel for 125 Years, by Richard C. Lancaster.