Martin, Clarence Daniel, 1916-1976

Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation, 1961-1965.

Clarence Daniel Martin was born in Cheney, Washington, on June 29, 1886. His parents, Francies M. & Philena Martin, emigrated to eastern Washington from Ohio by way of Portland in the early 1880s. Martin was educated in the Cheney public schools and graduated from the State Normal School at Cheney in 1903 as well as the University of Washington in 1906.

After leaving the university he joined his wheat-farming father in founding the family business, the F. M. Martin Grain and Milling Company in Cheney. Upon his father's death in 1925, Martin assumed the role of president and general manager of the company, a position which he retained until early 1943, when the mill was sold to the National Biscuit Company.

Martin first became interested in politics in his hometown where he was elected to the City Council in 1915. He served as mayor of Cheney from 1928 until he was elected governor. During this period he was also chairman of the State Democratic Committee.

Martin was elected Governor of the State of Washington in November, 1932, in the Democratic landslide which virtually removed Republicans from state political offices. He was the first native son to be elected to the state's highest office, an honor of which he was extremely proud. Given the dire economic circumstances and the crisis atmosphere of the early 1930s, Martin's first demagoguery, no personalities, no threats, no condemnations and no bitter attacks. His platform was based on unemployment relief and tax reform; he vowed "to return the state government to the service and benefit of the people." By the end of the campaign he had made 750 speeches and traveled 40,000 miles, but as he said, he "gave away no cigars, kissed no babies and promised no jobs." (Steward, Edgar I. Washington, Northwest Frontier, Vol. II, New York: Lewis Historical Publications, Co., 1957, pp. 296-97). Both in the primary and general elections Martin's opponents charged him with trying to buy the gubernatorial office. Martin rebutted these accusations by pointing out that he was using his own money for the campaign and therefore would have obligations to no one. His electoral majority, which was larger that Franklin D. Roosevelt's Washington vote, insured that he would not be accused of winning the office on the presidential coattails.

Governor Martin's first term was wrought with controversy stemming from both his political appointments and his relief programs. Martin alienated hard-core Democrats of the state with the appointment of a number of Republicans to high state offices, many of whom were holdovers from the previous administration of Governor Roland Hartley. In justifying his appointment policy, Martin remarked: "I did not get all of my majority from Democrats and I think both parties should be represented.") Spokesman Review, April 19, 1933 p. 3) Martin recognized the need to set aside partisan politics to effectively combat the depression.

When Martin took office in January, 1933, the Great Depression was at its height. In his first inaugural message, Governor Martin acknowledged the severity of the economic crisis. But he went on to foreshadow Roosevelt's message of "nothing to fear but fear itself." Martin recounted the natural and human resources of the state and concluded that "surely, with such resources at hand, we need only the spirit to seek, to determination to build, the genius to create, and the readiness to cooperate toward a common development." He believed it was the primary duty of government to promote to common good; state government must promote constructive, although perhaps unpopular programs, and the people must accept the necessary sacrifices. Martin advocated abandonment of traditional approaches to problem-solving when those approaches proved inadequate. His call for state government action anticipated a similar call on the national level by President Roosevelt.

Those first few months in office were a time of intense activity. Martin proposed increased economy of government through the elimination of waste and the reduction of state employees' salaries; Martin later proposed and the Legislature endorsed a salary reduction of from 10 to 25 percent of all state employees. Martin planned to shift the relief burden from the nearly bankrupt county and local agencies to the state government. He recommended a $10,000,000 bond issue which was to be used to fund employment on minor public works projects. The Legislature approved this bond issue and relief measures were soon forthcoming. He then proposed a complete restructuring of the tax system. In the November 1932 election, the people of the state had affirmed a 40-mill limit on property taxes. This ceiling on the property tax made new sources on tax revenue necessary. Martin proposed a sales tax as a short term, stop-gap measure; he believed that this sales tax would ultimately be replaced by a form of business and occupation tax. The business and occupation tax was enacted during the twenty-third legislative session, but was declared unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court in September, 1933, after a long and bitter struggle. Washington was one forward a contributory system of old-age insurance. Washington was one of the firsts of the northwestern states to enter the field of old-age insurance when the Legislature passed the social security measure in February, 1933. Although the 1933 Legislature failed to provide adequate funding for the pension program, it did establish a needed precedent. In 1935, the Legislature provided additional funds for the program.

Governor Martin advocated a number of urgent projects in his first inaugural address. He proposed restructuring of the state banking laws to prevent future closures. Education was a particularly important part of the Governor's program. He proposed that the state assume 50 percent of the funding burden of the public school system to insure the continued quality and equality of education. He recommended an "open door" policy at the university level for all Washington high school graduates to promote equality of opportunity for higher education. With respect to mortgage debts, Martin believed that some modification f the foreclosure procedure should be enacted to provide a "breathing spell" for those farmers and homeowners threatened with the loss of their property. (Martin, Clarence D. First Inaugural Message, 1933. Olympia, Washington: Jay Tomas Printer, 1933)

Martin's first months in office paralleled the feverish activity of the new federal administration. He initiated many programs to fight the depression in the state. An active and constructive fight against the depression characterized his administration, a sharp contrast to the passive acknowledgement shown by the Hartley regime. Martin sought to create jobs rather than provide handouts for the citizens of the state. The Grand Coulee Dam project, initiated early in 1933, was one of the major job-creating projects. In March of 1933, the state legislature, at the prodding of the governor, created the Columbia Basin Commission; in June 1933, $377,000 of the ten million dollar bond issue was appropriated for the dam to show the federal government that the state was serious about the project. Roosevelt set aside 63 million dollars for construction of the low dam at Grand Coulee. Governor Martin was on hand for the ground-breaking ceremonies in September, 1933, and he poured the first bucket of cement in December, 1935. Roosevelt approved construction of the high dam with hydroelectric generating capacity in June, 1935, and by the end of Martin's second term Grand Coulee Dam was producing electricity. In the long run Grand Coulee Dam provided electricity for industry and home, as well as irrigation water for the Columbia Basin. Its short-term benefits were equally important for the state. The project provided immediate employment for thousands left jobless in the wake of the Great Depression. Other significant construction projects during Martin's administration eased the burden of unemployment in the state. Both the Lake Washington Floating Bridge and the ill-fated Tacoma Narrows Bridge were completed in 1940 and provided necessary public service as well as jobs for many unemployed. The ambitious project to harness the Columbia River with the Boneville Dam also provided both electricity and jobs.

The accomplishments of Martin's administration were not limited to physical construction projects. His keen interest in education insured the continued funding and development of the public school system in the state at a time when local agencies were unable to provide adequate monies and the system's continuation was in grave danger. Martin also maintained his commitment to higher education. Despite financial hard times for the state, martin supported an extensive building program at Washington State College, a program facilitated by Martin's respect for and friendship with President E.O. Holland. Martin's administration also reorganized the state's highway system providing miles of new and improved roads as well as many new jobs. He also directed the reorganization of the State Highway Patrol. With the end of prohibition the state of Washington secured much needed revenue by organizing and operating the retail liquor business. The liquor control system established by the Martin administration is still with us today. His dealings with the federal government, although strained at times, secured for the state a substantial portion of the New Deal aid necessary for economic reconstruction.

Martin's public commitment to the welfare of the state's citizens is documented by the deeds of his administration, but his private actions also reveal a man of generosity and compassion. Martin personally aided a number of worthy young men with their college educations, as well as providing scholarship funds for his alma mater, the newly named Eastern Washington College of Education at Cheney. He continued his interest in debate and public speaking, activities at which he excelled in college, by sponsoring an annual oratorical contest in Cheney. He took a personal interest in the case of a child of twelve who killed an Asotin sheriff during a rubbery. With Martin's aid, the youngster was rehabilitated and went on to lead a productive life. Martin also used his financial resources to benefit the citizens of his home town. Earlier, while Mayor of Cheney, Martin donated the city's street lighting system in the memory of his father.

Governor Martin was reelected in 1936, soundly defeating former Governor Hartley. His majority in 1936, which was greater than that of his first election and again larger than President Roosevelt's state-wide vote, reflected the popular confidence in his administration. His second term continued the sound fiscal practices and businesslike government he had initiated in 1933. He sought an unprecedented third tern in 1940, but was defeated in the primary by former Senator C. C. Dill, who, although supported by Martin in the general election, was defeated in an exceedingly close contest by the republican candidate.

Martin's political career and aspirations did not end with his tenure as governor. In February, 1944, Governor Martin was appointed to fill a vacancy in the state House of Representatives from the Fifth District and served a special session. In 1948 he again sought election to the state's highest office but was defeated in the primary. He was reelected to the Cheney City Council in 1950.

Martin served for a number of years as a director of the American Bank of Spokane. The bank's failure in 1932, at a time when he was not a director, embroiled him in an extensive legal battle which attempted to lay the blame on all the directors. Martin was completely exonerated, but three of the bank's officers went to jail. Governor Martin also served as director of the Seattle First National Bank for 13 years, a post which he relinquished in April, 1955, owing to ill health.

Martin married Margaret Mulligan on July 18, 1907. They had three sons: William F., Clarence D., Jr. and Frank M. He and his wife were divorced in August, 1943. Martin remarried in April, 1944, and with his new bride, the former Merle L. Lewis of Spokane, left Cheney and settled in Southern California. They were divorced in March, 1946. Martin married his third wife, Lou Eckhart, in December, 1951, and they lived in Cheney until his death on August 11, 1955.

Philosophically and politically Martin was a conservative Democrat who, while governor, place the welfare of the people of the state above party politics. His tenure as governor reflected the sound business and financial practices which guided his entire life. He tempered fiscal conservatism with humanitarian concern for those suffering under the eight of the depression. When Martin left office there was still unemployment an economic distress, but the state had weathered the worst years of the depression. One historian records that when Martin left office "the state was solvent, the radical left-wing groups had been kept in check, and there had been no compromise with Socialistic panaceas." (Stewart, Washington, Vol. II, p. 314) Upon his death the Spokesman Review editorialized: "He served the state well throughout eight critical years of its history." ( Spokesman Review, August 13, 1955, p. 4) In the opinion of many, he was the best governor the state had ever had. (Miles, Charles and O.B. Sperlin. Building a State, Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society, 1940, p. 141; Stewart, Washington, Vol. II, p. 314).

Clarence Daniel ("Dan") Martin, Jr., the son of Clarence D. and Margaret Mulligan Martin, was born on October 23, 1916, in Spokane, Washington. He attended the public schools in Cheney, Washington, and summer sessions at Culver Military Academy, Culver, Indiana. Following graduation from Cheney High School in 1934, Martin entered Harvard University. During his freshman year at Harvard Martin played football and was tapped as a member of the Iriquois Club. He shared his family's interest in flying and became president of the Harvard Flying Club as well as president of the National Intercollegiate Flying Club. Martin was graduated from Harvard in 1938 with a B.S. degree in political science and economics. The Harvard Class of '38 was a diverse group that included: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.; Marshall Field, Jr.; Randolph A. Hearst; Theodore H. White; Casper Williard Weinberger; and Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. In 1939 Martin took a year of graduate study at the University of Washington Law School.

The following year, 1940, he joined the family flour milling business, F. M. Martin Grain and Milling Company, Inc. of Cheney, Washington. As a graduate of the Harvard N.R.O.T.C. he was called to active duty in May 1941 and saw five years active service in World War II with the U.S. Navy, rising from the rank of Ensign to Lieutenant Commander as a naval aviator, a patrol plane commander on duty in the Air Force Atlantic Fleet, and Commanding Officer of the U. S. Naval Air Facility, Middle River, Maryland.

Upon release from active duty in 1946, Martin formed a business partnership in Seattle, Washington, in wholesale hardware and later a raw materials business. In 1950, he moved the center of his business activities to Los Angeles County, California. He opened a retail automobile dealership in Santa Monica, California, and Phoenix, Arizona. Upon the death of his father, Clarence D. Martin, Sr., in 1955, he assumed the management of the family corporation in Washington State, principally farming, real estate, and miscellaneous investments. Martin's political interests were molded by his father, C. D. Martin, Sr., who was a fiscally conservative New Deal Democrat who served as Governor of the State of Washington from 1933 to 1941. His association with the Kennedy family began at Harvard where he was a classmate of John F. Kennedy's older brother, Joseph P. Kennedy. Martin coordinated Jack Kennedy's pre-convention drive for the Democratic presidential nomination in southern California and later served as Deputy Chairman for Finance of the Democratic National Committee during the 1970 election campaign.

Martin was appointed Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation by the newly elected President Kennedy on February 9, 1961, and took the oath of office the following day. Martin's appointment, however, was more than a political reward. He was chosen because of his administrative ability and the fact that he was removed from the bitter squabbles in which competing modes of transportation had long engaged.

As Under Secretary, Martin was the principal official responsible for the Department of Commerce's role as adviser to the President on national transportation policy. In addition, he was responsible for policy direction and coordination of the operations of the Bureau of Public Roads, the Maritime Administration, the Office of Emergency Transportation, the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation and the Great Lakes Pilotage Administration.

President Kennedy also appointed Martin to serve as a member of the Alaska International Rail and Highway Commission and the Board of Directors of the Panama Canal Company. The latter group selected him to serve on their Execu tive Committee. As Chairman of the Interagency Committee on Transport Mergers Martin had the responsibility of developing the Kennedy Administration's policy on proposed mergers of transportation companies.

After President Kennedy's assassination, Martin continued to serve as Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation in the Johnson administration. After over four years of federal service, Martin resigned his position and returned to his business interests in California. There he resumed his civic activities, serving as California State President and President of the Santa Monica Bay Council of the Navy League of the United States; on the Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America; as President of the Bay Council; and as a member of the Rotary Club of Santa Monica.

Martin maintained an active interest in sports throughout his life. He was part owner and vice-president of the Los Angeles Rams professional football team, and was the first to introduce professional soccer to the Los Angeles area.

Martin died on June 14, 1976, while in Boston. He was survived by his wife, Charlotte Yeoman Martin, a Butte, Montana, native, and their three children Diana, Cary, and Bradley.