González Ortega, Jesús, 1822-1881

Military and political leader. Born 1822 near Teúl, Zacatecas; died 1881 in Saltillo. Served as jefe político de Tlaltenango (1855) and Fresnillo (1857), and Diputado in the Congreso Zacatecano (1857). Governor of Zacatecas (1858). Organized troops and defended Zacatecas from attacks by conservative forces. On August 10, 1860, González Ortega defeated Miramón's forces at Silao and was named hero of the state of Zacatecas. On December 22, 1860, he won the battle of Calpulalpan, ending the Guerra de los Tres Años. González Ortega was named Ministro de Guerra by President Benito Juárez on January 1, 1861 and served until April 6, 1861. He was sworn in as president of the Supreme Court on August 20, 1861. He participated in the defense of Puebla in the spring of 1863 but, after a trip to the United States to raise support and supplies for the army, was imprisoned on January 8, 1867 on charges of having abandoned the country and his troops without permission of the government. After his release from prison on August 1, 1868, González Ortega retired to private life in Saltillo. On January 6, 1881, President Manuel González conferred upon him the rank of general.

Gonzalez Ortega served as President of the Supreme Court of Justice of Mexico when Maximilian was Emperor; he was also declared Interim President. After Maximilian's execution by the Reform forces, a tremendous power vacuum ensued. Gonzalez Ortega and Juarez were the two main forces vying for power.

Military and political leader. Born 1822 on the Hacienda de San Mateo, near Teúl, Zacatecas; died 1881 in Saltillo. Served as jefe político de Tlaltenango (1855) and Fresnillo (1857), and Diputado in the Congreso Zacatecano (1857). Designated by the legislature as governor of the state of Zacatecas upon the resignation of the previous governor (1858). Organized troops and defended Zacatecas from attacks by the conservative forces of Joaquín Miramón and Adrián Woll.

Having been functioning successfully as a military commander without official rank, González Ortega was named General de Brigada in June 1860 but declined the appointment, preferring to continue in his unofficial capacity. On August 10, 1860, González Ortega defeated MiramónÕs forces at Silao and was named hero of the state of Zacatecas. He again was offered a commission as General de Brigada, but declined once more. He assumed Santos DegolladoÕs command when Degollado was relieved by President Benito Juárez. On December 22, 1860, González Ortega defeated Miramón, Leonardo Márquez, and others in the battle of Calpulalpan, ending the Guerra de los Tres Años.

González was named Ministro de Guerra by Juárez on January 1, 1861; he renounced this office on January 17 but continued to serve until April 6, 1861, when he renounced the post a second time. He was elected president of the Supreme Court, in effect giving him the vice-presidency of the Republic, and was sworn in on August 20, 1861.

Upon the death of General Ignacio Zaragoza, González Ortega was given his command and participated in the defense of Puebla in the spring of 1863. A year later, he was ordered by Juárez to Saltillo to fight the French. On December 30, 1864, Juárez granted permission to González Ortega to take temporary leave from his duties, upon which he went to the United States to raise support and supplies for the army. Juárez decreed on November 8, 1865, that González Ortega was in dereliction of his duties for having abandoned the country and his troops without the permission of congress and the president, and instituted proceedings against him. González Ortega was detained by U.S. officials on November 3, 1866, when he attempted to return to Mexico. He was released and entered Mexico, but was arrested upon the order of the acting governor of Zacatecas and imprisoned in Saltillo on January 8, 1867. In April he was transferred to the Prision del Obispado in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. During his incarceration he was elected to Congress but declined to serve. After his release from prison on August 1, 1868, González Ortega retired to private life in Saltillo.

On July 11, 1869, he was elected diputado proprietario from Tlaltenango to the Congreso de la Unión. He was named enviado extraordinario y ministro plenipotenciario to Spain on March 11, 1874. On January 6, 1881, President Manuel González conferred upon him the rank of general. González Ortega died in Saltillo on February 28, 1881.